1. Feasibility of battery storage for wind power systems

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1 1. Feasibility of battery storage for wind power systems Title: Feasibility of battery storage for wind power systems, Honours Thesis ELEC 4712/4713 The increased integration of wind generation is accompanied with a growing concern about secure and reliable power system operation. For example, to cope with wind intermittency, the base load units will need to cycle significantly more than they were designed for, resulting in reduced life cycle and increased costs. In light of this, there is a growing consensus within the power industry that also wind turbines will need to bear part of the cost of system support, either by providing certain ancillary services themselves or by sharing the costs of supporting measures, e.g. large scale battery storage. Small power systems with weak or no connection to other systems and strong penetration or wind generation, e.g. South Australia are particularly vulnerable. To cope with this, new intermittent generating systems In Australia's National Electricity Market, including wind farms, with a capacity of at least 30 MW are expected to be classified as semi scheduled, which means that intermittent generation no longer has dispatch priority over scheduled generation, but can be curtailed below a dispatch cap at times when that output would otherwise violate secure network limits. The project will thus focus on the feasibility of battery storage for wind power systems looking at South Australian power system as an example, using realistic market prices and wind power generation for a representative year. In the assessment of economic feasibility the following will be taken into account: (i) avoid costs associated with cycling of the conventional generation; (ii) reduced costs for providing ancillary services; and (iii) energy arbitrage, e.g. withdrawing energy from the market in periods with light loads and selling it to the market when the load is high. Students with solid programming skills are particularly encouraged to apply. 1. Troy, N.; Denny, E.; O'Malley, M.;, "Base Load Cycling on a System With Significant Wind Penetration," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.25, no.2, pp , May Hydrogen storage for mixed wind nuclear power plants in the context of a Hydrogen Economy Original Research Article, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 33, Issue 17, September AEMO Average Monthly Prices , available at: The University of Sydney School of EIE 1 Semester 1, 2012

2 2. Effect of solar photovoltaic feed in tariffs on load demand curve Title: Effect of solar photovoltaic feed in tariffs on load demand curve Electric power systems are experiencing profound transformation driven by various factors. Bearing in mind the fact that most of today's electrical energy is produced using CO 2 emitting energy resources, there is an obvious need to switch to renewable energy resources. In order to increase the penetration of renewable, governments around the world have introduced various subsidies, which may come in different forms. In Australia, penetration of solar photovoltaics is subsidized through feed in tariffs that differ from state to state. Some opted for gross tariffs (NSW and ACT), while the others chose to go for net tariffs. The introduction of net feed in tariffs might have considerable impact on consumer behaviour as it may encourage reducing consumption during sunny periods, which might induce a secondary peak in the afternoon, which coincids with the primary peak, thus increasing the demand. The aim of this project is thus to analyse the impact of net feed in tariffs on load demand curve and propose appropriate dynamic pricing regimes that would discourage customers from such a behaviour. Students with solid knowledge of Matlab and basic programming skills are encouraged to apply. 1. Wikipedia: Time based pricing (available at: based_pricing) 2. Wikipedia: Feed in tariffs in Australia (available at: 3. The Economics of Feed in Tariffs for solar PV in Australia, Report by Access Economics Pty Limited for Clean Energy Council, November 2008 (available at: fit.pdf) The University of Sydney School of EIE 2 Semester 1, 2012

3 3. Feasibility of residential battery storage Title: Feasibility of residential battery storage, Honours Thesis ELEC 4712/4713 Electric power systems are experiencing profound transformation driven by various factors. Bearing in mind the fact that most of today's electrical energy is produced using CO 2 emitting energy resources, there is an obvious need to switch to renewable energy resources, which will render power systems generation driven due to the intermittent nature of renewable energies. Various new approaches under a 'Smart Gris umbrella' have thus emerged to tackle this problem. One of them is to introduce significantly more flexibility on the demand side through various pricing programs aiming at discouraging consumption when the system is stressed the most. Given the very peak high prices, some consumers might want to reduce peak consumption by shifting it to shoulder or offpeak periods. This can be done by installing batteries. Assuming that the price will drop, this might be a viable option in the future. The aim of this project is thus to analyse the feasibility of battery storage at residential level given various time of use pricing regimes. Students with solid knowledge of Matlab and basic programming skills are encouraged to apply. 1. Wikipedia: Time based pricing (available at: based_pricing) 2. PowerSmart time based pricing EnergyAustralia (available at: and mediumbusiness/business products and services/electricity/powersmart time based pricing.aspx) 3. Smart Time of Use Origin Energy Australia (available at: ww.originenergy.com.au/2933/smart Time of Use) The University of Sydney School of EIE 3 Semester 1, 2012

4 4. Modelling of battery storage for power system studies Title: Modelling of battery storage for power system studies Electric power systems are experiencing profound transformation driven by various factors. Bearing in mind the fact that most of today's electrical energy is produced using CO 2 emitting energy resources, there is an obvious need to switch to renewable energy resources, which will render power systems generation driven due to the intermittent nature of renewable energies. One solution to tackle this problem is battery storage. Although it's currently far from being economically viable, it's likely that its role will increase in the future. Battery storage might serve various purposes in power system operation, from energy management at demand level, providing ancillary services to the grid and mitigating power quality issues. These services need to be underpinned by certain technical properties, such as rate of charge and discharge and round trip efficiency. The aim of this project is thus to propose battery models to be used in power system studies. The models for various technologies will first be developed in Matlab/Simulink and the validated using a dedicated power system simulation software DIgSILENT. 1. Implementing generic battery model in Simulink's SimPowerSystems (available at: The University of Sydney School of EIE 4 Semester 1, 2012

5 5. Modelling of fuel cell CHP for power system studies Title: Modelling of fuel cell CHP for power system studies Due to environmental concerns related to CO 2 emissions, there is an obvious need to use less polluting renewable energy resources (RES). Quite often, though, also some non renewable resources, e.g. micro turbines are included in the list due to their high overall energy efficiency. Instead of producing only the electricity, also waste heat can be used for heating and cooling, which substantially increases the overall efficiency. Several different technologies exist for combined heat and power applications, microturbines and fuel cells being the dominant ones. The aim of the project is to develop models of various fuel cell technologies for time domain simulation. The models will first be developed in Matlab/Simulink and the validated using a dedicated power system simulation software DIgSILENT under representative steady state and transient operation scenarios. The former will include changes with long time constants, while the latter are related to transients following various disturbances in the grid. 1. Implementing a fuel cell model in Simulink's SimPowerSystems (available at: 2. Y. Zhu, K. Tomsovic, Development of models for analyzing the load following performance of microturbines and fuel cells, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 62, Issue 1, 28 May M0PY3 3/2/b95c114b98d8468f91f2e c 3. Grillo, S.; Massucco, S.; Morini, A.; Pitto, A.; Silvestro, F.;, "Microturbine Control Modeling to Investigate the Effects of Distributed Generation in Electric Energy Networks," Systems Journal, IEEE, vol.4, no.3, pp , Sept The University of Sydney School of EIE 5 Semester 1, 2012

6 6. Modelling of microturbine CHP for power system studies Title: Modelling of microturbine CHP for power system studies Due to environmental concerns related to CO 2 emissions, there is an obvious need to use less polluting renewable energy resources (RES). Quite often, though, also some non renewable resources, e.g. micro turbines are included in the list due to their high overall energy efficiency. Instead of producing only the electricity, also waste heat can be used for heating and cooling, which substantially increases the overall efficiency. Several different technologies exist for combined heat and power applications, microturbines and fuel cells being the dominant ones. The aim of the project is to develop models of micro turbines for time domain simulation. The model will first be developed in Matlab/Simulink and the validated sing a dedicated power system simulation software DIgSILENT under representative steady state and transient operation scenarios. The former will include changes with long time constants, while the latter are related to transients following various disturbances in the grid. 1. Y. Zhu, K. Tomsovic, Development of models for analyzing the load following performance of microturbines and fuel cells, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 62, Issue 1, 28 May M0PY3 3/2/b95c114b98d8468f91f2e c 2. Grillo, S.; Massucco, S.; Morini, A.; Pitto, A.; Silvestro, F.;, "Microturbine Control Modeling to Investigate the Effects of Distributed Generation in Electric Energy Networks," Systems Journal, IEEE, vol.4, no.3, pp , Sept The University of Sydney School of EIE 6 Semester 1, 2012

7 7. Participation of Wind Generation in Frequency Control Title: Participation of Wind Generation in Frequency Control, Honours Thesis ELEC 4712/4713 The increased integration of wind generation is accompanied with a growing concern about secure and reliable power system operation. For example, to cope with wind intermittency, the base load units will need to cycle significantly more than they were designed for, resulting in reduced life cycle and increased costs. On the other hand, the variable speed wind turbines, predominantly used today, have no inherent inertial response, which has negative impact on frequency control. In light of this, there is a growing consensus within the power industry that also the wind turbines (WTs) will need to take part in frequency control so as to reduce the need for additional ancillary services provided by conventional generators. This is especially the case in small power systems with weak or no connection to other systems, e.g. South Australia. In Australia's National Electricity Market, for example, new intermittent generating systems, including wind farms, with a capacity of at least 30 MW are expected to be classified as semi scheduled, which means that intermittent generation no longer has dispatch priority over scheduled generation, but can be curtailed below a dispatch cap at times when that output would otherwise violate secure network limits. Partly loaded WTs lend themselves perfectly to being used as power reserve providers. Due to the uncontrollable nature of wind, wind power lends itself to participate in primary control, as the wind speed usually doesn't change much in the timeframe when the primary control is activated. The aim of the project is to review and compare the various approaches for the wind power participation in frequency control proposed in the literature. The performance of the various approaches will be assessed through computer simulation using a dedicated power system simulation software DIgSILENT under representative operation scenarios. 1. Andraž Žertek, Gregor Verbič, Miloš Pantoš, "Optimized Control Approach for Frequency Control Contribution of Variable Speed Wind Turbines", to appear in IET Renewable Power Generation. 2. L. Holdsworth, J. B. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Power system frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines," Wind Energy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp , The University of Sydney School of EIE 7 Semester 1, 2012

8 8. Thermal modelling of residential buildings Title: Thermal modelling of residential buildings It is widely recognized that energy storage will play a vital role in the transition from the conventional electric power systems to a Smart Grid. The energy storage will be needed to serve as an energy buffer that will enable efficient integration of various inherently intermittent energy sources. All the competing storage technologies are still relatively expensive, which hinder a widespread deployment. The search for the alternatives is therefore obvious. One possible alternative is to use electric vehicles (EVs) that, when parked, present a free to use storage option. However, battery cycling is considered a serious issue, as it severely reduces the battery's life time, which, in turn, has severe economic implications for the car owners. As an alternative, this project proposes to use thermal masses of residential buildings as a means of energy storage. Such storage will have minimal running costs. If the comfort level of the occupants is kept at the desired level, exploiting this option will be hardly noticed by the occupants. Almost every household has some appliances that are physically connected to a thermal system. Examples include heating, ventilation and air conditioning, refrigerators, and heat pumps. Therefore, such units can be switched off for certain amount of time without significantly affecting the temperature of the underlying physical system, i.e. without affecting comfort levels of the occupants. The key to a successful realization of this idea is in predicting the behaviour of the underlying physical system. The aim of this project is thus to build a thermal model of a residential building, focusing on the properties that will mostly affect the behaviour given various conditions. The models will first be developed in Matlab/Simulink and the validated using a dedicated power system simulation software DIgSILENT. 1. MathWorks, Thermal model of a house in Simulink (available at: /simulink/sldemo_househeat.html) The University of Sydney School of EIE 8 Semester 1, 2012

9 9. Smart House Economics Title: Smart House Economics Electric power systems are experiencing profound transformation driven by various factors. Bearing in mind the fact that most of today's electrical energy is produced using CO 2 emitting energy resources, there is an obvious need to switch to renewable energy resources. Various new approaches under a 'Smart Gris umbrella' have thus emerged to tackle this problem. One of them is a so called Smart House (SH) concept, where several different distributed energy resources are installed in a house that enable the SH to become an active player in the operation of power systems. However, a SH concept is still not price competitive compared to a conventional one. Therefore the aim of the project is to do a thorough techno economic feasibility study to assess the economic feasibility of a SH concept and to identify the needs for economic incentives. By means of a sensitivity analysis, the project will evaluate the impact of possible equipment price reduction and future energy price evolution on the feasibility of the SH concept. Students with interests in economics are particularly encouraged to apply. 1. Ausgrid Smart Home, available at: The University of Sydney School of EIE 9 Semester 1, 2012

The role of emerging end-use and microgeneration technologies in smart grids some findings from Task XVII

The role of emerging end-use and microgeneration technologies in smart grids some findings from Task XVII IEA DSM Workshop Espoo, 14 November 2012 Seppo Kärkkäinen Elektraflex Operating Agent of Task XVII