ARCHETYPE GROWTH AND UNDERINVESTMENT & TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

Transcription

1 ARCHETYPE GROWTH AND UNDERINVESTMENT & TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

2 Characterisctics of Archetypes The set of common systems archetypes have their own unique causal storyline. It is universal and can be applied to the understanding of individual manifestations inside organizations. Three of the common eight systems archetypes: ("limits to success," "growth and underinvestment," and "tragedy of the commons") contain endogenous variables that act as external constraints to these systems. Systems archetypes can be used as a diagnostic tool to better understand the dynamics of a specific set of behaviors that have manifested an unwanted condition.

3 The theory behind systems archetypes is that situations with unwanted results or side effects can be mapped to the common behavior models. Given the knowledge available about systems archetypes, problem-solvers in general can apply its principles and arrive at a rich diagnosis of a situation and plan a recovery. The knowledge base on systems archetypes provides guidelines for determining what archetype is at play and, once identified, how to approach an intervention.

4 MODEL 3 Growth Concern GROWTH AND UNDERINVESTMENT

5 Definition Growth and Underinvestment: Growth approaches a limit potentially avoidable with investments in capacity. However, a decision is made to not invest resulting in performance degradation which results in the decline in demand validating the decision not to invest.

6 Model Growth and Underinvestment The only effective strategy for dealing with this structure is foresight. One has to study the implications of growth before growth actually places demands on the system and develop the inhibitor avoidance before it is actually needed. Have you even noticed that runner seem to be the people that least need to run. It's because they run.

7 MODEL 4 Growth Concern TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

8 Definition Tragedy of the Commons: Multiple parties enjoying the benefits of a common resource do not pay attention to the effects they are having on the common resource. Eventually, this resource is exhausted resulting in the shutdown of the activities of all parties in the system.

9 Agents use common limited resource to profit individually. As the use of the resource is not controlled, the agents would like to continuously raise their benefits. The resource is therefore used more and more and the revenues of the agents are decreasing. The agents are intensifying their exploitation until the resource is completely used up or seriously damaged. To protect common resources some form of regulation should be introduced. Example: fish stocks (The Fishing Game). * Senge, Peter M. (1990), The Fifth Discipline

10 Model Tragedy of the Commons Struktur Tragedy of the Commons Tragedy of the common mempresentasikan suatu situasi dimana 2 atau lebih struktur penguatan (reinforcing) bergantung pada sumber daya yang terbatas yang sama. Pada R1, aktivitas yang dilakukan A akan memberikan Net Gain untuk A, sehingga A terus melakukan aktivitasnya. Pada B (R2) yang melakukan aktivitas untuk mendapatkan Net Gain. Jumlah aktivitas total (A & B) dan Gain untuk tiap individu (A dan B) membentuk suatu loop penyeimbangan untuk A dan B. Setelah beberapa waktu, baik A dan B tidak ada yang mendapatkan Gain lagi karena keterbatasan sumber daya yang tersedia. Keterbatasan (limit) sumber daya di tetapkan diluar/tidak bergantung dari sistem.

11 Example Farmers sharing a patch of land have the incentive to purchase more cows in order to increase each farmer s profit. But too many cows on the shared grasses leads to overgrazing, and no more grass for any cow down the line everyone suffers. In General: Tragedy of the Commons occurs because the actors do not pay attention to the effects of their actions there is too long of a delay. Therefore, they continue their undesirable behavior until it s too late to undo or fix the resource. Other times, the actors are very well aware of the situation, but it is not in their interests to slow down if they recognize that others will reap all the benefits.

12 How to Fight it Society usually combats tragedy of the commons by educating people (this can eliminates the delay in feedback between the resource depletion and the actors being aware of their behaviors causing this to occur), formally enforcing laws against selfish use, or privatizing the resource so that each participant must pay for the the direct impact of his/her actions.