PFAS-contaminated sites at military air bases in Norway. Carl Einar Amundsen Tore Joranger

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1 PFAS-contaminated sites at military air bases in Norway Carl Einar Amundsen Tore Joranger ECDE Conference Helsinki, May 31 - June 2, 2017

2 Background (main events) 2005: National action plan to reduce the use of PFAS (Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency) 2007: PFOS banned as active ingredient in fire-fighting foam in Norway 2008: Destruction of NDEA PFOS-foams 2012-: The «NDEA PFAS-project» Soil, water and biota surveys at Rygge, Ørland, Bardufoss, Andøya, Bodø, Evenes, Banak and Høybuktmoen ( ) Water purification at Rygge airport (phase I, 2013; phase II; 2017 ) Remedial action assessents at all sites (2016) Demolition of existing fire-training sites at Ørland (2017) and Bodø (2018) Nov 2015: Phase out of all fluorinated surfactants in foams at Military air stations

3 Military PFAS-sites Natural conditions Climate Hydrology Drainage Geology Quaternary geology Recipients Potential conflicts Human exposure Ecological vulnerability Public interest Ørland Andenes Evenes Bodø Værnes Kjeller Rygge Banak Høybuktmoen Bardufoss

4 Lake fishing interests, drinking water Fjord Large River Rygge Bardufoss North Atlantic Bodø North Atlantic Ramsar Site Lakes Ramsar Site Andøya Ørland Evenes

5 Sources of PFAS in soils and recipients Fire training sites Other regularly used training sites Accidental spills Fire stations Not investigated (prioritized) Hydraulic oils for brake systems Metal plating Wax, polish, plane wash Laundry, textile maintenance etc

6 PFAS source areas at Rygge airport Rygge Andenes Banak Høybuktmoen Værnes Kjeller Rygge

7 Annual leaching of PFAS to Vansjø Rygge Sum Rygge 0,6 kg PFOS 1,8 kg PFAS Sum All Military Sites 4 kg PFOS 15 kg PFAS

8 PFAS in stream Svartbekken (Rygge) Rygge Sum PFASs 6:2FTS PFOS

9 Leaching of PFAS Difficult to make good estimates on leaching potential i.e. lack of correspondence between estimated residuals in soils and leaching The reservoir of PFAS in soils and fillers at the fire training sites is probably larger than predicted Large quantities of PFAS-precursors i.e. PFASs braking down to C4-C9 compounds (PFOS-C8)

10 Tolerable daily intake (TDI) n=41 Biota Vansjø (Rygge airport) EQS Biota 9,1 µg PFOS/kg 10%TDI perch zander pike

11 Groundwater plume at Andøya Andøya

12 Biota Andøya

13 PFAS in Oligochaeta in litoral zone at Andøya

14 Remedial goals for PFAS The emission of PFAS will be reduced to improve the environmental conditions in the recipients (local, regional, national, global) Comprehensive evaluations and cost efficiency will be the basis for the remedial actions adaptive approach Comprehensive evaluations: Environmental risk Ecological considerations Climate gas emissions Social benefit (Amundsen, Joranger and Sparrevik 2016)

15 Runoff purification at Rygge and Ørland Type I: Low technology cleaning at Rygge (3,5m 3 /hour) Air injection in collection pool (removal of Fe, Mn) - not efficient Activated coal (removal of PFAS) Mean annual PFAS-removal efficiency: 40% ( ) 20 µg PFAS/l High Fe, Mn, TOC Type II: Container based system using chemicals (20m 3 /hour) Air injection/ph-adjustments Polyclay Sandfilter, activated coal Sludge dewatering (minimizing amount of waste) Mean annual PFAS-removal efficiency: 80% (? starts 2018)

16 Remedial actions Runoff purification Excavation and deposition of PFAS contaminated soils Deposition in PFAS-cells (absorbing materials) Leachate cleaning (Reasearch ongoing) Excavation at Ørland Cuttoff values: 30 µg PFOS/kg soil (60 µg PFAS) Other possibilities Funnel and gate-systems Pump and treat

17 Factors important for priority between localities Annual leaching (gram/year) Amount of PFAS (kg/site) Vulnerability of recipients (e.g. Ramsar sites, drinking water) Public conflicts (e.g. drinking water, fishing interests) Cost benefit

18 Priority between localities 1. Rygge (water purification, excavation and landfilling in specially constructed «PFAS-cells 1» 2. Bardufoss (excavation and landfilling) Ørland: Redevelopment, new training sites (base for new fighters F-35) Bodø: Redevelopment Andøya, Banak, Høybuktmoen: no decisions made 1) Research initiated 2016

19 Future PFAS-activities Water Frame Directive Good qualitative and quantitative status by 2027 for PFOS Not realistic Remedial actions will continue based on comprehensive evaluations and cost efficiency calculations State orders necessary to achieve funds for PFAS-cleanups