A Trophic State Analysis of Selected Lakes and Ponds in. Yellowstone National Park. Bryce Eric Albrecht

Transcription

1 A Trophic State Analysis of Selected Lakes and Ponds in Yellowstone National Park Bryce Eric Albrecht A project submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science A. Woodruff Miller, Chair E. James Nelson Grant G. Schultz Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University April 2012 Copyright 2012 Bryce Eric Albrecht All Rights Reserved

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3 ABSTRACT A Trophic State Analysis of Selected Lakes and Ponds in Yellowstone National Park Bryce Eric Albrecht Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYU Master of Science Since 1998, Dr. A. Woodruff Miller has been sampling lakes and ponds in Yellowstone National Park. In 2010, 40 lakes and ponds were sampled of the 47 total that have been sampled since Each lake was assigned a trophic state classification based on the lake s transparency, chlorophyll-a concentration and phosphorus concentration. The trophic state classification identifies the degree of eutrophication that has taken place or the amount of organic material being supplied to the ecosystem. The degree of eutrophication can therefore be utilized to establish the health of a lake or pond. The purpose of this report is to classify the lakes sampled in 2010, observe any variations in the rate of change of eutrophication, and to compile all data collected since Four models were utilized to classify the lakes sampled-the Carlson Model, the Burns Model, the Vollenweider Model, and the Larsen Mercier Model. Each model was used to classify the lakes sampled in 2010, determine an overall average trophic state classification and any increase or decrease in the rate of change of eutrophication. In 2010, there were 4 lakes classified as, four, five, seven, seven, six, five, and two Hyper-eutrophic. Over time, two lakes decreased in trophic state, four slightly decreased, nine did not display any change, 12 slightly increased, nine increased and four that could not be determined because the lake had only been sampled once. The healthiest lakes would be classified as ; Duck Lake, Eleanor Lake, Lewis Lake, and Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb. The lakes that would be considered the least healthy are classified as Hyper-eutrophic; Hot Beach Pond and Trumpeter Pond. Keywords: A. Woodruff Miller, trophic state, eutrophication, Yellowstone National Park

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES... xi LIST OF FIGURES... xvii 1 INTRODUCTION ation... 2 Trophic State Classifications... 3 Carlson Model... 4 Burns Model... 5 Vollenweider Model... 7 Larsen Mercier Model... 8 Temporal Changes TROPIC STATE EVALUATION FOR LAKES AND PONDS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Beaver Lake Beaver Lake Over Time Blacktail Pond Blacktail Pond Over Time Buck Lake Buck Lake Over Time Cascade Lake Cascade Lake Over Time Clear Lake Clear Lake Over Time v

6 2.6 Druid Lake Druid Lake Over Time Duck Lake Duck Lake Over Time Eleanor Lake Eleanor Lake Over Time Feather Lake Feather Lake Over Time Floating Island Lake Floating Island Lake Over Time Goose Lake Goose Lake Over Time Grizzly Lake Grizzly Lake Over Time Harlequin Lake Harlequin Lake Over Time Hazle Lake Hazle Lake Over Time Hot Beach Pond Hot Beach Pond Over Time Hot Lake Hot Lake Over Time Ice Lake Ice Lake Over Time vi

7 2.18 Indian Pond Indian Pond Over Time Isa Lake Isa Lake Over Time Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods Over Time Lewis Lake Lewis Lake Over Time Lily Pad Lake Lily Pad Lake Over Time Lost Lake Lost Lake Over Time Mallard Lake Mallard Lake Over Time North Twin Lake North Twin Lake Over Time Nymph Lake Nymph Lake Over Time Pool by Morning Glory Pool Pool by Morning Glory Pool Over Time Ribbon Lake Ribbon Lake Over Time Riddle Lake Riddle Lake Over Time vii

8 2.30 Scaup Lake Scaup Lake Over Time Shoshone Lake Shoshone Lake Over Time South Twin Lake South Twin Lake Over Time Swan Lake Swan Lake Over Time Sylvan Lake Sylvan Lake Over Time Tanager Lake Tanager Lake Over Time Terrace Spring Terrace Spring Over Time Trout Lake Trout Lake Over Time Trumpeter Pond Trumpeter Pond Over Time Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Over Time Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Over Time SUMMARY OF YELLOWSTONE SAMPLING CONCLUSIONS viii

9 REFERENCES APPENDIX A. DATA COMPILATION ix

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11 LIST OF TABLES Table Carlson Model Trophic State Classification Scale... 5 Table Burns Trophic Level Index Classifications... 7 Table Burns Model Trophic Level Index Re-classified... 7 Table Model Comparison for Beaver Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Beaver Lake Table Model Comparison for Blacktail Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Blacktail Pond Table Model Comparison for Buck Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Buck Lake Table Model Comparison for Cascade Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Cascade Lake Table Model Comparison for Clear Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Clear Lake Table Model Comparison for Druid Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Druid Lake Table Model Comparison for Duck Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Duck Lake Table Model Comparison for Eleanor Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Eleanor Lake Table Model Comparison for Feather Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Feather Lake Table Model Comparison for Floating Island Lake xi

12 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Floating Island Lake Table Model Comparison for Goose Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Goose Lake Table Model Comparison for Grizzly Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Grizzly Lake Table Model Comparison for Harlequin Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Harlequin Lake Table Model Comparison for Hazle Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hazle Lake Table Model Comparison for Hot Beach Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hot Beach Pond Table Model Comparison for Hot Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hot Lake Table Model Comparison for Ice Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Ice Lake Table Model Comparison for Indian Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Indian Pond Table Model Comparison for Isa Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Isa Lake Table Model Comparison for Lake of the Woods Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lake of the Woods Table Model Comparison for Lewis Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lewis Lake xii

13 Table Model Comparison for Lily Pad Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Table Model Comparison for Lost Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lost Lake Table Model Comparison for Mallard Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Mallard Lake Table Model Comparison for North Twin Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for North Twin Lake Table Model Comparison for Nymph Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Nymph Lake Table Model Comparison for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Table Model Comparison Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Table Model Comparison for Ribbon Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Ribbon Lake Table Model Comparison for Riddle Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Riddle Lake Table Model Comparison for Scaup Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Scaup Lake Table Model Comparison for Shoshone Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Shoshone Lake Table Model Comparison for South Twin Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for South Twin Lake Table Model Comparison for Swan Lake xiii

14 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Swan Lake Table Model Comparison for Sylvan Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Sylvan Lake Table Model Comparison for Tanager Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Tanager Lake Table Model Comparison for Terrace Spring Table Model Comparison Over Time for Terrace Spring Table Model Comparison for Trout Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Trout Lake Table Model Comparison for Trumpeter Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Trumpeter Pond Table Model Comparison for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Table Model Comparison Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Table Model Comparison for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Table Model Comparison Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Table Summary of Yellowstone Sampling Table Summary of 2010 Classifications for Yellowstone Lakes Table A.1 Beaver Lake Table A.2 Blacktail Pond Table A.3 Buck Lake Table A.4 Cascade Lake Table A.5 Clear Lake Table A.6 Crevice Lake xiv

15 Table A.7 Druid Lake Table A.8 Duck Lake Table A.9 Eleanor Lake Table A.10 Feather Lake Table A.11 Floating Island Lake Table A.12 Goose Lake Table A.13 Grebe Lake Table A.14 Grizzly Lake Table A.15 Harlequin Lake Table A.16 Hazle Lake Table A.17 Heart Lake Table A.18 Hot Beach Pond Table A.19 Hot Lake Table A.20 Ice Lake Table A.21 Indian Pond Table A.22 Isa Lake Table A.23 Lake of the Woods Table A.24 Lewis Lake Table A.25 Lily Pad Lake Table A.26 Lost Lake Table A.27 Mallard Lake Table A.28 North Twin Lake Table A.29 Nymph Lake xv

16 Table A.30 Pool by Morning Glory Pool Table A.31 Ribbon Lake Table A.32 Riddle Lake Table A.33 Scaup Lake Table A.34 Shoshone Lake Table A.35 Shrimp Lake Table A.36 South Twin Lake Table A.37 Swan Lake Table A.38 Sylvan Lake Table A.39 Tanager Lake Table A.40 Terrace Spring Table A.41 Trout Lake (East) Table A.42 Trout Lake (West) Table A.43 Trumpeter Pond Table A.44 Turbid Pond Lake Table A.45 Wolf Lake Table A.46 Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Table A.47 Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb xvi

17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Yellowstone Lakes Sampled by Dr. A. Woodruff Miller (Google 2011) Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Beaver Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Beaver Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Beaver Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Beaver Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Beaver Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Beaver Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Beaver Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Beaver Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Blacktail Pond (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Blacktail Pond for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Blacktail Pond Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Blacktail Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Blacktail Pond Figure Vollenweider Model for Blacktail Pond Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Blacktail Pond Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Blacktail Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Buck Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Buck Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Buck Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Buck Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Buck Lake xvii

18 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Buck Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Buck Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Buck Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Cascade Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Cascade Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Cascade Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Cascade Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Cascade Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Cascade Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Cascade Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Cascade Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Clear Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Clear Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Clear Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Clear Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Clear Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Clear Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Clear Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Clear Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Druid Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Druid Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Druid Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Druid Lake xviii

19 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Druid Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Druid Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Duck Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Duck Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Duck Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Duck Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Duck Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Duck Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Eleanor Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Eleanor Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Eleanor Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Eleanor Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Eleanor Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Eleanor Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Eleanor Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Eleanor Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Feather Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Feather Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Feather Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Feather Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Feather Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Feather Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Floating Island Lake (Google 2011) xix

20 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Floating Island Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Floating Island Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Floating Island Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Floating Island Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Floating Island Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Goose Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Goose Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Goose Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Goose Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Goose Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Goose Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Goose Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Goose Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Grizzly Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Grizzly Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Grizzly Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Grizzly Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Grizzly Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Grizzly Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Harlequin Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Harlequin Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Harlequin Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Harlequin Lake xx

21 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Harlequin Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Harlequin Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Hazle Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hazle Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hazle Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Hazle Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Hazle Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hazle Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hazle Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hazle Lake Figure Aerial Photo, Summary & Map of Hot Beach Pond (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hot Beach Pond for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hot Beach Pond Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hot Beach Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hot Beach Pond Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hot Beach Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Hot Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hot Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hot Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hot Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hot Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Hot Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Hot Lake xxi

22 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hot Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Ice Lake (Google 2011) Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Ice Lake Figure Burns Total TLI compared to Carlson Total TSI for Ice Lake for Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Ice Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Ice Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Ice Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Ice Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Ice Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Indian Pond (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Indian Pond for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Indian Pond Figure Vollenweider Model for Indian Pond Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Indian Pond Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Indian Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Indian Pond Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Indian Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Isa Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Isa Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Isa Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Isa Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Isa Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Isa Lake xxii

23 Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lake of the Woods (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lake of the Woods for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lake of the Woods Figure Vollenweider Model for Lake of the Woods Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lake of the Woods Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lake of the Woods Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lake of the Woods Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lake of the Woods Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lewis Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lewis Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lewis Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lewis Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lewis Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Lewis Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lewis Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lewis Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lily Pad Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lily Pad Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lily Pad Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lily Pad Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lost Lake (Google 2011) xxiii

24 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lost Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lost Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lost Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lost Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Lost Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lost Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lost Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Mallard Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Mallard Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Mallard Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Mallard Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Mallard Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Mallard Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Mallard Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of North Twin Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for North Twin Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for North Twin Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for North Twin Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for North Twin Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for North Twin Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for North Twin Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for North Twin Lake xxiv

25 Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Nymph Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Nymph Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Nymph Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Nymph Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Nymph Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Nymph Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Nymph Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Nymph Lake Figure Summary & Map of Pool by Morning Glory Pool (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Pool by Morning Glory Pool for Figure Burns & Carlson Model Comparison for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Figure Burns Model Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Ribbon Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Ribbon Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Ribbon Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Ribbon Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Ribbon Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Ribbon Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Riddle Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Riddle Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Riddle Lake xxv

26 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Riddle Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Riddle Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Riddle Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Riddle Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Riddle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Scaup Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Scaup Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Scaup Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Scaup Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Scaup Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Scaup Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Shoshone Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Shoshone Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Shoshone Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Shoshone Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Shoshone Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Shoshone Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Shoshone Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Shoshone Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of South Twin Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for South Twin Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for South Twin Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for South Twin Lake xxvi

27 Figure Burns Model Over Time for South Twin Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for South Twin Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for South Twin Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for South Twin Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Swan Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Swan Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Swan Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Swan Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Swan Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Swan Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Sylvan Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Sylvan Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Sylvan Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Sylvan Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Sylvan Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Sylvan Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Sylvan Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Sylvan Lake Figure Aerial Photograph, Summary & Map of Tanager Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Tanager Lake for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Tanager Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Tanager Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Tanager Lake xxvii

28 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Tanager Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Terrace Spring (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Terrace Spring for Figure Comparison of Burns Model & Carlson Model for Terrace Spring Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Terrace Spring Figure Burns Model Over Time for Terrace Spring Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Terrace Spring Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Trout Lake (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Trout Lake for Figure Comparison of Burns Model & Carlson Model for Trout Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Trout Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Trout Lake Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Trout Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Trout Lake Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Trout Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Trumpeter Pond (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Trumpeter Pond for Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Trumpeter Pond Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Trumpeter Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Trumpeter Pond Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Trumpeter Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay (Google 2011) Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay for xxviii

29 Figure Burns & Carlson Model for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Figure Burns Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb (Google 2011). 251 Figure Carlson Model Indices for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb for Figure Burns & Carlson Model for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Figure Burns Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb xxix

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31 1 INTRODUCTION Dr. A. Woodruff Miller has been sampling and analyzing lakes and ponds in Yellowstone National Park since Every year in-lake and inlet samples are collected from April through October. The samples are analyzed in the laboratory for phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, which are then used to evaluate the trophic state of each lake or pond. Trophic states are used to classify the health of lakes and ponds. As there are changes in a lake s nutrient levels, there tends to be a change in the lake s algae biomass, which in turn causes a change in the lake s clarity (Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b). A lake s nutrient levels can be determined by analyzing a water sample for phosphorus and its biomass levels can be determined by its levels of chlorophyll-a which indicates the degree of photosynthesis occurring (Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b). Secchi depths allow the water s clarity to be quantified and factored into the overall rate of eutrophication. Each parameter can individually be used to predict the trophic state of the water, but combined they more accurately describe the water s trophic state. This study uses the Carlson Model, Burns Model, Vollenweider Model, and the Larsen Mercier Model to analyze the trophic states of the Yellowstone National Park lakes. This report was organized to classify the lakes in Yellowstone National Park sampled in 2010, to evaluate the trophic state over time for each lake, and to compile all the data collected by Dr. Miller since 1998 so that it can be found in one location. 1

32 1.1 ation ation has been defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem (Nixon, 1995). It should be recognized that eutrophication is a process and does not correspond to its current state (Nixon, 1995). ation only is occurring if there is a change in amount of organic material being supplied. An increased amount of phosphate and nitrate nutrients stimulate algae growth. When the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish (Art, 1993). Very often, eutrophication can be detected by the growth of algae and such growth will cause a lake to lose its clarity. Some typical causes of eutrophication are: an increase in input of inorganic nutrients, a decrease in the turbidity of the water, a change in the hydraulic residence time, or a decrease in the grazing pressure (Nixon, 1995). ation is a slow process but human factors can cause the process to speed up (Art, 1993). Nixon (1995) agreed when he proposed that dramatic increases in the global rates of production of nitrogenous fertilizers and the mining of phosphate rock since about 1960 coincide with our recent concerns over fresh water and marine eutrophication. There are dangers to eutrophication as related previously. When it is understood that humans rely on lakes for drinking water, recreation, and its aesthetic benefits, it should also be understood that eutrophication can affect each of these. ation has been known to cause humans to become sick and unfortunately has been the cause of human and animal deaths as well (Smith). Trophic state evaluation can determine the extent of eutrophication in a body of water. This report will use the Carlson Model, the Burns Model, the Vollenweider Model, and the 2

33 Larsen Mercier Model to determine the extent of eutrophication in the lakes and ponds of Yellowstone National Park. 1.2 Trophic State Classifications Each lake and pond is classified according to its degree of eutrophication. As the amount of nutrients change (measured by phosphorus levels), the amount of algae also changes (measured by chlorophyll-a), which alters the water s clarity (measured by Secchi disk transparency). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) divides the varying degrees of eutrophication into four classifications;,, Eutrohpic, and Hyper-eutrophic (EPA, 2010b). Table 1.2.1, classifies the nutrient concentration and biological productivity for each trophic state classification (EPA, 2010b). As the nutrient concentration increases, the biological productivity also increases, which in turn causes the lake/pond to loose clarity. Table Nutrient & Biological Qualities of Trophic State Classifications (EPA, 2010b) Lake Trophic Classification Nutrient Concentration Biological Productivity Low Low Moderate Moderate High High Hyper-eutrophic Very High Very High Lakes classified as are generally clearer than lakes under any other classification. As a lake progresses from, to, to, and then to 3

34 a Hyper-eutrophic classification, the lake increases in turbidity. Each of the models used to classify the various lakes and ponds in Yellowstone National Park use these four classifications. 1.3 Carlson Model Robert Carlson, of Kent State University, developed a method to evaluate lakes according to various parameters and classify the lakes to a specific trophic state. His model, known as the Carlson Model, calculates a Trophic State Index (TSI) from Secchi disk transparency, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and total phosphorus concentrations (Carlson, 1977). The TSI assigns a value from 0 to 110 which represent the amount of algal biomass contained within the lake under evaluation (Carlson, 1977). The water s transparency is determined by lowering a disk in the water and observing at what depth the disk is no longer visible; this is known as the Secchi depth. Carlson s Model also takes into account phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations to create the TSI. Each of these quantities is converted via natural log transformations to a TSI with each measurement given an equal weight. Equations 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3 convert the Secchi depth, phosphorus and chlorophyll to index numbers which are averaged to the final index number. The equations shown, provided by the EPA, have simplified Carlson s equations (EPA, 2010a). The TSI can thus be determined numerically, but Carlson has also created scaled bars to determine the trophic state visually as well. The numerical and visual methods were used for each lake and pond in this study. TSI = ln (SD) (1-1) where SD = Secchi depth in meters, TSI = 9.81 ln (Chla) (1-2) where Chla = Chlorophyl-a in µg L, 4

35 TSI = 4.42 ln (TP) (1-3) where TP = Total phosphorus in µg L. The TSI can then be used to determine the lake s rate of eutrophication. Each TSI corresponds to a particular trophic state classification and sub-classifications. Table portrays the relationship between the various sub-classifications of eutrophication and their corresponding range of Trophic State Indices. Table Carlson Model Trophic State Classification Scale Classification Sub-Classification Scale Eutrohpic Hypereutrohpic TSI < TSI < TSI < TSI < TSI < TSI < 54 Eutrohpic 54 TSI < 58 Eutrohpic 58 TSI < 62 Eutrohpic 62 TSI < 65 Hyper-eutrohpic 65 TSI < 70 Hyper-eutrohpic 70 TSI 1.4 Burns Model Noel M. Burns created a similar method to convert the Secchi depth and concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll to an index number known as the Trophic Level Index (TLI). The Burns Model also uses a log transformation to create an index as shown in Equations 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, and 1-8 (Burns, 1999). The TLI, as shown in Equation 1-7, also uses concentrations 5

36 of nitrogen to determine the rate of eutrophication. In this study nitrogen levels were not determined in the laboratory and therefore were not taken into account to determine the TLI. The first three parameters in Equation 1-8, were simply averaged to achieve the TLI. The main difference between the Carlson and Burns Models is the location of their development. The Carlson Model was created from European and North American lakes whereas the Burns Model was developed using data from New Zealand lakes (Burns, 1999). TL c = log (Chla) (1-4) where TL c = Cholorophyll-a trophic level, Chla = Chlorophyll-a in (mg/m 3, µg/l, or ppb) TL p = log (TP) (1-5) where TL p = Phosphorus trophic level, TP = Total phosphorus in (mg/m 3, µg/l, or ppb) TL s = log 1 1 (1-6) SD 40 where TL s = Secchi depth trophic level, SD = Secchi depth in meters, TL n = log (TN) (1-7) where TL n = Nitrogen trophic level, TN = Total nitrogen in (mg/m 3, µg/l, or ppb) TLI = 1 TL 4 c + TL p + TL s + TL n (1-8) where TLI = Total Trophic Level Index. The Burns Model uses a different scale than the Carlson Model, using a scale of 0.0 to 7.0, to classify the trophic state as shown in Table (Burns, 1999). To facilitate comparisons between the Carlson and Burn Models, the scale in the Burns Model has been altered, as shown in Table 1.4.2, to reflect the same divisions found in the Carlson Model. 6

37 Table Burns Trophic Level Index Classifications Classification Scale Ultra-microtrophic 0.0 TLI < 1.0 Microtrophic 1.0 TLI < TLI < TLI < TLI < 5.0 Supertrophic 5.0 TLI < 6.0 Hypertrophic 6.0 TLI < 7.0 Table Burns Model Trophic Level Index Re-classified Classification Sub-Classification Scale TLI < TLI < TLI < TLI < TLI < TLI < 4.0 Eutrohpic 4.0 TLI < 4.5 Eutrohpic Eutrohpic 4.5 TLI < 5.0 Eutrohpic 5.0 TLI < 5.5 Hyper-eutrohpic Hyper-eutrohpic 5.5 TLI < 6.0 Hyper-eutrohpic 6.0 TLI < Vollenweider Model Dr. Richard Vollenweider developed a model based on the total phosphorus concentrations in a lake inlet and the lake s hydraulic residence time (Vollenweider, 1968). The hydraulic residence time is calculated by dividing the lake s volume by its total outflows. The phosphorus concentrations were determined in the laboratory from water samples obtained from 7

38 the lake s inlet. Only those lakes which had inlet samples obtained and then tested in the laboratory were evaluated according to the Vollenweider Model. The Carlson and Burns Models use in-lake parameters to classify the lake, but the Vollenweider Model uses inlet parameters to determine the lake s state of eutrophication. The Vollenweider Model plots the total phosphorus as the ordinate and the hydraulic residence time as the abscissa. The lake will be classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic according to where the point is located on the graph. 1.6 Larsen Mercier Model The Larsen Mercier Model, like the Vollenweider Model, also uses inlet data to classify the lake s trophic state. The Larsen Mercier Model uses the total phosphorus concentration as the ordinate, but it does not use the hydraulic residence time as in the Vollenweider Model. The model uses a phosphorus retention coefficient (PRC) which can be calculated by using Equation 1-9. Often an outlet cannot be or is not sampled in which case the phosphorus in-lake concentration is used in place of the outlet phosphorus concentration (Paulson, 2010). When this occurred, the corresponding PRCs have been underlined in the appendix. PRC = (P Inlet P Outlet ) P Inlet (1-9) where PRC = Phosphorus retention coefficient, P Inlet = Inlet phosphorus concentration P Outlet = Outlet phosphorus concentration classification. Like the Vollenweider Model, the point s location on the graph indicates the trophic state 8

39 1.7 Temporal Changes After each lake and pond was analyzed by each of the four previously mentioned models, each lake and pond was modeled over time to determine if there was any trophic state change over time. The total average TSI values, according to the Carlson Model, were plotted for each year to display any changes in the trophic state over time. The total TLI values, according to the Burns Model, were also plotted for each year in a similar manner to display trophic level changes if there were any. A table was also organized for each lake depicting the average trophic states assigned by each model for each year it was analyzed. This table also includes the overall average trophic state for each year the lake was analyzed. In order to facilitate recognition of trophic state changes over time, a graph was created with the year plotted on the abscissa and a composite TSI value along the ordinate. The composite TSI values are the average of all four models for each year as shown in Table The TSI values relate to the sub-classifications and scale used for the Carlson Model. For this study, a change in eutrophication could be labeled as a decrease, slight decrease, no change, slight increase, or increase. A decrease or increase implies that the trophic state has changed two or more sub-classifications. A slight increase or slight decrease suggests that the trophic state has only changed over time one sub-classification to a neighboring subclassification. 9

40 10

41 2 TROPIC STATE EVALUATION FOR LAKES AND PONDS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK In 2010, Dr. Miller sampled 40 lakes and ponds in Yellowstone National Park at least once from June to October. This section includes the evaluation of each lake and pond sampled in 2010 according to the Carlson, Burns, Vollenweider, and Larsen Mercier Models for 2010 and overtime. Water samples were collected and tested in the laboratory for total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The Carlson and Burns Models were used to analyze in-lake concentrations whereas the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were used to analyze inlet samples. Secchi depths were also recorded at the time of water sampling to evaluate water clarity. Often Secchi depths were estimated within a specified range. The median was used in these instances. Total phosphorus concentrations below 10 ppb are not detectable; so in this case, a value of 10 was used. Each lake was evaluated to determine its 2010 trophic state classification, overall (over time) classification, and the lake s rate of trophic state change. Each section first evaluates the lake or pond for 2010 and then evaluates the lake or pond over time. Figure displays the location of the 48 lakes and ponds that Dr. Miller has sampled since 2008 in Yellowstone National Park. 11

42 Figure Yellowstone Lakes Sampled by Dr. A. Woodruff Miller (Google 2011) 12

43 2.1 Beaver Lake Beaver Lake is located west of US-89, north of the Norris Junction and south of Mammoth. Figure displays a photograph of Beaver Lake and a map of Beaver Lake s location in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of Beaver Lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classifications. Figure classifies the Lake s Carlson Model results for August 2010 and October Bear Lake is almost gone. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,388ft (2,251m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 17 Total (7 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Beaver Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure 2.1.3, classifies Beaver Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Beaver Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

44 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Beaver Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Beaver Lake 14

45 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Beaver Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Beaver Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Beaver Lake Model August September October Average Carlson - Burns - Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Beaver Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a very consistent trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. Only in 2010 did the trophic state increase to. According to Figure 2.1.5, the Burns Model has classified Beaver Lake as, while being classified as in Both models indicate an increase in the trophic state. The Vollenweider Model for Beaver Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to Hyper-eutrophic 15

46 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Beaver Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Beaver Lake 16

47 over the last nine years. It appears as though Beaver Lake could have an average classification over the years. Most recently, in 2009, the Vollenweider Model classified Beaver Lake as Hyper-eutrophic. Beaver Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. Most recently Beaver Lake has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model, which is the same as the overall average, Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Beaver Lake since Beaver Lake has only increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Beaver Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. Figure Vollenweider Model for Beaver Lake 17

48 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Beaver Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Beaver Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hyper-eutrophic

49 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Beaver Lake 19

50 2.2 Blacktail Pond Blacktail Pond is located near the Wyoming and Montana state borders. It is located east of US-89 and Mammoth along Grand Loop Road. Figure displays a photograph of Blacktail Pond and a map of Blacktail Pond s location in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of Beaver Lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classifications. Figure classifies Blacktail Pond as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 6,601ft (2,011m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 11 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Swan Lake Blacktail Pond Crevice Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Blacktail Pond (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure 2.2.3, classifies Blacktail Pond as for However, the Burns Model classifies Blacktail Pond as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

51 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Blacktail Pond for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Blacktail Pond 21

52 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Blacktail Pond because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Blacktail Pond was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Blacktail Pond Model September Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Blacktail Pond Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. Only in 2010 the trophic increased to. According to Figure 2.2.5, the Burns Model has classified Blacktail Pond as, while being classified as in Both models indicate an increase in the trophic state rate of change. 22

53 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Blacktail Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Blacktail Pond 23

54 The Vollenweider Model for Blacktail Pond for previous years is displayed in Figure An inlet sample was only taken in Unfortunately this does not allow yearly comparisons to be made. In 2009, the Vollenweider Model classified Blacktail Pond as. Blacktail Pond as modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years is displayed in Figure In 2001 the lake has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Blacktail Pond since Blacktail Pond has increased in eutrophication over the years from to in Figure is a visual representation of the previous Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Blacktail Pond is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Figure Vollenweider Model for Blacktail Pond 24

55 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Blacktail Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Blacktail Pond Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

56 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Blacktail Pond 26

57 2.3 Buck Lake Buck Lake is located on the north side of US-212, about 11 miles south of Silver Gate Montana. Figure displays a photograph of Buck Lake, a map of Buck Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-212. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classifications. Figure classifies the Buck Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Three lake and three inlet samples were taken in Coordinates N W Elevation 6,948ft (2,117m) Years Sampled Number of Samples 43 Total (21 Inlets) 2010 Classification Eutrohpic Overall Classification Rate of Change None Shrimp Lake Buck Lake Druid Lake Trout Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Buck Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure 2.3.2, classifies Buck Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Buck Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

58 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Buck Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Buck Lake 28

59 The Vollenweider Model for Buck Lake for all years is displayed in Figure It appears as though Buck Lake could have an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Buck Lake as Hyper-eutrophic. Buck Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Buck Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Buck Lake 29

60 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Buck Lake Table Model Comparison for Buck Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Larsen Mercier Average Eutrohpic Eutrohpic 30

61 2.3.1 Buck Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Only in 2010 the trophic decreased to as displayed in Figure According to Figure 2.3.7, the Burns Model classified Buck Lake as largely, while being classified as in Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Buck Lake since Buck Lake has not increased in eutrophication over the years but has remained classified as. Figure is a visual representation of Table in order to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Buck Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is which as remain constant over the years. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Buck Lake 31

62 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Buck Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Buck Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic

63 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Buck Lake 33

64 2.4 Cascade Lake Cascade Lake is located to the northwest of Canyon Village. Figure displays a photograph of Cascade Lake and a map of Cascade Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and Norris Canyon Road. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classifications. Figure classifies Cascade Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Two lake samples and two inlet samples were taken in Coordinates N W Elevation 8,031ft (2,447m) Years Sampled 2000, 2010 Number of Samples 15 Total (5 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Wolf Lake Ice Lake Grebe Lake Cascade Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Cascade Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure 2.4.3, classifies Cascade Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Cascade Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

65 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Cascade Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Cascade Lake 35

66 The Vollenweider Model for Cascade Lake for 2010 and 2000 is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to since Cascade Lake is classified as in 2010 and in 2000 according to the Vollenweider Model. Cascade Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for 2000 and 2010 in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010, Cascade Lake has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Cascade Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Cascade Lake 36

67 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Cascade Lake Table Model Comparison for Cascade Lake Model August September Average Carlson Stongly Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Stongly 37

68 2.4.1 Cascade Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a changing trophic state through the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic increased to. According to Figure 2.4.7, the Burns Model has classified Cascade Lake as largely, while being classified as in Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state rate of change. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Cascade Lake since Cascade Lake has increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to in Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Cascade Lake 38

69 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Cascade Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Cascade Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Stongly 2000 Mesotrohpic Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Cascade Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. 39

70 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Cascade Lake 40

71 2.5 Clear Lake Clear Lake is located across the canyon, south of Canyon Village. Figure displays a photograph of Clear Lake and a map of Clear Lake in relation to the surrounding Lakes and Grand Loop Road. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Clear Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 42'49.14"N '46.91"W Elevation 7,833ft (2,387m) Years Sampled 2004, Number of Samples 14 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Decrease Clear Lake Ribbon Lake Lily Pad Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Clear Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure 2.5.3, classifies Clear Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Clear Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure 2.5.3Figure

72 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Clear Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Clear Lake 42

73 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Clear Lake because no inlet samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Clear Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Clear Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Mesotrohpic Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Mesotrohpic Mesotrohpic Mesotrohpic Mesotrohpic Clear Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a very steady classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model except for In 2010 the trophic state remained classified as. According to Figure 2.5.5, the Burns Model has classified Clear Lake as. Both models indicate a slight decrease in the trophic state rate of change since The Vollenweider Model for Clear Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure Since only one inlet sample has been taken over the years, Clear Lake has been classified as 43

74 Hyper-eutrophic according to the Vollenweider Model. Clear Lake as modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years is displayed in Figure In 2004, the only year a sample was taken, the lake was classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Clear Lake since Clear Lake has decreased slightly in eutrophication over the years from in 2004 to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Clear Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Clear Lake 44

75 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Clear Lake Figure Vollenweider Model for Clear Lake 45

76 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Clear Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Clear Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic 46

77 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Clear Lake 47

78 2.6 Druid Lake Druid Lake is northwest of Soda Butte, near Trout Lake. This is the first year that a sample was taken from this lake. Figure displays a photograph of Druid Lake and a map of Druid Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Druid Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. No inlet samples were taken in Coordinates "N W Elevation 7321ft (2,231m) Years Sampled 2010 Number of Samples 1 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change n/a Shrimp Lake Buck Lake Druid Lake Trout Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Druid Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure 2.6.3, classifies Druid Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Druid Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

79 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Druid Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Druid Lake 49

80 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Druid Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Druid Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Druid Lake Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Druid Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Since this is the first year that a sample has been obtained from this lake, only one data point appears. Figure classifies a trophic state according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure 2.6.5, the Burns Model classifies Druid Lake as for

81 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Druid Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Druid Lake 51

82 Table compares the two trophic state model classifications for Druid Lake. Since no inlet samples have been taken, the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models could not be performed on the Lake. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication over the years. This figure will have more relevance once more samples are collected from this Lake. Druid Lake is classified as in Table Model Comparison Over Time for Druid Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Druid Lake 52

83 2.7 Duck Lake Duck Lake is located just west of Yellowstone Lake s West Thumb and along the South Grand Loop Road. Figure displays a photograph of Duck Lake and a map of Duck Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and the West Thumb. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies the Duck Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. No inlet samples were taken in Both Lake samples were taken from the west side of the Lake. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,792ft (2,375m) Years Sampled 1999, 2003, Number of Samples 8 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Duck Lake Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Riddle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Duck Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure 2.7.3, classifies Duck Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Duck Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

84 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Duck Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Duck Lake 54

85 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Duck Lake because no inlet samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Duck Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Duck Lake Model June July Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Duck Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic remained as. According to Figure 2.7.5, the Burns Model has classified Duck Lake as, and keeping that classification in Both models indicate no change in the trophic state. 55

86 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Duck Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Duck Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Duck Lake since Duck Lake has not changed in eutrophication over the years according to the overall 56

87 average. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Duck Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Duck Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Duck Lake 57

88 2.8 Eleanor Lake Eleanor Lake is located on the south side of US-20 and east of Yellowstone Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Eleanor Lake and a map of Eleanor Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-20. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Eleanor Lake for 2010 according to the Carlson Model as. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,815ft (2,686m) Years Sampled 2004, Number of Samples 17 Total (5 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Decrease Indian Pond Hot Beach Pond Turbid Lake Sylvan Lake Eleanor Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Eleanor Lake (Google 2011). The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure 2.8.3, classifies Eleanor Lake as for The Burns Model also classifies Eleanor Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

89 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Eleanor Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Eleanor Lake 59

90 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Eleanor Lake because no inlet samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Eleanor Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Eleanor Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Eleanor Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a slight decrease in the trophic state classification through the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state was classified as. According to Figure 2.8.5, the Burns Model has classified Eleanor Lake as, while being classified as in Both models indicate a slight decrease in the trophic state rate of change since

91 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Eleanor Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Eleanor Lake 61

92 The Vollenweider Model for Eleanor Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure Eleanor Lake has been classified from to according to the Vollenweider Model. Most recently in 2008 it was classified as. Eleanor Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years in Figure Classification ranged from to. Most Recently in 2008, it was classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Figure Vollenweider Model for Eleanor Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Eleanor Lake since Eleanor Lake has decreased slightly in eutrophication over the years from in 2004 to in

93 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Eleanor Lake is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Eleanor Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Eleanor Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

94 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Eleanor Lake 64

95 2.9 Feather Lake Feather Lake is located next to Goose Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Feather Lake and a map of Feather Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. This is the first time a sample was taken from this Lake. Figure classifies Feather Lake as according to the Carlson Model for October The total phosphorus content (ppb) did not fall within the range of the figure and has been placed to the right of the figure. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,294ft (2,223m) Years Sampled 2010 Number of Samples 1 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change n/a Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Feather Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure 2.9.3, classifies Feather Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Feather Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure The dashed lines in the Burns and Carlson comparison figure represent the divisions between the trophic state classifications. 65

96 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Feather Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Feather Lake 66

97 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Feather Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Feather Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Feather Lake Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Feather Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Since this is the first year samples have been taken from this lake, there are no other years against which comparisons can be made. Figure displays the trophic state according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure 2.9.5, the Burns Model has classified Feather Lake as. 67

98 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Feather Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Feather Lake 68

99 Table compares the two trophic state model classifications for Feather Lake. Once more samples have been collected; comparisons will be able to tell whether there have been any changes in the trophic state. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Feather Lake is classified as and currently has the same overall classification. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Feather Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Feather Lake 69

100 2.10 Floating Island Lake Floating Island Lake is located along the north Grand Loop Road and northwest of Town Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Floating Island Lake and a map of Floating Island Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure classifies Floating Island Lake as according to the Carlson Model for August Coordinates N W Elevation 6,920ft (2,109m) Years Sampled 2004, 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Hyper-eutrophic Rate of Change Slight Decrease Floating Island Lake Lost Lake Trumpeter Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Floating Island Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Floating Island Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Floating Island Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

101 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Floating Island Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Floating Island Lake 71

102 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Floating Island Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Floating Island Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Floating Island Lake Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Floating Island Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays the Carlson Model which has ranged from Hyper-eutrophic to since According to Figure , the Burns Model resembles the Carlson Model for Floating Island Lake. Both models indicate a slight decrease in the trophic state. 72

103 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Floating Island Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Floating Island Lake 73

104 Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Floating Island Lake since Floating Island Lake has only decreased slightly in eutrophication over the years from Hyper-eutrophic in 2004 to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Floating Island Lake is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Floating Island Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic - - Hypereutrophic Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Floating Island Lake 74

105 2.11 Goose Lake Goose Lake is located next to Feather Lake, west of US-287 and north of Old Faithful. Figure displays a photograph of Goose Lake and a map of Goose Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-287. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Goose Lake as according to the Carlson Model for October Coordinates 44 32'28.85"N '34.72"W Elevation 7,224ft (2,201m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 10 Total (5 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Goose Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Goose Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Goose Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

106 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Goose Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Goose Lake 76

107 The Vollenweider Model for Goose Lake for 2010 and previous years is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to over the last eleven years. It appears as though Goose Lake could have an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Goose Lake as. Goose Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for past years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Goose Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Goose Lake 77

108 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Goose Lake Table Model Comparison for Goose Lake Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Mesotropic Average Mesotropic 78

109 Goose Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays an average classification of. Only in 2010 did the trophic increase slightly to. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Goose Lake as largely, while being classified as in Combining models appears to indicate an increase in the trophic state classification. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Goose Lake since Goose Lake has varied in eutrophication over the years but has remained an average. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Goose Lake 79

110 Figure is a visual representation of the previous Table in order to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Figure demonstrates that there has been no change in the lake s trophic state over time. Goose Lake is classified as in 2010 and overall as. Figure Burns Model Over Time for Goose Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Goose Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Mesotropic Mesotropic

111 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Goose Lake 81

112 2.12 Grizzly Lake Grizzly Lake is located in the northwest portion of Yellowstone National Park, west of US-89, north of Norris Junction and south of Mammoth. Figure displays a photograph of Grizzly Lake and a map of Grizzly Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Grizzly Lake as according to the Carlson Model for August Coordinates N W Elevation 7,514ft (2,290m) Years Sampled 2010 Number of Samples 1 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change n/a Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Grizzly Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Grizzly Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Grizzly Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

113 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Grizzly Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Grizzly Lake 83

114 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Grizzly Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Grizzly Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Grizzly Lake Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Grizzly Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Since this is the first year samples have been taken, there are no other years to which comparisons can be made. Figure displays a trophic state according to the Carlson Model for According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Grizzly Lake as in

115 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Grizzly Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Grizzly Lake 85

116 Table compares the two trophic state model classifications for Grizzly Lake. Once more samples have been collected, comparisons will be able to tell whether there have been any changes in the trophic state. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Grizzly Lake is classified as in 2010 and currently has an overall classification of. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Grizzly Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Grizzly Lake 86

117 2.13 Harlequin Lake Harlequin Lake is located just west of Madison Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Harlequin Lake and a map of Harlequin Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and the junction. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Harlequin Lake as for June 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 38'38.10"N '29.21"W Elevation 6,893ft (2,100m) Years Sampled , Number of Samples 13 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Harlequin Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Harlequin Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Harlequin Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure The dashed lines in the Burns and Carlson comparison figure represent the divisions between the trophic state classifications. 87

118 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Harlequin Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Harlequin Lake 88

119 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Harlequin Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Harlequin Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Harlequin Lake Model June Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Mesotrohpic Harlequin Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays varying trophic states throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state was classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Harlequin Lake as and kept that classification in Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Harlequin Lake since Harlequin Lake has only increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to in

120 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Harlequin Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Harlequin Lake Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Harlequin Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is. 90

121 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Harlequin Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Mesotrohpic Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Harlequin Lake 91

122 2.14 Hazle Lake Hazle Lake is located south of Nymph Lake and north of Norris Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Hazle Lake and a map of Hazle Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Hazle Lake as on average in 2010 according to Carlson s Model. Coordinates 44 45'0.10"N '1.62"W Elevation 7511ft (2,289m) Years Sampled 2001, 2010 Number of Samples 13 Total (6 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Hazle Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure classifies Hazle Lake as an average of for The Burns Model in Figure also classifies Hazle Lake as an average classification of. 92

123 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hazle Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hazle Lake 93

124 The Vollenweider Model for Hazle Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to Hyper-eutrophic over the last ten years. It appears as though Hazle Lake could have an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Hazle Lake as Hyper-eutrophic. Hazle Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the Lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Hazle Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Hazle Lake 94

125 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Hazle Lake Table Model Comparison for Hazle Lake Model August September October Average Carlson Burns Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Vollenweider - - Larsen Mercier Average - - Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic - - Hypereutrophic - 95

126 Hazle Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays Hazle Lake as throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state increased to. According to Figure , the Burns Model also has classified Hazle Lake as, while being classified as in Combining models indicates an increase in the trophic state. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for South Nymph Lake since South Nymph Lake has increased in eutrophication over the years from to. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hazle Lake 96

127 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hazle Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hazle Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Hypereutrophic 2001 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the increase in eutrophication. South Nymph Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification of. 97

128 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hazle Lake 98

129 2.15 Hot Beach Pond Hot Beach Pond is located notheast of Yellowstone Lake s Mary Bay off US-20. Figure displays a photograph of Hot Beach Pond and a map of Hot Beach Pond in relation to the surrounding Lakes and US-20. Figure classifies Hot Beach Pond as Hyper-eutrophic for September 2010 and October 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,902ft (2,713m) Years Sampled 2004, 2010 Number of Samples 6 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Hyper-eutrophic Overall Classification Hyper-eutrophic Rate of Change Increase Indian Pond Hot Beach Pond Turbid Lake Sylvan Lake Eleanor Lake Figure Aerial Photo, Summary & Map of Hot Beach Pond (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Hot Beach Pond as Hyper-eutrophic for The Burns Model also classifies Hot Beach Pond as Hypereutrophic when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Hot Beach Pond because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Hot Beach Pond was classified as Hyper-eutrophic in

130 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hot Beach Pond for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hot Beach Pond 100

131 Table Model Comparison for Hot Beach Pond Model September October Average Carlson Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Burns Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hot Beach Pond Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays an increase in since 2004 according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state was classified as Hyper-eutrophic. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Hot Beach Pond as Hyper-eutrophic. Both models indicate an increase in the trophic state. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Hot Beach Pond since Hot Beach Pond has increased in eutrophication over the years from in 2004 to Hyper-eutrophic in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Hot Beach Pond is classified as Hyper-eutrophic in 2010, its overall classification is Hyper-eutrophic. 101

132 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hot Beach Pond Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hot Beach Pond 102

133 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hot Beach Pond Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic 2004 Hypereutrophic - - Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hot Beach Pond 103

134 2.16 Hot Lake Hot Lake is located east of US-287, north of Old Faithful and just west of Firehole Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Hot Lake and a map of Hot Lake in relation to the surrounding Lakes and US-287. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Hot Lake as for October 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,728ft (2,355m) Years Sampled 2001, 2010 Number of Samples 3 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Hot Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Hot Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Hot Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

135 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Hot Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Hot Lake 105

136 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Hot Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Hot Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Hot Lake Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Hot Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a very steady classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state was classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Hot Lake as. Both models indicate no change in the trophic state rate of change since

137 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Hot Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Hot Lake 107

138 The Vollenweider Model for Hot Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure Since only one inlet sample has been taken over the years, Hot Lake has been classified as according to the Vollenweider Model. The data doesn t fall within the graph data range and thus cannot be plotted. For June 2001, Hot Lake had a Hydraulic Residence Time of years and a Total Phosphorous Concentration of 0.01ppb. Hot Lake, as modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years is displayed in Figure was the only year a sample was taken. In 2001 the lake was classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model.. Figure Vollenweider Model for Hot Lake 108

139 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Hot Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Hot Lake since Hot Lake has not changed in eutrophication over the years from 2001 to Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Hot Lake is classified as in 2010, the same as its overall classification. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Hot Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

140 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Hot Lake 110

141 2.17 Ice Lake Ice Lake is located North of Norris Canyon Road, about 3.4 miles east of US-89. Figure displays a photograph of Ice Lake and a map of Ice Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and Norris Canyon Road. A summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification is also included in Figure Figure classifies Ice Lake as for September 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 43'15.65"N '40.41"W Elevation 7,894ft (2,406m) Years Sampled 2000, Number of Samples 16 Total (4 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Wolf Lake Ice Lake Grebe Lake Cascade Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Ice Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Ice Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Ice Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

142 Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Ice Lake Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Total TLI compared to Carlson Total TSI for Ice Lake for

143 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Ice Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Ice Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Ice Lake Model September Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Ice Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a very consistent classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state remained classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Ice Lake as over the years as well as in Both models indicate a slight decrease in the trophic state rate of change since

144 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Ice Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Ice Lake 114

145 The Vollenweider Model for Ice Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to over the last eleven years. It appears as though Ice Lake could have an average classification over the years. Most recently in 2009, the Vollenweider Model classified Ice Lake as. Ice Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2009 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. The overall average is according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Ice Lake since Ice Lake has decreased slightly in eutrophication over the years. Figure Vollenweider Model for Ice Lake 115

146 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Ice Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Ice Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Mesotophic Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Ice Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. 116

147 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Ice Lake 117

148 2.18 Indian Pond Indian Pond is located north of Yellowstone Lake s Mary Bay and south of US-20. Figure displays a photograph of Indian Pond and a map of Indian Pond in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-20. Figure classifies Indian Pond as for 2010 according to Carlson s model. In August the water was observed to be murky. Each inlet sampling observed the inlets as seeps. The total phosphorus content (ppb) for each sample did not fall within the range of the figure and has been placed to the right of the figure. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,762ft (2,365m) Years Sampled , Number of Samples 37 Total (14 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Indian Pond Hot Beach Pond Turbid Lake Sylvan Lake Eleanor Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Indian Pond (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Indian Pond as for The Burns Model also classifies Indian Pond as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure The dashed lines in the Burns 118

149 and Carlson comparison figure do not entirely match up according to the trophic state divisions due to the differing axis scales. Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Indian Pond for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Indian Pond 119

150 The Vollenweider Model for Indian Pond for 2010 is displayed in Figure It appears as though Indian Pond has an average Hyper-eutrophic classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Indian Pond as Hyper-eutrophic. Figure Vollenweider Model for Indian Pond Indian Pond is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the pond as. The overall average is according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Overall, Indian Pond was classified as in Indian Pond was not classified according to the Burns Model for July because the Secchi depth was not recorded in the field notes. 120

151 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Indian Pond Table Model Comparison for Indian Pond Model June July August September October Average Carlson Burns N/A Hypereutrophic Vollenweider Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic - - Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Larsen Mercier - - Average Hypereutrophic 121

152 Indian Pond Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure classifies Indian Pond as trophic state according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has also classified Indian Pond as overall as well as in Both models appear to indicate very little change trophic state from year to year. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Indian Pond Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Indian Pond since Indian Pond has not increased in eutrophication over the years but has remained classified as. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Indian Pond is classified as in 2010 and it has an overall classification of. 122

153 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Indian Pond Table Model Comparison Over Time for Indian Pond Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Hypereutrophic 2009 Hypereutrophic 2008 Hypereutrophic 2006 Hypereutrophic 2005 Hypereutrophic

154 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Indian Pond 124

155 2.19 Isa Lake Isa Lake is located along US-20, east of Old Faithful, north of Shoshone Lake and west of Yellowstone Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Isa Lake and a map of Isa Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-20. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Isa Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,530ft (2,599m) Years Sampled 1999, 2010 Number of Samples 3 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Scaup Lake Isa Lake Shoshone Lake Lewis Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Isa Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Isa Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Isa Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

156 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Isa Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Isa Lake 126

157 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Isa Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Isa Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Isa Lake Model July August September October Average Carlson - - Burns - - Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Isa Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state for both years according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Isa Lake as which is a slight increase from Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state. 127

158 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Isa Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Isa Lake 128

159 Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Isa Lake since Isa Lake has only increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Isa Lake is classified as in 2010, as well as its overall classification. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Isa Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Isa Lake 129

160 2.20 Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods is located east of US-89, North of Norris Junction and South of Mammoth. Figure displays a photograph of Lake of the Woods and a map of Lake of the Woods in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. A summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification is also included in Figure Figure classifies Lake of the Woods as Hyper-eutrophic for September 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 48'1.58"N '52.97"W Elevation 7,753ft (2,363m) Years Sampled 2001, 2010 Number of Samples 3 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lake of the Woods (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Lake of the Woods as Hyper-eutrophic for The Burns Model also classifies Lake of the Woods as Hyper-eutrophic when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

161 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lake of the Woods for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lake of the Woods 131

162 The Vollenweider Model for Lake of the Woods for 2010 is displayed in Figure In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Lake of the Woods as. The inlet has not been sampled in past years preventing a comparison from being made. Figure Vollenweider Model for Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model in Figure In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. No inlet samples were taken in the past and thus no comparisons can be made. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Lake of the Woods was classified as in

163 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lake of the Woods Table Model Comparison for Lake of the Woods Model Carlson Burns September Hypereutrophic Hyper-eutrophic Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average 133

164 Lake of the Woods Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure shows how the 2010 sample differs from the sample taken in According to Figure , the Burns Model also classifies an increase in the trophic state from to Hypereutrophic. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lake of the Woods Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Lake of the Woods since Lake of the Woods has increased in eutrophication over the years. 134

165 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Lake of the Woods is classified as in 2010 and it has an overall classification of. Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lake of the Woods Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lake of the Woods Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic

166 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lake of the Woods 136

167 2.21 Lewis Lake Lewis Lake is located along US-287 (south entrance road) and south of Yellowstone Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Lewis Lake and a map of Lewis Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-287. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Samples for 2010 were taken from the boat dock. Figure classifies Lewis Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 18'22.05"N '49.60"W Elevation 7,782ft (2,371m) Years Sampled 1998, 1999, Number of Samples 16 Total (4 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Scaup Lake Isa Lake Shoshone Lake Lewis Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lewis Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Lewis Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Lewis Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

168 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lewis Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lewis Lake 138

169 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Lewis Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Lewis Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Lewis Lake Model June July August Average Carlson - Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Lewis Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a close but classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state remained classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model appears to classify Lewis Lake as for most years. Both models indicate no change in the trophic state rate of change since

170 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lewis Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lewis Lake 140

171 The Vollenweider Model for Lewis Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure was the last year a sample was taken. That year samples were taken in a variety of places which demonstrates the varying trophic states of the lake. The overall classification for the Vollenweider Model is. Figure Vollenweider Model for Lewis Lake Lewis Lake as modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years is displayed in Figure was the only year a sample was taken. The Larsen Mercier Model also classifies Lewis Lake as. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Lewis Lake since Lewis Lake has not changed in eutrophication over the years 141

172 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lewis Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lewis Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the lack of change in eutrophication. Lewis Lake is classified as in 2010 as well it overall classification. 142

173 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lewis Lake 143

174 2.22 Lily Pad Lake Lily Pad Lake is located South of Canyon Village and South of Grand Canyon.. Figure displays a photograph of Lily Pad Lake and a map of Lily Pad Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and the Canyon Junction. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure displays Lily Pad Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,800ft (2,377m) Years Sampled , Number of Samples 15 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Clear Lake Ribbon Lake Lily Pad Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lily Pad Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Lily Pad Lake as for The Burns Model classifies Lily Pad Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

175 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lily Pad Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lily Pad Lake 145

176 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Lily Pad Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Lily Pad Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Lily Pad Lake Model June July August September Average Carlson Hypereutrophic Burns Hypereutrophic Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Hypereutrophic Lily Pad Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state was classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Lily Pad Lake as over the years and increased slightly to in Both models indicate an increase in the trophic state. 146

177 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Lily Pad Lake since Lily Pad Lake has increase in eutrophication over the years from to in Figure is a visual representation of Table 147

178 to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though Lily Pad Lake is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lily Pad Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Stongly Stongly Stongly Stongly - - Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lily Pad Lake 148

179 2.23 Lost Lake Lost Lake is located just wet of Roosevelt Lodge and Tower Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Lost Lake and a map of Lost Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-212. Figure classifies Lost Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 54'34.71"N '47.81"W Elevation 6,726ft (2,050m) Years Sampled Number of Samples 38 Total (15 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Decrease Floating Island Lake Lost Lake Trumpeter Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Lost Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Lost Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Lost Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Lost Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Lost Lake was classified as in

180 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Lost Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Lost Lake 150

181 Table Model Comparison for Lost Lake Model June July August September Average Carlson Mestrophic Mestrophic Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Lost Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state remained classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has consistently classified Lost Lake as, while also being classified as in Both models indicate a slight decrease in the trophic state rate of change since The Vollenweider Model for Lost Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure In 2009, Lost Lake was classified as according to the Vollenweider Model was the last year that Lost Lake was classified according this model. Over the years this model has ranged from to Hyper-eutrophic. 151

182 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Lost Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Lost Lake 152

183 Figure Vollenweider Model for Lost Lake Lost Lake as modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years is displayed in Figure The Larsen Mercier Modeled Lost Lake as in 2009 and has ranged within the zone over the years. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Lost Lake since Lost Lake has not changed very much in eutrophication over the years. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the slight decrease in the in eutrophication. Even though Lost Lake is classified as in 2010, it has an overall classification of. 153

184 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Lost Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Lost Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

185 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Lost Lake 155

186 2.24 Mallard Lake Mallard Lake is located to the northeast of Old Faithful and US-89. Figure displays a photograph of Mallard Lake and a map of Mallard Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89/US-20. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Figure displays Mallard Lake as for August 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,054ft (2,454m) Years Sampled 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change n/a Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Mallard Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Mallard Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Mallard Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

187 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Mallard Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Mallard Lake 157

188 The Vollenweider Model for Mallard Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure is the first year that inlet samples have been obtained. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Mallard Lake as. Figure Vollenweider Model for Mallard Lake Mallard Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for 2010 in Figure The Larsen Mercier classified Mallard Lake as. More inlet samples will be needed to determine whether the trophic state change over time. Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Overall, Mallard Lake was classified as in

189 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Mallard Lake Table Model Comparison for Mallard Lake Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average 159

190 Mallard Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Since this is the first year samples have been taken, there are no other years for comparison. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Mallard Lake Figure classifies a trophic state according to the Carlson Model for According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Mallard Lake also as in Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Mallard Lake. Additional samples will be needed to make comparisons over time. Figure is a visual 160

191 representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Mallard Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is as well. Figure Burns Model Over Time for Mallard Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Mallard Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

192 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Mallard Lake 162

193 2.25 North Twin Lake North Twin Lake is located west of US-89, north of the Norris Junction and south of Mammoth. Figure displays a photograph of North Twin Lake and a map of North Twin Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies North Twin Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 46'29.04"N '14.82"W Elevation 7,556ft (2,303m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 32 Total (16 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of North Twin Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies North Twin Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies North Twin Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

194 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for North Twin Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for North Twin Lake 164

195 The Vollenweider Model for North Twin Lake for 2010 and other years is displayed in Figure The inlet model shows that the trophic state has ranged from to Hyper-eutrophic. It appears as though North Twin Lake could have an average slightly Hypereutrophic classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified North Twin Lake as Hyper-eutrophic. North Twin Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, North Twin Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for North Twin Lake 165

196 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for North Twin Lake Table Model Comparison for North Twin Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Eutrohpic Eutropic Eutrohpic 166

197 North Twin Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified North Twin Lake as, while being classified as such in Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for North Twin Lake since North Twin Lake has increased in eutrophication over the years from to. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in ation. North Twin Lake is classified as in 2010 and it has an overall classification of. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for North Twin Lake 167

198 Figure Burns Model Over Time for North Twin Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for North Twin Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Hypereutrophic Eutrohpic 2009 Hypereutrophic 2008 Hypereutrophic

199 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for North Twin Lake 169

200 2.26 Nymph Lake Nymph Lake is located west of US-89, north of Norris Junction and south of Mammoth. Figure displays a photograph of Nymph Lake and a map of Nymph Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Nymph Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,503ft (2,286m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 26 Total (13 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Nymph Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Nymph Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Nymph Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

201 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Nymph Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Nymph Lake 171

202 The Vollenweider Model for Nymph Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure It appears as though Nymph Lake could have an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Nymph Lake as. Figure Vollenweider Model for Nymph Lake Nymph Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has also ranged widely over the years. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the lake as. The overall average is according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Nymph Lake was classified as in

203 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Nymph Lake Table Model Comparison for Nymph Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic 173

204 Nymph Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Nymph Lake as over the years. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Nymph Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Nymph Lake since Nymph Lake has increased in eutrophication over the years as is evident in the last column. 174

205 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Nymph Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Nymph Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the increase in eutrophication. Nymph Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is. 175

206 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Nymph Lake 176

207 2.27 Pool by Morning Glory Pool Pool by Morning Glory Pool is located about two miles north of Old Faithful and just to the east of US-89. Figure displays a map of the Pool by Morning Glory Pool in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure classifies the Pool by Morning Glory Pool as for October 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,040ft (2,450m) Years Sampled 2001, 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Summary & Map of Pool by Morning Glory Pool (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies the Pool by Morning Glory Pool as for However, the Burns Model classifies the Pool by Morning Glory Pool as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

208 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Pool by Morning Glory Pool for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns & Carlson Model Comparison for Pool by Morning Glory Pool 178

209 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on the Pool by Morning Glory Pool because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. The Pool by Morning Glory Pool was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Pool by Morning Glory Pool Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays the difference in trophic states between 2010 and 2001 according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model classified Pool by Morning Glory Pool as in 2010 and in Both models indicate an increase in the lake s trophic state. 179

210 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Figure Burns Model Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Morning Glory Pool since Morning Glory Pool has increased in eutrophication over the years from 180

211 to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Even though the Pool by Morning Glory Pool is classified as in 2010, its overall average classification is. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Pool by Morning Glory Pool Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Pool by Morning Glory Pool 181

212 2.28 Ribbon Lake Ribbon Lake is located east of Grand Loop Road and Norris Road Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Ribbon Lake and a map of Ribbon Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and the Norris Junction. This was the second time samples were taken from this lake. The lake appeared quite murky when the samples were taken. Figure classifies Ribbon Lake as according to the Carlson Model for September Coordinates N W Elevation 7827ft (2,385m) Years Sampled 2006, 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Clear Lake Ribbon Lake Lily Pad Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Ribbon Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Ribbon Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies the lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

213 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Ribbon Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Ribbon Lake 183

214 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Ribbon Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Overall, Ribbon Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Ribbon Lake Model September Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Ribbon Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state over the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state increased to. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Ribbon Lake as largely. In 2010, Ribbon Lake was classified as which is displayed as a slight increase in the trophic state according to the following models. 184

215 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Ribbon Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Ribbon Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Ribbon Lake since Ribbon Lake has increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from 185

216 in 2006 to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Ribbon Lake is classified as in 2010 and also an overall classification of. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Ribbon Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Ribbon Lake 186

217 2.29 Riddle Lake Riddle Lake is located east of US-89, northeast of Lewis Lake and south of Yellowstone Lake s West Thumb. Figure displays a photograph of Riddle Lake and a map of Riddle Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Riddle Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,918ft (2,413m) Years Sampled 1999, 2008, 2010 Number of Samples 4 Total (1 Inlet) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Increase Duck Lake Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Riddle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Riddle Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Riddle Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Riddle Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

218 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Riddle Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Riddle Lake 188

219 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Riddle Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Riddle Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Riddle Lake Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Riddle Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays an increasing trophic state from 1999 to According to Figure , the Burns Model classified Riddle Lake as on average, while being classified as in Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state rate of change since The Vollenweider Model for Riddle Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure Since only one inlet sample has been taken over the years, Riddle Lake has been classified as Hyper-eutrophic according to the Vollenweider Model. 189

220 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Riddle Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Riddle Lake Riddle Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years as displayed in Figure was the only year a sample was taken. In 2008, Riddle Lake was classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. 190

221 Figure Vollenweider Model for Riddle Lake Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Riddle Lake 191

222 Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Riddle Lake since Riddle Lake has increased in eutrophication over the years from in 1999 to in Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the increase in eutrophication. Even though Riddle Lake is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Riddle Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic Mesotrohpic - - Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Riddle Lake 192

223 2.30 Scaup Lake Scaup Lake is located along US-89, east of Old Faithful and north of Shoshone Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Scaup Lake and a map of Scaup Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. A summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification is also included in Figure Figure classifies Scaup Lake as for August 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,920ft (2,414m) Years Sampled 2002, 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Scaup Lake Isa Lake Shoshone Lake Lewis Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Scaup Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Scaup Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Scaup Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

224 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Scaup Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Scaup Lake 194

225 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Scaup Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the various trophic state models. Scaup Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Scaup Lake Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Scaup Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays an average trophic state classification since 2002 according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model over the 8 years classified Scaup Lake as. Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Scaup Lake since Scaup Lake has only increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to in

226 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Scaup Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Scaup Lake 196

227 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Scaup Lake is classified as in 2010, as well for its overall classification. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Scaup Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Scaup Lake 197

228 2.31 Shoshone Lake Shoshone Lake is located to the southwest of Yellowstone Lake and north of Lewis Lake. Figure displays a photograph of Shoshone Lake and a map of Shoshone Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89/US-287. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. The sample for 2010 was taken near De Lacy Creek. Figure displays Shoshone Lake as for August 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 22'25.85"N '10.45"W Elevation 7,796ft (2,376m) Years Sampled 1998, 1999, 2010 Number of Samples 12 Total (4 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Scaup Lake Isa Lake Shoshone Lake Lewis Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Shoshone Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Shoshone Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Shoshone Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model. 198

229 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Shoshone Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Shoshone Lake 199

230 The Vollenweider Model for Shoshone Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure It appears as though Shoshone Lake has an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Shoshone Lake as. Shoshone Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for all previous years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010, the Larsen Mercier Model classified Shoshone Lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Shoshone Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Shoshone Lake 200

231 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Shoshone Lake Table Model Comparison for Shoshone Lake Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average 201

232 Shoshone Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Shoshone Lake as, while being classified as in Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Shoshone Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Shoshone Lake since Shoshone Lake has increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from to. 202

233 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Shoshone Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Shoshone Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Shoshone Lake is classified as in 2010 and for its overall classification, 203

234 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Shoshone Lake 204

235 2.32 South Twin Lake South Twin Lake is located along US-89, north of Norris Junction and south of North Twin Lake. Figure displays a photograph of South Twin Lake and a map of South Twin Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies South Twin Lake for 2010 according to the Carlson Model as. Coordinates N W Elevation 7,530ft (2,295m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 23 Total (7 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Grizzly Lake North Twin Lake Nymph Lake Beaver Lake Lake of the Woods South Twin Lake Hazle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of South Twin Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies South Twin Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies South Twin Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

236 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for South Twin Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for South Twin Lake 206

237 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on South Twin Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. South Twin Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for South Twin Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average South Twin Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a classification throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state remained classified as. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified South Twin Lake as on average and in Both models indicate a slight increase in the trophic state rate of change since

238 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for South Twin Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for South Twin Lake 208

239 The Vollenweider Model for South Twin Lake for previous years is displayed in Figure was the last year inlet samples were taken in which according to this model the lake was classified as. Since 2001, there has been an increase in eutrophication. Figure Vollenweider Model for South Twin Lake South Twin Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years in Figure was the last year an inlet sample was taken for the lake. In 2009 the lake was classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model which also is an increase in eutrophication. 209

240 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for South Twin Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for South Twin Lake since South Twin Lake has increased slightly in eutrophication over the years from in 2001 to in Table Model Comparison Over Time for South Twin Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Mesotrohpic 210

241 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the slight increase in eutrophication. Even though South Twin Lake is classified as in 2010, its overall classification is. Figure Overall Trophic State Change for South Twin Lake 211

242 2.33 Swan Lake Swan Lake is located along the west side US-89, south of Mammoth in the northwest portion of the national park. Figure displays a photograph of Swan Lake and a map of Swan Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure classifies Swan Lake as on average for 2010 according to Carlson s Model. Coordinates 44 55'10.54"N '6.78"W Elevation 7,796ft (2,376m) Years Sampled 2001, Number of Samples 15 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Swan Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Swan Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Swan Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Swan Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Swan Lake was classified as in

243 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Swan Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Swan Lake 213

244 Table Model Comparison for Swan Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Swan Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays how, according to the Carlson Model, the eutrophication has increased slightly over the years. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Swan Lake as mainly for Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Swan Lake. Since no inlet samples have been taken, the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models could not be performed on the lake. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication over the years. There is a slight increase in the rate of change. Swan Lake is classified overall as. 214

245 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Swan Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Swan Lake 215

246 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Swan Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Swan Lake 216

247 2.34 Sylvan Lake Sylvan Lake is located along US-20, near the national park s east entrance and east of Yellowstone Lake. Figure is a photograph of Sylvan Lake and a map of Sylvan Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-20. Figure classifies Sylvan Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 8,415ft (2,564m) Years Sampled 2004, Number of Samples 33 Total (15 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Indian Pond Hot Beach Pond Turbid Lake Sylvan Lake Eleanor Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Sylvan Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Sylvan Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Sylvan Lake when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

248 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Sylvan Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Sylvan Lake 218

249 The Vollenweider Model for Sylvan Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure Sylvan Lake has an average classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Sylvan Lake as. Sylvan Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years, including 2010, in Figure This inlet model has ranged from to. In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the Lake as. The overall average has also been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Sylvan Lake was classified as in Figure Vollenweider Model for Sylvan Lake 219

250 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Sylvan Lake Table Model Comparison for Sylvan Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average 220

251 Sylvan Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trend from towards a trophic state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Sylvan Lake According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Sylvan Lake as, while being classified as in Combining the models indicate very little change if any in the trophic state. 221

252 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Sylvan Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Sylvan Lake since Sylvan Lake has not changed in eutrophication over the years but has remained classified as. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Sylvan Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall

253 Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Sylvan Lake is classified as in 2010 as well as its overall classification. Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Sylvan Lake 223

254 2.35 Tanager Lake Tanager Lake is located west of US-89, near the park s south entrance and south of Lewis Lake. Figure is an aerial photograph of Tanager Lake and a map of Tanager Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled and trophic state classification. Figure classifies the lake s Carlson Model results for September 2010 as. Coordinates 44 8'5.83"N '5.31"W Elevation 6,975ft (2,125m) Years Sampled 2004, Number of Samples 7 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Decrease Lewis Lake Tanager Lake Heart Lake Figure Aerial Photograph, Summary & Map of Tanager Lake (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Tanager Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Tanager Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure

255 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Tanager Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Tanager Lake 225

256 Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Tanager Lake because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Tanager Lake was classified as in Table Model Comparison for Tanager Lake Model September Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Tanager Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Total TSI decreased slightly to in 2009 and 2010, as compared to in Figure also classifies a decrease in eutrophication over the years from in 2004 to in 2009 and

257 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Tanager Lake Figure Burns Model Over Time for Tanager Lake 227

258 Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Tanager Lake. Since no inlet samples have been taken, the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models could not be performed on the lake. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display a decrease in eutrophication over the years. Tanager Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is. Table Model Comparison Over Time for Tanager Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Tanager Lake 228

259 2.36 Terrace Spring Terrace Spring is located just east of Madison Junction and on the north side of US-89. Figure displays a photograph of Terrace Spring and a map of Terrace Spring in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-89. Figure classifies Terrace Spring as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates N W Elevation 6,898ft (2,102m) Years Sampled 2007, 2010 Number of Samples 2 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Harlequin Lake Terrace Spring Feather Lake Goose Lake Pool by Morning Glory Pool Hot Lake Mallard Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Terrace Spring (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Terrace Spring as for However, the Burns Model classifies Terrace Spring as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Terrace Spring because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Terrace Spring was classified as in

260 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Terrace Spring for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Comparison of Burns Model & Carlson Model for Terrace Spring 230

261 Table Model Comparison for Terrace Spring Model October Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Terrace Spring Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a 2010 trophic state according to the Carlson Model. This is a slight increase from According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Terrace Spring as for 2010 which is an increase from in Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Terrace Spring. Since no inlet samples have been taken, there was no data to utilize the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the slight increase in eutrophication over the 2 years. Terrace Spring is classified as in 2010 as well as for its overall classification. 231

262 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Terrace Spring Figure Burns Model Over Time for Terrace Spring 232

263 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Terrace Spring Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Terrace Spring 233

264 2.37 Trout Lake Trout Lake is located on the north side of US-212, about 10 miles southwest of the northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park. Figure displays a photograph of Trout Lake and a map of Trout Lake in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-212. Figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification. Figure classifies Trout Lake as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure and Figure , classifies Trout Lake as for However, the Burns Model classifies Trout Lake as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Coordinates 44 54'1.19"N 110 7'46.35"W Elevation 6,962ft (2,122m) Years Sampled Number of Samples 49 Total (21 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change None Shrimp Lake Buck Lake Druid Lake Trout Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Trout Lake (Google 2011) 234

265 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Trout Lake for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic West West 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Comparison of Burns Model & Carlson Model for Trout Lake 235

266 The Vollenweider Model for Trout Lake for 2010 is displayed in Figure It appears as though Trout Lake could have an average Hyper-eutrophic classification over the years. In 2010, the Vollenweider Model classified Trout Lake as Hyper-eutrophic. Figure Vollenweider Model for Trout Lake Trout Lake is modeled according to the Larsen Mercier Model for previous years, including 2010, in Figure In 2010 the Larsen Mercier classified the Lake as. The overall average has been classified as according to the Larsen Mercier Model. Table compares the 2010 results among the trophic state models. Overall, Trout Lake was classified as in

267 Figure Larsen Mercier Model for Trout Lake Table Model Comparison for Trout Lake Model June July August Average Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Eutrohpic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Eutrohpic Hypereutrophic 237

268 Trout Lake Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a state throughout the years according to the Carlson Model. In 2010 the trophic state increased to. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Trout Lake as largely, while being classified as in Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Trout Lake Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Trout Lake since Trout Lake has not increased in eutrophication over the years but has remained classified as. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the rate of change in eutrophication. Trout Lake is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is. 238

269 Figure Burns Model Over Time for Trout Lake Table Model Comparison Over Time for Trout Lake Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall 2010 Eutrohpic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic

270 Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Trout Lake 240

271 2.38 Trumpeter Pond Trumpeter Pond is located north of US 212 and Tower Junction. Figure displays a photograph of Trumpeter Pond and a map of Trumpeter Pond in relation to the surrounding lakes and US-212. Figure classifies Trumpeter Pond as Hyper-eutrophic for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 55'2.46"N '26.16"W Elevation 6,117ft (1,864m) Years Sampled 2004, 2010 Number of Samples 4 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Hyper-eutrophic Overall Classification Hyper-eutrophic Rate of Change Slight Increase Floating Island Lake Lost Lake Trumpeter Pond Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Trumpeter Pond (Google 2011) The Burns Model also classifies Trumpeter Pond as Hyper-eutrophic when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Trumpeter Pond because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Trumpeter Pond was classified as Hyper-eutrophic in

272 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Trumpeter Pond for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns Model & Carlson Model Comparison for Trumpeter Pond 242

273 Table Model Comparison for Trumpeter Pond Model September October Average Carlson Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Burns Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Average Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Trumpeter Pond Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure classifies Trumpeter Pond as a Hyper-eutrophic trophic state according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model also has classified Trumpeter Pond as Hypereutrophic for 2010 and Hyper-eutrophic over the years. Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Trumpeter Pond. Since no inlet samples have been taken, the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models are not performed on the lake. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the slight increase in rate of change in eutrophication over the years. Trumpeter Pond is classified as Hyper-eutrophic in 2010 and Hyper-eutrophic as an overall average. 243

274 Hyper-eutrophic East Pond Total TSI Month Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Trumpeter Pond Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic East Pond Month Figure Burns Model Over Time for Trumpeter Pond 244

275 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Trumpeter Pond Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic 2004 Hypereutrophic Hypereutrophic - - Hypereutrophic Hyper-eutrophic y = x R² = 1 Composite TSI Year Trumpeter Pond Linear (Trumpeter Pond) Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Trumpeter Pond 245

276 2.39 Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay The Bridge Bay of Yellowstone Lake is located on the northwest portion of Yellowstone Lake off US-20. Figure displays a photograph and map of Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay. Figure displays Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 32'6.09"N '52.63"W Elevation 7750ft (2,362m) Years Sampled 2004, 2010 Number of Samples 5 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Increase Duck Lake Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Riddle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay (Google 2011) The Carlson Model, as displayed in Figure , displays Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay as for However, the Burns Model classifies Bridge Bay as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on Bridge Bay because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay was classified as in

277 Figure Carlson Trophic State Indices for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay for 2010 Burns Total TLI Hyper-eutrophic Hyper-eutrophic 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103Sep '104Oct '105 0 Jun '101 Jul '10 2Aug '103 Sep '104 Oct ' Carlson Total TSI Burns TLI Carlson TSI Figure Burns & Carlson Model for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay 247

278 Table Model Comparison for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Model August Carlson Burns Vollenweider - Larsen Mercier - Average Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Over Time In order to observe the change in trophic state over time according to the Carlson Model and Burns Model, Figure and Figure were developed respectively. Figure displays a trophic state according to the Carlson Model. According to Figure , the Burns Model has classified Bridge Bay as for 2010 which is a slight increase from Table compares the various trophic state model classifications for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay. Since no inlet samples have been taken, the Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models could not be performed on the lake. Figure is a visual representation of Table to display the slight increase in eutrophication over the years. This figure will have more relevance once more samples are collected from this location. Bridge Bay is classified as in 2010 and its overall classification is. 248

279 Figure Carlson Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Figure Burns Model Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay 249

280 Table Model Comparison Over Time for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Year Carlson Burns Vollenweider Larsen Mercier Overall Hyper-eutrophic y = x R² = 1 Composite TSI Year Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Linear (Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay) Figure Overall Trophic State Change for Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay 250

281 2.40 Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb The West Thumb at Yellowstone Lake is located on the southwest side of Yellowstone Lake. Figure displays a photograph and map of Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb. The figure also includes a summary of the lake s location, years sampled, and trophic state classification for the sampled location. Figure displays Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb as for 2010 according to the Carlson Model. Coordinates 44 26'10.47"N '28.06"W Elevation 7750ft (2,362m) Years Sampled 2004, 2010 Number of Samples 4 Total (0 Inlets) 2010 Classification Overall Classification Rate of Change Slight Decrease Duck Lake Yellowstone Lake at Bridge Bay Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb Riddle Lake Figure Photo, Summary & Map of Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb (Google 2011) The Burns Model also displays Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb as when compared to the Carlson Model in Figure Vollenweider and Larsen Mercier Models were not performed on West Thumb because no inlets samples were taken in Table compares the 2010 results between the trophic state models. Yellowstone Lake at West Thumb was classified as in