2013, A1, LEED,

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1 32 Minimum energy performance Ep1 l Required Same as LEED v4

2 33 Fundamental energy metering and monitoring Ep2 l Required Similar with LEED v4 (especially faded contents), added more specific categories for sub-metering To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking building-level energy use. Install new or use existing building-levell energy meters, or submeters that can be aggregated to provide building-level data representing total building energy consumption (electricity, natural gas, chilled water, steam, fuel oil, propane, biomass, etc). Utility-owned meters capable of aggregating building-level resource use are acceptable. Commit to sharing with USGBC the resulting energy consumption data and electrical demandd data (if metered) for a five-year period beginning on the date the project accepts LEED certification or typical occupancy, whichever comes first. At a minimum, energy consumption must be tracked at one-month intervals. This commitment must carry forward for five years or until the building changes ownership or lessee. Especially, the categories of sub meters will be divided as below 41. Cooling & heating, Dehumidification, Service water heating Motor Control Centers (fans), Motor Control Centers (pumps) Lighting, Receptacle and process loads Other major energy consuming plant (swimming pools, kitchens, server room, lifts and escalator) Besides of total energy consumption, the sub-metering of specific categories will be a good source of understanding the building energy performance. Also if all buildings will share their data with the same categories and format, them it will be much efficient to compare and analyze them. 41 The Pearl Rating System for Estidama, Building Rating System Design & Construction, Version 1.0, April 2010, P145

3 34 Optimize energy performance to reduce mand dem Ec1 The building orientation Ec1.1 l Possible 2 points The building envelope, opaque Ec1.2 l Possible 6 points The building envelope, glazing and shading devices Ec1.3 l Possible 6 points Maximize the natural ventilation Ec1.4 l Possible 6 points Maximize the natural lighting Ec1.5 l Possible 3 points Energy efficiency appliances and lightings Ec1.6 l Possible 2 points

4 35 The building orientation and distance to adjacent building Ec1.1 l Possible 2 points To maximize the benefit from sun light and heat, the ideal orientation of building is South-Easis another factor need to be considered. or South direction. Also the distance to adjacent building in this direction Over 50% of building façade face to south or south-east direction (1 point) Distance to adjacent building in south-east direction is over the height of the adjacent building (2 points) Not only for the Arlington, after the development of technology in HVAC systems, the relationship with the nature source which the traditional vernacularr buildings used to be implied has not been the major element anymore when we layout the building. Also the climate of Arlington VA is defined as mild compared to other the US, there is more possibilitiess to close to the standard of net zero energy building if we maximize the benefit from the sun. The below graph regarding on sky cover frequency shows Arlington has an advantage to achieve solar energy. Figure 9 Total Sky Cover Frequency Distribution (Annual) in Arlington VA, Weather data From Green Building Studio

5 36 The building envelope _ performance of opaque Ec1.2 l Possible 6 points To reduce the energy demand of heating and cooling load in building, the performance of thermal parameter need to be considered. The standard of R-value in AEDG 50% for climate Zone 4 is pre-requisite and the super insulation standard for Virginia area is the ultimate goal of insulation value for all building envelope. Insulation R-value for Climate Zone4 Recommended R-Value, U-vaule Roofs Walls Slabs Doors Available Credit AEDG 50% 42 R>25 R>15.8 R>20 for 24in U<0.5 Required Medium R>30 R>25 R> Each 1 point Up to 3 points Super Insulation Standard 43 R>35 R>35 R>35 - Each 1 point Up to 3 points The importance of insulation in building has been overlooked for a long time, since the energy cost was very low compared to the price of insulation materials. Also energy codes in US still have a relatively low performance standard. If more specific goal could be suggested, it will be easier for designers and clients to understand and consider them in the beginning of design phase. 42 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Medium to Big Box Retail Buildings, Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building, ASHRAE, Dec 2011, P66 43 Katrin Klingenberg, Passive House Standard for Mixed/humidd climate, Passive House Design Basics (Presentation for CPHC) ), PHIUS, p69

6 37 The building envelope _ performance of window glazingg and frames Ec1.3 l Possible 6 points To reduce the energy demand of heating and cooling load in building, the control of solar energy transmission through the window performance need to be considered. The standard performance of glazingg in AEDG 50% for climate Zone 4 is required for all certified projects and the super insulation standard for Virginia area is the ultimate goal of thermal transmittance value for glazing part in building. 1 additional point will be awarded regarding on the windoww frame performance. Glazing Performance Standard for Climate Zone 4 AEDG 50% Medium Glazing Thermal Transmittance U<0.50 U<0.33 (Btu/hr-ft - o F) Solar Heat Gain SHGC>40% SHGC>45% Coefficient -Mixed/Cold VT Frame Thermal Transmittance - Uw<0.9 (W/m 2 K) Available Credit Required Each 1 point Up to 3 points Super Insulation Standardd 45 U<0.15 SHGC>50% - Uw<0.8 Each 1 point Up to 3 points Through the development of technology in window system, instead of windoww ratio to building façade, the performance of glazing and frame in windoww became more critical factor to decide the energy efficient of building. 44 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Medium to Big Box Retail Buildings, Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building, ASHRAE, Dec 2011, P66 45 Katrin Klingenberg, Passive House Standard for Mixed/humidd climate, Passive House Design Basics (Presentation for CPHC) ), PHIUS, p69

7 38 The building envelope _ shading devices and window ratio Ec1.4 l Possible 6 points To minimize the unnecessary cooling load and prevent the glare problem in the indoor environment, controlling the sun light via widows and shading devices need to be considered with the ratio of windows and type of shading devices depending on the façade orientation. In summer, the solar light energy from all orientation except north should be controlled to reduce the building cooling load. The strategies to do this are different according to the direction of windows. Especially, since the effect from windows in south and west is significant compared to other two direction in Virginia climate, there are existing requirements for south and west façade only. Shading Indoor Devices Outdoor Window Ratio Available Credit South West Blind with less than 10% Blind with less than 5% openness openness Horizontal shading Vertical Shading devices devices More than 50% Less than 30% (calculation including only windows gain sunlight for 4 hours or more during day) Each 1 point Each 1 point Up to 3 points Up to 3 points Even though the high performance of window made the reduction of building load possible, the more proficient way to control solar energy is the physical control via shading devices exterior and interior.

8 39 Maximize the natural ventilaion Ec1.5 l Possible 3 points To minimize the active HVAC system, maximizing the natural ventilation need to be considered. There are mainly three methods available to achieve the natural ventilation Design for Cross Ventilation for more than 50% openings (1 point) : Cross ventilation usess pressures generated on the building by the wind, to drive air through openings in the building. It is most commonly realized as cross- opposite side, but can also drive single sided ventilation, and vertical ventilation flows. 46 ventilation, where air enters on one side of the building, and leaves on the In summer, the wind direction of Arlington area is dominant from south or south-west direction and north-west direction also. Therefore, the orientation of window for cross ventilation could be efficient in any direction. Design for Stack Ventilation for the vertical open space ( 1 point) : Stack ventilation is where air is driven through the building by vertical pressure differences developed by thermal buoyancy. It can operate when no wind pressure is available. 47 For the high density developed area in Arlington, this strategy could be applied to vertical public open space in high-rise building Figure 10 Wind Rose Chart (Summer) in Arlington VA, from Green Building Studio 46 Sustainability Hub/Design strategies/air/cross ventilation, RIBA (the Royal Institute of British Architects 47 Sustainability Hub/Design strategies/air/stack ventilation, RIBA

9 Design for Night Ventilation in summer (1 point) : Night ventilation is the use of the cold night air to cool down the structure of a building so that it can absorb heat gains in the daytime this reduces the daytime temperature rise. It is usually applied to buildings that are not occupied at night, although an occupied building would probably be ventilated anyway. 48 The period of season for application of night ventilation is limited in mixed climate, however if it is possible to have the automating system to operate windows in building and the control according to weather condition, it is a great method to reduce a cooling load. 40 Natural ventilation as an alternative to mechanical ventilation has several benefits: low running cost, zero energy consumption, low maintenance and probably lower initial cost. It is also regarded as healthier, having less hygiene problems with ducts, and filters etc, and the 'naturalness' in the way that it connects with outside, often in conjunction with windows, is seen as a psychological benefit Sustainability Hub/Design strategies/air/night ventilation, RIBA 49 Sustainability Hub/Design strategies/air/natural ventilation, RIBA

10 41 Maximize the natural lighting Ec1.6 l Possible 2 points To reduce the electric load for lighting, introducing daylight source for space lighting is recommended. It needs to be considered with Ec1.4 shading devices and window ration credit to prevent the uncomfortable indoor light environment such as glaring. Saving Ratio (%) via maximize the natural lighting = The energy saving by introducing natural lighting The total energy cost for lightings More than 20% : 1 point More than 40% : 2 points In a typical building, lighting accounts for percent of energy consumption. By allowing more natural light to penetrate and controlling both its light and heat components, the financial savings could be considerable, In addition to its health and financial benefits, natural light also provides an almost "perfect white light" that has a number of visual benefits. Best of all, natural light is "of course, plentiful." Marilyne Andersen, Daylight Savings: Building with Natural Light, Nov 2006

11 42 Optimize energy performance to improve rgy efficiency and control ene Ec2 Application of Ec2.1 l Possible 2 points ENERGY STAR products Application of occupancy sensorss and task controls for building systems Ec2.2 l Possible 5 points

12 43 Application of Ec2.1 l Possible 2 points ENERGY STAR 51 products To reduce the electric load, the energy efficient building systems and appliances need to be introduced and lightings need to be installed in the whole building. There are various products categories in ENERGY STAR products Appliances / Computers / Electronics Building Products Heating & Cooling Lighting and Fans Water Heaters Use the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager 52, and submit the score and electronic file ENERGY STAR Score 50 : required ENERGY STAR Score 75 or more : 1 point ENERGY STAR Score 90 or more : 2 points In 2012, EPA completed the transitionn to new, more rigorous requirements for buildings to earn the ENERGY STAR label. Buildings certified under the new requirements are at least 15% more efficient than those built to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), and include additional energy saving features to deliver a performance advantage of up to 30% compared to typical new buildings A score of 50 represents median energy performance, while a score of 75 or better indicates your building is a top performer and may be eligiblee for ENERGY STAR certification, How the ENERGY STAR score is calculated, 53 Increasing Efficiency,

13 44 Application of occupancy sensors and task controls for building systems Ec2.2 l Possible 5 points To reduce the energy consumption, the application of occupancy sensor and task controls for building systems needs to be installed. Occupancy Sensors For lighting (1 point) For heating and cooling (1 point) Daylighting Sensors (1 point) Task Controls For lighting (1 point) For heating and cooling (1 point) If the energy losses from the electricity load in the unoccupied spaces could be prevented via controls and sensors, it will be the most easily accessed method to reducee energy cost. In Figure 11, it shows the energy cost saving comparing with each alternative design with occupancy sensors, daylighting sensors and controls. The maximum difference among them is 3.5% saving. 101% 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% energy cost energy cost Figure 11 energy cost saving from the application of occupancy and daylighitngg sensors and controls in GBS energy simulation

14 45 Renewable energy production Ec3 l Possible 3 points Similar with LEED v4, change the parameter of renewable energy ratio To reduce the environmental and economic harms associated with fossil fuel energy by increasing self-supply of renewable energy. Use renewable energy systems to offset building energy costs. Calculate the percentage of renewable energy with the following equation: Equivalent cost of usable energy producedd by the renewable energy system % renewable energy = Total building annual energy cost Use the building s annual energy cost, calculated in EA Prerequisite Minimumm Energy Performance, if Option 1 was pursued; otherwise use the U.S. Department of Energy s Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) database to estimate energy use and cost. The use of solar gardens or community renewable energy systems is allowed if both of the following requirements are met. The project owns the system or has signed a lease agreement for a period of at least 10 years. The system is located with the same utility service area as the facility claiming the use. Credit is based on the percentage of ownership or percentage of use assigned in the lease agreement. Points are awardedd according to Table 1. Table 1. Points for renewable energy Percentage renewable energy Points (NC, Retail, Schools, Healthcaree Points (CS) 1%->3% 1 1 3%->5% 2

15 46 5%->7% % 3 The availability of renewable is getting higher in recent decades, therefore the parameter to judge the succession of introducing renewable need to be revised as a higher number. Figure 12 Ronald Guns, Renewable Portfolio Standard Implementation in Maryland, Public Servicee Commission of Maryland, Oct 2004

16 47 Advanced energy monitoring, reporting, and educating users Ec4 l Possible 2 points Similar with LEED v4, added educating users To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savingss by tracking building-level and system-level energy use. The education of users by displaying metering and analyzing energy data shall be another way to promote people s participation in saving energy cost. Install advanced energy metering for the following: (1 point) all whole-building energy sources used by the building; and any individual energy end uses that represent 10% or more of the total annual consumption of the building. The advancedd energy metering must have the following characteristics. Meters must be permanently installed, record at intervals of one hour or less, and transmit data to a remote location. Electricity meters must record both consumption and demand. Whole-building electricity meters should record the power factor, if appropriate. The data collection system must use a locall area network, building automation system, wireless network, or comparable communication infrastructure. The system must be capable of storing all meter data for at least 36 months. The data must be remotely accessible. All meters in the system must be capable of reporting hourly, daily, monthly, and annual energy use. Providing building users with information regarding energy consumptionn for each category (Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Hot water, etc.) in the user friendly methods such as energy dashboard display. (1 point)

17 48 Beyond of the monitoring and reporting process, educating user to understand energy performance and consumption of building is very critical issue. Therefore, there are recently many of efforts to establish dashboards to show the relation between building users and energy consumption. Figure 13 Lucid Design Group s energy use dashboard spurs efficiency competitions between college dorms. PETER WAYNER, An Energy Dashboard for Buildings, energy dashboard for buildings/?_r=0

18 49 Improving energy performance occupancy Ec5 l Possible -10 points after To solve the problems and improve building energy performance after occupancy, in case of that theree are differences between the real performance data and simulated data. After each 1 year/3 years/5 years occupancy, the analysiss of building energy consumptions need to be submitted. If theree are the gap of 5% or more between the real data and simulated data during report submission, then the methods of solving problem and improving systems should be suggested and carried through for the next two years. Until the gap is downedd to less than 5%, this processs needs to be repeated. Otherwise, in case of not being able to provide the solution, the previous awarded credit regarding each related category will be canceled. As shown in Figure 14, there exists the gap between measured data and proposed data. Because most of the building energy rating system is submitted beforee the occupancy, the process of improving building system after occupancy needs to be conducted and the rewarded credits should be adjusted depend on the progress of improvement. Figure 14 Measured versus Proposed Savings Percentages, Turner and Frankel, Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, March 2008, p24

19 50 Peak load reduction 5 Ec6 l Possible 2 points 54 To reduce peak demand on electricity supply infrastructure. A building s peak demand is determined by calculating its annual peak demand ratio and power factor, and comparing these results to a pre-defined benchmark. Points are awarded where the building s peak demandd performance meets the network s peak demand ratio benchmark. 55 Demonstrate peak electrical load shall be less than 80% above annual average electrical load. (1 point) Demonstrate peak electrical load shall be less than 60% above annual average electrical load. (2 points) Recently, the extreme weather conditions and climate changes related with the global warming often to break the balance between demand and supply of electricity energy in community. Therefore, the effort for reduction of peak load is essential these days, along with achieving previous credits for optimizing energy performance this credit could be attained as well. 54 The Pearl Rating System for Estidama, Building Rating System Design & Construction, Version 1.0, April 2010, 55 Green Star Performance, Summary of Categories and Credits, Developed by the Green building Council of Australia

20 51 Enhanced Commissioning EAc7 l Possible 1 point Same as LEED v4

21 Atmosphere 52 Critic The LEED system addresses the use and release of materials that may damage the ozone layer. However it does not address the release of chemicals that may damage poor air quality. Arlington has been known for its smog levels and poor outdoor air quality and environment. A Credit Code Ap1 Ac1 Ac1.1 Ac2 Atmosphere Credit Title Fundamental refrigerant management Enhanced refrigerant management Refrigerant leak detection 56 Green power and carbon offsetss Possible credit Required Possible 1 point Possible 1 point Possible 2 points 56 BCA Green Mark v4.1, Building and Construction Authority, January, 2013, P17

22 53 Fundamental Refrigerant Management Ap1 l Required Same as LEED v4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management Ac1 l Possible 1 point Same as LEED v4

23 54 Refrigerant Leak Detectio Ac1.1 l Possible 1 point From BCA Green Mark rating system n 57 To prevent the leakage and release of refrigerants into the atmosphere. Use of refrigerant leak detection system in critical areas of plant rooms containing chillers and other equipments with refrigerants. While LEED aims to reduce the amount of refrigerants released into the atmosphere, it does not mention the leakage of these chemicals. In order for the refrigerant management to work most effectively as intended, leakages must be contained. Green power and carbon offsets Ac2 l Required Same as LEED v4 57 BCA Green Mark v4.1, Building and Construction Authority, January, 2013, P17