Fenestration Impacts on Building End Use Energy Consumption

Transcription

1 1 High Performance Building Facade Solutions Eleanor Lee, Stephen Selkowitz Building Technologies Department Joseph Klems, Robert Clear, Dariush Arasteh, Mike Rubin, Phil Haves, Michael Wetter, Jacob Jonssen, Andrew McNeil, Tianzhen Hong, Christian Kohler, Robin Mitchell, Mehry Yazdanian, Kyle Konis Fenestration Impacts on Building End Use Energy Consumption Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy 71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas 2 42% 67%

2 Energy/Demand Management Potentials with 3 Active Façades+ Daylighting Controls Typical commercial building electric load profile Peak demand reductions during curtailments A/C Lighting: 75% Air conditioning: 25% Other: 10% Reduced Solar Gain Lighting A/C Dimmed Lighting Other 5000 Other Time of Day Time of Day Strategy Portfolio for Getting to Very Low Energy or Zero Net Energy Buildings 4 Market Forces Deployment: (5-30% savings) Identify what works and deploy it widely Applies to all buildings: new and existing Mandatory programs: codes and standards Voluntary programs: incentives Demonstrate Emerging Solutions (20-60% savings) Find underutilized, unproven technologies and systems R&D to improve, optimize; make them mainstream R&D --> Breakthrough Innovations (50-80% savings plus on-site renewable power) New, more effective, high performance, integrated systems options Technology, Systems, Process Lower costs, lower risk Feedback

3 Potential Solutions (split between KISS + responsive) 5 Hi-R facades Aerogel Vacuum glazings Superwindows(R6+) Solar control Ceramic fritted glass Exterior metal scrims, fixed overhangs, fins Automated exterior shades Daylight redirection/ lighting quality Automated, intelligent facades Real-time Façade-HVAC-Lighting systems optimization Daylight + view SHG + visual comfort/ performance Low-energy cooling strategies - Night-time ventilation + chilled ceilings - Double-envelope facades Demand response Photovoltaic-integrated facades for on-site renewable energy 0% savings: Code baseline: Low-SHGC windows 6 and with manually-operated shades and lighting

4 HVAC-Lighting Interactions 7 South zone, source kbtu/sf-floor-yr Next-generation Energy Codes Perspective: No need for daylighting? 8 Prescriptive measures (ASHRAE 90.1, 189, Title-24) Reduce maximum window-to-wall area ratio < 0.30 Decrease prescribed SHGC and U-factor Projection factors for attached exterior shading Lighting controls Decreased installed LPD Occupancy-based, scheduling, setpoint tuning controls Lower the setpoint for ambient lighting LED task lighting at 7-9 W Annual lighting energy use with controls: kwh/sf-yr with occupancy controls kwh/sf-yr with occupancy and daylighting - Approx 0.3 W/sf equivalent LPD IEQ? View, brightness, health, productivity People want windows

5 Life-Cycle Owner Costs in Perspective 9 % of 30-year Total Owner Cost Design Fees: <1% Construction: 4% Annual operations: 12% Staff Salaries 84% 10

6 20% savings: Automated interior shades + DALI dimmable lighting systems 11 Daylight efficient shading The New York Times Headquarters 12 Kyle Konis, UCB/ LBNL

7 Complex Fenestration Systems (CFS) 13 Source: St. Gobain/ Eckelt DLS COOLSHADE HR 32/9 South North Sunlight-redirecting blinds 14

8 30-50% savings: Integrated facades and low-energy cooling 15 Nord LB, Hannover Definition of a Smart, Dynamic Building Skin 16 Operable façade components: Motors or actuators for shading devices, lightredirecting elements, operable windows, or switchable glass coatings Interior or exterior sensors that measure relevant quantities that are used by the controller Control algorithms: Accepts input from sensors or computations then determines how to position the operable façade componentslawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

9 Façade as HVAC + Lighting System 17 High-Performance Facades Research Portfolio 18 Technical Strategies Simulation Tools Systems Engineering Market Transfer Deployment (20% savings) Integrated Envelope and Lighting Controls Commercial Fenestration Design Tool (COMFEN) Industry Partnerships Codes and Standards, Rebates/ Incentives Emerging Solutions (40-50% savings) Non-selective filters Angular-selective filters Complex Fenestration (CFS) Modeling Tools IGDB/ CFS Database Bench-scale Tests: IR Chamber, Material Science Lab, Lighting Lab Windows Testbed Facility NFRC Rating and Labeling, CMA Tools Design Assistance/ Design Guides Super-insulating Windows Window 6-7 Energy Use/ Peak Demand/ HVAC Downsizing UCBerkeley UCDavis R&D Breakthroughs (50-75% savings) Daylight-redirecting systems Low-cost, intelligent facades Whole-building intelligent facades CFS/ Radiance CFS/ EnergyPlus ifacade: Virtual Testbed Façade- Lighting-HVAC Controls Human comfort, acceptance, satisfaction Systems Engineering: Improve, optimize Specifications, Commissioning ZEB National User Facilities DOE Commercial Buildings Initiative: National Accounts, GSA Monitored Studies and Post-Occupancy Evaluations San Francisco Federal Building New York Times Headquarters

10 Integrated R&D Strategy for New Systems 19 (Needed to guide R&D for maximum success in markets) Mg 2 Ni Invent New Materials Characterize Coating Performance Invent Integrated Window Assess Human Factors Invent Innovative Manufacturing Process Assess Savings Invent/Test Integrated Systems System Integration: Cost Tradeoffs 20 $ Initial Cost Heating Cooling Lighting $ Annual Cost Office Eq. Peak Cooling Load Lighting Design Strategy $ $ Chiller Size Energy, Peak Electric Demand, Load Shape $ Onsite Power Generation Central Power Generation $ $

11 Software Tools Overview 21 IGDB (Specular Glass Data Source) Optics (Window Glass) THERM (Window Frame) CGDB (Complex Glazing Data Base) calculation WINDOW (Whole Window) Design / Simulation Tools DOE-2, EnergyPlus Radiance COMFEN (Whole Building Commercial) RESFEN (Whole Building Residential) Background: Optics of Glazing and Shading Layer types 22 specular?? diffuse Shading device

12 Scanning radiometer 23 Hemispherical measurement, RGB and SOL spectrum Definition: BRDFs and BTDFs bi-directional reflectance and transmittance functions 24 Image from Marilyne Andersen, 2004

13 Basis Angle Projections 25 Klems basis projection 2 basis projection Diagnostics: Glare Source Composites Daily Composites Glare Source Dx Dy Dz Steradians Luminance (cd/m^2) Indirect Illuminance (lux) RADIANCE Findglare output x 144 images E Test Condition Solstice Lawrence to solstice Berkeley composite, National N = 14 Laboratory days (clear)

14 Building controls virtual testbed (BCVTB) 27 Control System Testing Using Design Simulations 28 Test control system using design simulation: Real-time EnergyPlus Hardware interface Control hardware from the building Does the control program produce the expected performance? Virtual Building Real Control System A/D Hardware Algorithms SPARK + EnergyPlus D/A + EnergyPlus & SPARK

15 Natural Ventilation in SF Fed. Bldg. 29 All software modules reusable without code modification Master Implementation (Ptolemy II) Real-time output (Ptolemy II) Controls algorithm (MATLAB/Simulink) Building temperatures and airflow (EnergyPlus) LBNL Windows Testbed 30

16 31 LBNL Windows Testbed DGI Summary for 6 Test Conditions (Window View) 32 Auto-split-mir-VB Auto-VB Split-opt-VB Split-VB Diffuse-VB Auto-RS Test Condition Paired Reference DGI of 16:20 = Just Acceptable, 20:24 = Just Uncomfortable, 24:28 = Just Intolerable, 28:36 = Intolerable

17 LBNL User Facility Elements 6-8 New Testbeds 33!"#!$#%& (%)*$+,%)-.$"/0120,-3$43%)$567010&.!"#$%&! "# $%&& Equipment Ro om () 8,&%-)6&%2$"/0120,-$9.3&%: 3$;%3&<%2 (. 8,&%10-%,&$ "/0120,-$ H*,&)*13$ ;%3&<%2 * &+,)-%./.% ( ) $%&& (+ A**B$9.3&%: 3> 9C.10-@&$ ;%3&<%2 (* 56=62%>?6.10-@&0,- 9.3&%: 3 8,&%-)6&0*,$;%3&<%2 (,-!*D $+,%)-.>!*D $?%: 6,2$ EFGH$9.3&%: 3$ 8,&%-)6&0*,$;%3&<%2 (/ "/0120,-$8,&%)0*)3$ 8,&%-)6&0*,$;%3&<%2 (0 F0)&/61>E.<)02$ "/0120,-$H*,&)*13$ (1 F0)&/61$?%30-, +,I0)*,: %,&$ ;%3&<%2 Lawrence Berkeley National ;%3&<%2 Laboratory Pilot Demonstration 34 Conference Room Setting in Washington DC (Westfacing) 41x50-inch EC windows, SHGC= , Tv= , U=0.347 Btu/h- F-ft 2 Electrochromic Window Controls: On-off window tinting Seasonal solar control when unoccupied (tinted during summer, bleached during winter) Lower windows tinted based on 20,000 lux threshold vertical illuminance Upper windows tinted based on 30,000 lux threshold Manual override Lighting controls: DALI dimmable ballasts Architectural scenes, occupancy, daylight controls Monitoring underway

18 New San Francisco Federal Building: A Naturally Ventilated Office Tower Shallow plan for daylighting and crossflow ventilation Open plan perimeter offices have no mechanical cooling or ventilation Exposed 8-inch ceiling slab acts as thermal flywheel Automatically-controlled windows provide fresh air and night flush Occupant-operated windows provide local control Work supported by the California Energy Commission, the General Services Administration and the Federal Energy Management Program. Images courtesy of Morphosis and Arup 35 The New York Times Headquarters, New York, NY 36 In 2003, The New York Times approached LBNL regarding feasibility of using automated shade and dimmable daylighting control systems in their new headquarters building (1.2 Msf) Questions: Cost versus potential benefits? Features and performance of commercially-available systems?

19 Approach: Test Energy/Comfort Performance in 37 a North Furniture, daylighting, employee feedback and constructability: ~450 m 2, 4500 sf mockup A Core Concerns: B Window glare (Tv=0.75) Daylight harvesting potential Northwest Southwest corner of a typical floor Investigate diverse technological solutions by multiple vendors Real sun and sky conditions in nearby climate zone, 6-month monitored period: winter to summer solstice Full-Scale Mockup Mock-up Instrumentation IIluminance sensors 38 Workstation instrumentation at occupant position with LCD screen Luminance and illuminance sensors Webcams (10-min time lapse throughout the day) Quantified lighting energy savings, visual comfort, and control system behavior Surveyed occupant comfort and satisfaction

20 39 40 South West 9:00 AM

21 41 1:00 PM 42 4:00 PM

22 43 5:00 PM 44 photosensor Simplify wiring and cabling to reduce install costs

23 Roller shade wiring diagram Include commissioning and verification in the specifications 46 Shading systems Daylighting controls Field commissioning tools: Goal meet specs before occupancy

24 3. Function: How does it do it? 47 NYT site LBNL shade commissioning cart at The New York Times Headquarters Building 48

25 Step-by-step How-to Guide 49 Auto mode: 50 Override mode:

26 High-Performance Facades Research Portfolio 51 Technical Strategies Simulation Tools Systems Engineering Market Transfer Deployment (20% savings) Integrated Envelope and Lighting Controls Commercial Fenestration Design Tool (COMFEN) Industry Partnerships Codes and Standards, Rebates/ Incentives Emerging Solutions (40-50% savings) Non-selective filters Angular-selective filters Complex Fenestration (CFS) Modeling Tools IGDB/ CFS Database Bench-scale Tests: IR Chamber, Material Science Lab, Lighting Lab Windows Testbed Facility NFRC Rating and Labeling, CMA Tools Design Assistance/ Design Guides Super-insulating Windows Window 6-7 Energy Use/ Peak Demand/ HVAC Downsizing UCBerkeley UCDavis R&D Breakthroughs (50-75% savings) Daylight-redirecting systems Low-cost, intelligent facades Whole-building intelligent facades CFS/ Radiance CFS/ EnergyPlus ifacade: Virtual Testbed Façade- Lighting-HVAC Controls Human comfort, acceptance, satisfaction Systems Engineering: Improve, optimize Specifications, Commissioning ZEB National User Facilities DOE Commercial Buildings Initiative: National Accounts, GSA Monitored Studies and Post-Occupancy Evaluations San Francisco Federal Building New York Times Headquarters 52

27 Information Resources 53 Windows and Daylighting Group Building Technologies Department Building Berkeley, CA Acknowledgments US Department of Energy California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) More Info: Window 6 High performance commercial building facades