Pipeline Integrity 101 Liquid Pipelines

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Victoria Hopkins
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1 Pipeline Integrity 101 Liquid Pipelines Program Overview

Pipeline Integrity Overview Pipeline integrity is managed through a continuous management program of: Planning De te rm ining inspection and mitigation requirements Implementing Com ple ting the

2 Pipeline Integrity Overview Pipeline integrity is managed through a continuous management program of: Planning De te rm ining inspection and mitigation requirements Implementing Com ple ting the inspection and mitigation a ctivitie s Measuring Assessing the performance and adequacy of the activities conducted Improving Updating inte grity pla ns with le ssons le a rne d Enbridge Liquid Pipelines: North America s largest transporter of crude oil >25000 km >2MM barrels per day Pip e lin es vary in size from 12 to 48 in diameter 2

3 Pipeline Integrity Overview Governance Enbridge standards & procedures Dedicated Canadian standard, CSA Z662 (2015 edition is current) Onshore Pipeline Regulations, O.P.R from federal government National Energy Board (NEB) our predominant regulator Periodic auditing, inspections, and meetings with the NEB Enbridge Liquid Pipelines: North America s largest transporter of crude oil >25000 km >2MM barrels per day Pip e lin es vary in size from 12 to 48 in diameter 3

4 Pipeline Integrity Management Program Plan Improve Integrity management Program Implement Measure 4

5 Pipeline Integrity Degradation Mechanisms During lifecycle of the pipeline and operation, pipelines can develop the following issues: Corrosion: is a d e te rioration of m e tals by ch e m ical or e le ctroch e m ical re action s with its environment Cr ack i n g: is the leading cause of pipeline rupture aside from 3 rd party damage Dents, kinks, buckle/ripples Erosion/abrasion Geohazard deformation and strain (from geological pressures, or physical damage) Gouging Me tal loss 5

Corrosion - Internal Gr oove Corrosion Isolat ed Corrosion Severe Band of Pitting Extensive Pitting Corrosion in Bottom of Pipe Girth Weld Corrosion Pit s/ Gr ooves Plateau Corrosion with Pitting

6 Corrosion - Internal Gr oove Corrosion Isolat ed Corrosion Severe Band of Pitting Extensive Pitting Corrosion in Bottom of Pipe Girth Weld Corrosion Pit s/ Gr ooves Plateau Corrosion with Pitting National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 2013 study on corrosivity of diluted bitumen reports: The committee does not find any causes of pipeline failure unique to the transportation of diluted bitumen. Furthermore, the committee does not find evidence of chemical or physical properties of diluted bitumen that are outside the range of other crude oils or any other aspect of its transportation by transmission pipeline that would make diluted bitumen more likely than other crude oils to cause releases. 6

7 Corrosion - Ex t er n al Isolat ed Corrosion Gr oove Corrosion Weld Corrosion Complex Areas of Interacting Corrosion 7

8 Cracking Failure due to cracking can occur because of a high pressure event, be time dependent or from external forces (mechanical damage, weather, outside force, etc.) Fat igu e (Manufacturer Defect) St ress Corrosion Cracking 8

9 Dents, Buckle/Ripple Bottom Side Dent Buckle Caused by Landslide in No Pressure Cycling Area Dent with Gouge Found in the Field detected by Met al Loss In-Line Inspection 9

10 Erosion Pipeline Slope failures 10

11 Pipeline Integrity Management Principles Preve ntion Monitoring Mitiga tion 11

What is Prevention Prevent ion The risk of pipeline

pipeline routing, selecting suitable construction

design factor, and ensuring high quality pipeline

Prevention of threats includes operational methods

12 What is Prevention Prevent ion The risk of pipeline failure is minimized through careful planning of pipeline routing, selecting suitable construction materials, limiting operating stress through the design factor, and ensuring high quality pipeline insta lla tion. Prevention of threats includes operational methods such as appropriate use of coatings, cathodic protection and inhibition that prevents defects from occurring. 12

leave almost negligible amounts of the surface exposed to the soil.

13 Prevention Roughen the Substrate Apply the Coating Coat i n gs: 1 st Line of Defense Against Corrosion New pipelines are generally provided with an effective, high resistivity coating applied with techniques that leave almost negligible amounts of the surface exposed to the soil. This is important because it helps to preserve assets which in turn maximizes life expectancy. It also reduces maintenance costs and protects the environment. 13

14 Prevention Transformer Rectifier Unit AC Supply Groundbed Anodes Cable Tile Current Flow Pipeline -ve Connection Reference El ect r od e Cathodic Protection (CP): the 2 nd Line of Defense The corrosion protection being provided by coatings must be supplemented with CP in order to achieve complete mitigation of corrosion. 14

15 Prevention Cased Crossing Overview Casing Pipe En d Seal Carrier Pipe Jo i n t Casing Spacer 15

The monitoring techniques include inline inspection, on-line pressure monitoring, pressure cycle monitoring, a ctive slope m

16 What is Monitoring Monitoring During operation Enbridge uses appropriate techniques to monitor the system and assess operational data in order to verify pipeline integrity and confirm that prevention mechanisms are effective. The monitoring techniques include inline inspection, on-line pressure monitoring, pressure cycle monitoring, a ctive slope m onitoring (Geohazard), hydro testing, Non-destructive Examination (NDE), direct assessment techniques and other proven and new innovative methods and technologies. 16

Monitoring Overview of Diagnostic Capabilities Inline Inspection

ing During pipe manufacture, pipeline commissioning, ILI verification

external & internal corrosion, vibration Surveys To measure pipe

3 rd party activity ne ar right-of-way Non-dest ruct ive Test ing At

17 Monitoring Overview of Diagnostic Capabilities Inline Inspection (ILI) For all m ainline s and ce rtain facility piping Hydr o Test ing During pipe manufacture, pipeline commissioning, ILI verification study On-line Sensors Which read pressures/cycling, pipe movement, external & internal corrosion, vibration Surveys To measure pipe depth, river crossing and geotechnical conditions, corrosion control, 3 rd party activity ne ar right-of-way Non-dest ruct ive Test ing At targeted investigation sites Equipment Checks Examination of seals & parts, visual 17

Monitoring Inline Inspection Inline inspection tools are capable of

time (and can run just one inspection type if desired) Types of Sensor

characterize features: Calipers to measure geometry Gyroscope to gauge

18 Monitoring Inline Inspection Inline inspection tools are capable of performing both crack detection and metal loss inspection at the same time (and can run just one inspection type if desired) Types of Sensor Technologies Various tool sensor types work together to detect and characterize features: Calipers to measure geometry Gyroscope to gauge pipe movement GE WM+ Sensor has an increased number of sensors spaced closer together for a high resolution. GPS for precise pipe p osition Ultrasonic transducers or magnetic flux leakage to measure gouges, corrosion, cracking 18

Monitoring Magnet ic Flux Leakage (MFL) Tools MFL technique uses powerful

As the tool passes through the p ipelin e, changes to the m agn e tic

Wh e re corrosion or thinning has occurred, the m agn e tic flu x is

19 Monitoring Magnet ic Flux Leakage (MFL) Tools MFL technique uses powerful magnets to m a gne tize the steel in the p ip eline. As the tool passes through the p ipelin e, changes to the m agn e tic field are precisely measured. Wh e re corrosion or thinning has occurred, the m agn e tic flu x is distorted, provid in g information on the loca tion and size of the anomaly. Internal and external pitting and general corrosion on the pipe body Pinhole a nd a xia l groove corrosion Me ta l loss in the vicinity of we lds Metal loss associated with dents and under ca sings Not product specific 19

Monitoring Ultrasonic Tools Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive method in wh ich beams of high-frequency sound waves are introduced in to a test ob je ct to measure wa ll thickness or to detect

20 Monitoring Ultrasonic Tools Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive method in wh ich beams of high-frequency sound waves are introduced in to a test ob je ct to measure wa ll thickness or to detect flaws in the material. Th is technology can be used to measure both crack and corrosion features by alternate the orie n tation of the sound waves generated by the transducers. Seam weld cracking Fatigue cracking Stress corrosion cracking Product specific General corrosion Narrow axial external corrosion La m ina tions Product specific 20

Monitoring Sen sor s Flexible power options and communication options allows installation at extremely remote

Hydrotesting Th e te st in volve s fillin g a p ip e lin e segm e n t with water until it is at a pressure

This can validate the safe operating pressure of the pipeline and ensure that the line is structurally sound.

valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research.

21 Monitoring Sen sor s Flexible power options and communication options allows installation at extremely remote locations, and the ruggedized design assures reliable operation in the harshest environments. Hydrotesting Th e te st in volve s fillin g a p ip e lin e segm e n t with water until it is at a pressure that is higher than the pipeline will ever operate. This can validate the safe operating pressure of the pipeline and ensure that the line is structurally sound. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Common NDT methods include ultrasonic, magneticparticle, liquid penetrant, radiographic, remote visual inspection, eddy-current testing, and low coherence interferometry. Surveys Air Pa trols 21

What is Mitigation Mitigation In order to manage

identified through monitoring are categorized using

Th e need for remedial action or repair work is

22 What is Mitigation Mitigation In order to manage risks posed by pipeline deteriorating, defects identified through monitoring are categorized using comprehensive fitness-for-service criteria. Th e need for remedial action or repair work is based on the goal of ensuring a long-life asset and preventing failures. 22

23 Mitigation Pressure Reduction Proce ss sim ula tion, loca l control pa ne l, instruments, tubing, valves, fast acting and motor actuators, etc. Reinforcement or Cut-Out Repair Containment Sleeve Composite Repair Sleeve Reinforcement Pipe Segment Replacement 23

Cleaning tools are needed throughout the life cycle of oil and

24 Mitigation Cleaning Tools Cleaning is a vital aspect of the integrity management of pipeline networks. Cleaning tools are needed throughout the life cycle of oil and gas pipelines, from pre-com m issioning to operations and, ultimately, decommissioning. 24

Pipeline Integrit y: Putting It All Together Prevent any

long life asset Optimize maintenance programs to assure

Existing benign flaws in a new pipeline (No impact on pipe

Tolerance Enbridge Tolerance Baseline Condition Tim e 1 3

flaws determined to be defects Remaining flaws, well below

25 Pipeline Integrit y: Putting It All Together Prevent any leaks caused by service exposures Maintain the system as a long life asset Optimize maintenance programs to assure safety margins, regulatory targets, customer expectations Existing benign flaws in a new pipeline (No impact on pipe safety) 1 Potential onset of flaw growth 2 Pipeline Strength Tolerance Enbridge Tolerance Baseline Condition Tim e 1 3 Pipeline revalidated through ILI m onit oring & mitigation of flaws determined to be defects Remaining flaws, well below safety factor, that are monitored through ongoing program Defect Occurrence 25

26 Enbridge Pipelines Inc. Thank You Program Overview

Preventing and Mitigating Corrosion to Advance Pipeline Integrity Pipeline Safety Trust Conference November 2, 2017 New Orleans, LA

Preventing and Mitigating Corrosion to Advance Pipeline Integrity 2017 Pipeline Safety Trust Conference November 2, 2017 New Orleans, LA Causes of Liquids Pipeline Releases 2012-2016 TOTAL RELEASES (2,100