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1 **** *** ** * 87/7/24 : 86/7/22 : /3 ( ) : - - ( rhbeigi@ut.ac.ir) ( ) **** - - * ** ***

2 .(4)..(9) 20 ( 22 ).. 10.(11)..(13).(10) (14).(2)...(11 5).. 54

3 m w ( ). ( ). 9/1.(5) ( ) ). ( (2 1 ) (1) (±3).(11) (1) m w mi ( M wf M = 1 M wf wi M wi ) : (1) M wf ( ) m i ( ) 2 - Zip pack 1 - Mesh No.50 55

4 ) V p l ( ) d ( ρ p ( ) m p ( ) ( ). 3 2 ASAE S (3)...(3) 4 :. 12/5 12/ ( ) /01. 0/01 : 3 2 ρb ε = 1 ρ p (4) ε ρ b ( ). ( ) π 2 V p = d l 4 m ρ p = v p p (2) (3) 2 - Bulk Density 3 - Porosity 1 - Particle Density 56

5 - 1 Fig. 1. Hydraulic press equipment - 2 Fig. 2. Schematic of die 57

6 .(4 ).(8 7).... (Lutron FG 5100, Taiwan). 0/ ( ) ( ) ASAE.(3) S ) (3 10 (5) : (3) D m r u m = m r i 100 ( ) D u (5) ( ) ( ) m i Durability 2 - Hardness 3 - Biological Material Test 58

7 ASAE S Fig. 3. Developed equipment for durability test of pellet according to ASAE S269.4 standard - 4 Fig. 4. Schematic of biological material test 1/8.(11 5) 0/9 0/ (5 ) 59

8 ( 100) / ) ( Fig. 5. Moisture absorption test equipment 60

9 (5) ( ) (11) 7. ρb = M R 2 = (7) M. ( ) ( ) (8 ) (11) ( ). 8 ε = M R 2 = (8) M. ( ) (6 ). ) 22 ( (11) : 6 ρ p = M (6) R 2 = M. ( ) (7 ).. ( ) 21 61

10 1800 (kg/m 3 ) Particle density (kg/m 3 ) Moisture (Percent, wet basis) ( ) - 6 Fig. 6. Effect of moisture content on particle density 700 (kg/m 3 ) Bulk density (kg/m 3 ) Moisture (Percent, wet basis) ( ) - 7 Fig. 7. Effect of moisture content on bulk density 62

11 70 60 (%) (Porosity, %) Moisture (Percent, wet basis) ( ) - 8 Fig. 8. Effect of moisture content on porosity of pellet 1. ( ). 2.(15) : 9 Du = M 1.127M M 3 R 2 = (9) M. ( ) 10.(9 ) ( 53) ).(6 5) 42 ( (11) 10 ( 53) 1 - Binding Forces 2 - Viscoelastic 63

12 60 (%) Durability (%) Moisture (Percent, wet basis) ( ) - 9 Fig. 9. Effect of moisture content on pellet durability (HD). 9 HD = 3.3M R 2 = (10) (11) /9. 80.(7) (10 ) (11) 2. - Quasi-Static - Bonds Holding 64

13 M (h) t M i (%w.b) M f (5%w.b) 7/1 MATLAB. 11 (h -1 ) k (%w.b). M M M i M f f = e kt (11) (kg) Hardness (kg) Moisture (Percent, wet basis) ( ) - 10 Fig. 10. Effect of moisture content on hardness of pellet ( 20 ) ( 53) 61/3). ( (R 2 ) (RMSE) 1 11 k ) (k) 45 ( Root Means Square Error 65

14 11 k - 1 Table 1. Values of coefficient of determination, root mean square error and k for equation 11 RH (%) RMSE R 2 k Fig. 11. Effect of air relative humidity on moisture absorption of pellets at 45 º C. 66

15 References 1. Anonymous (1970) ASTM E (Part 41) and U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Official sieve designations. 2. Anonymous (2006) Animal statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. 3. ASAE Standards S269.4 (2002) Cubes, Pellets and Crumbles-Definitions and Methods for Determining Density, Durability and Moisture Content. St. Joseph, MI. ASAE. 4. Batacharya SC (1989) State of the art of biomass densification. Division of Energy Technology. Energy Sources, Taylor and Francis 11(3): Fasina OO (2008) Physical properties of peanut hull pellets. Bioresource Technology 99: Fasina OO and Sokhansanj S (1995) Modeling the bulk cooling of alfalfa pellets. Drying Technology 13: Ghaebi SM (2008) Determination of physical and mechanical properties of Iranian apricot fruit, pit and kernels (in Persian). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Aboureihan College, Pakdasht, Iran. 8. Haci seferogullari H, Gezer I, Ozcan MM and MuratAsma B (2007). Post harvest chemical and physical mechanical properties of some apricot varieties cultivated in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering 79: Hara M (2001) Fertilizer pellets made from composted livestock manure. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center html. 10. Mani S, Tabil LG and Sokhansanj S (2006) Effects of compressive force, particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses. Biomass Bioenergy 30: McMullen J, Fasina OO, Wood CW, Feng Y and Mills G (2004) Physical characteristics of pellets from poultry litter. ASAE/CSAE Meeting Presentation. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 12. Rezaeefar J (2008) Investigation of cattle manure pellet parameters in order to extruder design (in Persian). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Pakdasht, Iran. 13. Roeper H, Khan S, Koerner I and Stegmann R (2005) Low-Tech options for chicken manure treatment and application possibilities in agriculture. Proceedings Sardinia, Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium,

16 October by CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Italy. 14. Saba M (1998) Design and method of fabrication of animal manure (in Persian). M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Bio-systems Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 15. Thomas M and Van der Poel AFB (1996) Physical quality of pelleted animal feed. Animal Feed Science Technology 61:

17 Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 10, No. 2, Autumn 2008 Physical properties of pelleted cattle manure J. Rezaiefar *, S.R. Hassan-Beygi ***, M.H. Kianmehr ** and B. Azadegan **** Abstract Cattle manure is made from liquid and solid waste. It contains the straw and stubble that is used for the cattle bed. Density of the cattle manure is inherently low, which is difficult and costly to transport. Pelleting is one method to solve this problem. The physical properties of the pelleted cattle manure was investigated in this study. The results showed that by increasing moisture content of the pellets from six to 20 percent, the bulk density of the pellets decreased from 660 to 630 kg/m 3 and the particle density of the pellets increased from 1095 to 1583 kg/m 3. The force required to rupture the pellets decreased from 61.3 kg at six percent moisture content to 19 kg at 20.0 percent moisture content. Durability of the pellets was variable from 34 to 53 percent in the range of moisture content and was maximum at 10 percent moisture content. The pellets could absorb a maximum of 8 percent moisture during 24 hours from air with 80 percent relative humidity. Keywords: Cattle manure, Moisture content, Pellet, Physical properties - Former M.Sc. student, Department of Agro-Technology, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran - Iran - Assistant Professor, Department of Agro-Technology, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran (Corresponding Author) ( rhbeigi@ut.ac.i) *** - Associated Professor, Department of Agro-Technology, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran - Iran - Assistant Professor, Department of Irrigation, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran

Effect of moisture content and particle size on energy consumption for dairy cattle manure pellets

Effect of moisture content and particle size on energy consumption for dairy cattle manure pellets Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Central European Journal of Experimental Biology, 212, 1 (2):62-68 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN: 2278 7364 Effect of moisture