Policies and strategies for the development of geothermal energy in Europe

Transcription

1 Institut für Energetik und Umwelt Institute for Energy and Environment Forschung, Entwicklung, Dienstleistung für - Energie - Wasser -Umwelt Policies and strategies for the development of geothermal energy in Europe Martin Kaltschmitt, Markus Müller, Stephanie Frick Institut für Energetik und Umwelt ggmbh, Torgauer Str. 116, D Leipzig, info@ie-leipzig.de

2 Agenda Introduction Political goals Measures for the promotion of renewable energy R, D & D activities Market introduction measures Supporting measures Strategies Conclusions 2

3 Introduction The energy based environmental effects on our natural environment become more and more obvious. With an increasing necessity the influence of our energy system on selected global and local environmental effects have to be reduced. One political measure is the so called Burden Sharing Agreement. To achieve these greenhouse gas reduction aims a broad variety of different measures on the demand as well as on the supply side have been put into force. One measure is an increased use of renewable sources of energy. According to the White Paper of the EC renewable energies ought to contribute to a much greater degree to cover the given energy demand in Europe. Ambitious goals have been defined. 3

4 Political goals - Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals - 4

5 Political goals - Goals for increased use of renewables - White Book: Renewable energy with 12 % contribution in 2010 to cover the overall energy consumption Green Electricity Directive (2001/77/EC): Renewable energies with 22 % contribution in 2010 to cover the given electricity demand Biofuel Directive (2003/30/EC): Biofuels with 5,75 % contribution in 2010 to cover the given energy demand for transportation purpose 5

6 Introduction These or similar goals have also been adopted by most EU-countries on the national level. Additionally such targets have been agreed in some countries outside the EU. By analysing these political goals one will find that all options to use renewable energies for heat, electricity or mobility should be used to a much higher degree. Often a clear focus is put on biomass. But also geothermal energy should contribute in some countries substantially to cover the given energy demand in the future. To achieve these goals a broad variety of measures have been put into force within the last couple of years by the European Commission as well as various governments on the national level. This is also true for geothermal energy. 6

7 Measures for the promotion of renewable energy R, D & D Basic research Applied research Pilot plants Demonstration projects Market Introduction Investment subsidies Credits with special conditions Feed-in tariffs, quota-model, green certificates Simplified permission procedure Reduction of (economic) risks Supporting Measures Education & information activities Improvement of acceptance Feasibility studies Potential analysis Socio-economic analysis Risk analysis 7

8 Life cycle of a technology Time 8 Contribution to market Invention Innovation Niche-market Market penetration Saturation Deterioration

9 Measures for the promotion of renewable energy I Contribution to market Basic Research Supporting Supporting Supporting Measures Measures Measures Measures Time 9

10 Measures for the promotion of renewable energy II Contribution to market Applied Research Supporting Supporting Supporting Measures Measures Measures Measures Time 10

11 Measures for the promotion of renewable energy III Contribution to market Demonstration Supporting Supporting Supporting Measures Measures Measures Measures Time 11

12 Measures for the promotion of renewable energy IV Contribution to market Market Introduction Supporting Measures Time 12

13 Activities for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Basis R & D Basic analysis in fracturing Investigation in rock mechanics Basics of 3D-seismic Thermodynamic basics of heat transfer Thermodynamic analysis of cycles I-GET, EU Soultz, F Project Bad Urach, D 13

14 Measures for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Applied R & D Fracturing tests Development/Improvement of measurement technique New drilling turbines New drilling fluids Corrosion tests Soultz, F Groß Schönebeck, D Neustadt-Glewe, D 14

15 Measures for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Demonstration activities Demonstration of a new bit Demonstration of a new drilling rig Demonstration of a Kalina cycle Demonstration of a geothermal CHP-plant Transformation of a geothermal heating plant into a geothermal CHP plant Altheim, A Unterhaching, D DHM, CH Electricity geneation in Soultz, F 15

16 Measures for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Market introduction Feed-in tariffs Green certificates Defined green electricity quotas Credits with special conditions Simplified permission procedure Reduction of (economic) risks Priority for green heat & electricity by public bodies KfW-Programm, D Feed-in Law, Spain 16

17 Measures for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Commercial technology 17

18 Measures for the promotion of geothermal energy amount of players Supporting measures Education & information activities (new (mulitnational) courses at University) Improvement of acceptance (meetings, conferences) Potential analysis on the demand and supply side Socio-economic analysis under varying frame conditions Risk analysis (technical, economic, environmental, social) Accompanying research (Altener), EU Advisory board of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, D Public relations, EU 18

19 EU-wide Feed-in tariffs for geothermal energy Austria: 7,00 ct/kwh Germany: up to 15,00 ct/kwh Belgium: 2,50 ct/kwh Greece: 7,31 ct/kwh Czech Republic: 15,56 ct/kwh Slovakia: 9,04 ct/kwh Estonia: 5,10 ct/kwh Slovenia: 5,85 + 2,52 ct/kwh France: 7,62 ct/kwh (overseas: 7,93) Spain: 6,49 + 2,94 ct/kwh 19

20 Strategies - General - The different measures can be combined within overall implementation strategies. Only if this is realised focused on the national preconditions a technological development and a following successful market introduction is likely. Therefore different countries have implemented different strategies to promote the production of electricity from geothermal energy. Often they are closely linked with the activities realised for other renewables as well as the actions carried out on the EU level. Sometimes these strategies are dominated by one measure which pushes this option (like the feed-in law in Germany). Additionally these different strategies should be not static. They have to be adjusted according to the technological improvement resp. the progress in market introduction. 20

21 Strategies - Demands - Definition of specific political goals. Basic research activities should be closely linked with applied research. Applied research will not be successful on the long term if no pilot plants and/or demonstration activities under realistic circumstances are carried out. One will find no investors for demonstration activities if there are no realistic chances on a certain market penetration on the short to medium term (e.g. market introduction measures like the feed-in law). A new technology often does not fit with the existing legislation (e.g. adaption of the permission procedures). A new energy technology will only be successful if the people know the technology (acceptance; i.e. supporting measures). 21

22 Strategies - Development I - Contribution to market Step 1 Basic Research Applied Research Market Introduction Demonstration Supporting Measures Time 22

23 Strategies - Development II - Contribution to market Basic Research Step 2 Applied Research Market Introduction Demonstration Supporting Measures Time 23

24 Strategies - Development III - Step 3 Contribution to market Basic Research Applied Research Market Introduction Demonstration Supporting Measures Time 24

25 Strategies - Development IV - Contribution to market Step 1 Basic Research Step 2 Applied Research Step 3 Market Introduction Demonstration Market introduction strategy Increasing costs Supporting Measures Time 25

26 Conclusions To bring the geothermal power production from low-enthalpy sources to the market a wide variety of political measures have been developed in recent years. These measures can be implemented mostly independently from each other. But in most cases they are only successful if they are linked within overall market introduction strategies. Often such overall strategies get stucked at the beginning due to a lack of R&D even when with a feed-in law a very strong instrument for market introduction has been implemented. Therefore it must be the goal for the years to come to integrate various political measures within further developed national and even European wide implementation strategies. If this will be successful electricity from geothermal energy can contribute substantially within the national and thus also the 26 European energy system.

27 Thank you very much for your attention. Institute for Energy and Environment non-profit GmbH Torgauer Straße 116; D Leipzig fon: fax: Contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Kaltschmitt Dipl.-Ing. Stephanie Frick 27