Holographic Radar and the safe integration of drones Tim Quilter

Transcription

1 Holographic Radar and the safe integration of drones Tim Quilter

2 The rise of the drone Holographic Radar The problem of drone detection Implementation of a solution 3 March

3 The rise of the drone Holographic Radar The problem of drone detection Implementation of a solution 3 March

4 Rapid growth in use of drones Rapid growth in UAS market is driving need for surveillance High growth in UAS market o Advances in UAS technologies o Falling cost of UAS USA market example o Additional drivers: Beyond line of sight Package delivery (Amazon, DHL, DPD) UAS Market Sales Forecast Summary Million suas Units (<25kg) 30% CAGR 4 Years USA suas Fleet Forecast Commercial UAS Higher end ASP $40,000 Lower end ASP $2,500 Top Five suas Markets - USA 75% CAGR 5 Years Source: FAA Aerospace Forecast Issued Mar

5 UAS applications Rapidly expanding Amateur o Toy o Photographer o Racer Commercial o Agriculture o Surveillance o Mapping o Package delivery o Medical supply o Air taxi 3 March

6 Risks Regulation is evolving to match the risk Airborne collision Initial regulations focussed on controlling rogue drones o Single rule for all operators o Weight based limits o Maximum distances from pilot and people Terrorism Risk Ground collision New regulation will be risk based o Open Low risk o Specific Operation centric o Certified As for manned aviation Smuggling Privacy The future will be about enabling operations 3 March

7 Risk - Airborne collision Sharing the airspace 60,000ft 500ft 3 March

8 Risk - Airborne collision Aircraft bird strike testing limits CS-23 Normal, utility, aerobatic & commuter CS-25 / FAR-25 Large aeroplane Windshield 0.9 kg 1.8 kg 1 kg Airframe 1.8 kg 1 kg CS-27 Large rotorcraft Empennage 3.6 kg 1 kg Eqypt Air Heathrow 11 Mar 2016 CS-P Propeller CS-E Engines 1 bird 1.8 kg kg 16 birds 85 g Small aircraft have no bird strike testing Continental Newark 21 Mar March

9 Risk - Ground collision Injury and fatality risk AIS PoF 250g 1/2 1% 500g 3/4 30% 600g 4/5 50% 1.4kg 5/6 90% Marcel Hirscher Italy 2015 Sag Harbor Main Street 2015 Police UAS 3 March

10 Risk - Privacy Personal privacy Paparazzi Espionage Aerix VIDIUS HD 16g camera drone 3 March

11 Risk - Smuggling Prisons Borders Airports UK drone related police reports Wandsworth prison London 2016 Tijuana Mexican border March

12 Terrorism / low tech adversary DJI Phantom 4 payload 460g + M67 Grenade 397g = Fatality radius 5m Injury radius 15m 3 March

13 Safe integration Enabling the positive use of drones Safety features o Dynamic geo-fencing o Sense and avoid o Injury risk reduction Regulation changes o Stricter rules initially o More flexibility for trained professionals o Electronic identity o Ambition to integrate all classes of UAS into all classes of airspace UAS Traffic Management (UTM) o Emerging field o Fast track new companies o Slow track existing aviation community 3 March

14 The rise of the drone Holographic Radar The problem of drone detection Implementation of a solution 3 March

15 Radar in 60 seconds 3 March

16 The Holographic principle Multibeam staring vs scanning Holographic radar: illumination and beamforming: Electronic scan: Sequential scan: 3 March

17 Applications of Holographic Radar Windfarm mitigation to drone detection 3 March

18 A wide area persistent solution Digitise the sky search the data Single transmitter illuminates whole field of view o Simple low cost transmitter Multi-beam receivers continuously gather data o Azimuth and elevation beams provide 3D coverage o 100% time-on-target yields fine Doppler resolution o Tracking and analysis benefit from continuous dwell Parallel processing allows real time target detection o Software defined architecture o Increase performance through processing not through spectrum o Processing capacity determines the integrable range of target dynamics The key principle is: o Its all about the target 3 March

19 Holographic Radar matches technology with physics Transforming sequential, spatial scan into memory access Persistent observation Resolution cells downloaded into to memory Integration gives high Doppler resolution Digital arrays give flexible beam forming Process capacity is the limiting factor, and grows with Moore s Law Transmitter Receiver panels 3 March

20 HR persistently downloads airspace into memory Space is searched in parallel A 40-mile radius scanning 2D PSR yields ~72,000 resolution elements per second, with ~16 pulses on target: ~1M data points per second A 40-mile range Holographic Radar TM yields 2.4Bn resolution elements per second. 60 seconds continuous data occupies ~1TB of memory in 5 dimensions Computers (GPU, CPU) search memory with great efficiency Time Pulse frames V Range H 20

21 The rise of the drone Holographic Radar C-UAS UTM The problem of drone detection Implementation of a solution 3 March

22 Gamekeeper Counter UAS action hierarchy Prevent o Regulation o Geo-fencing o Education Detect o presence warning Locate o location o trajectory Identify o UAS/bird/aircraft o UAS - Friend or Foe o intent Act o Mitigate o Neutralise o Destroy act identify locate detect prevent 3 March

23 The counter UAS system Command and Control (C 2 ) o Situational awareness o Target prioritisation o EA control Radar o Long range coverage (2-20km) o All weather performance o Cue-other sensors Electro-optics (EO) o Medium/short range (1-3km) o Requires cue o Positive identification Acoustic sensing (AS) o Very short range (~100m) o Sensitive to environmental noise KA Radar C 2 EO Electronic Surveillance (ES) o Medium/short range (1-3km) o Positive identification o No detection of autonomous flight EA AS Electronic Attack (EA) o Disable o Control Kinetic Attack o Disable o Destroy ES 3 March

24 How to act? (1) Kinetic attack Lethal o Severe risk of collateral damage Non-lethal o Nets o Trained eagles o Some risk of collateral damage Restricted legality 3 March

25 How to act? (2) Electronic attack Link jamming o Needs to be higher power than the communications link o Drone hovers and returns to preprogramed base o Does not work with autonomous flight GPS jamming o Works with autonomous flight o Unpredictable outcome Will impact other links in the area Restricted legality 3 March

26 How to act? (3) Mitigation Police enforcement o Deterrent Targeted education o Signage Warning to those at risk o Pilot awareness Gatwick Airport March

27 UTM systems concept One possible architecture 3 March

28 The challenge of seeing drones with a radar Low o Swamped by strong returns from ground objects Slow o Difficult to distinguish from static clutter Small o Requires high sensitivity Agile o Challenging tracking Classification Clutter rejection Differentiate from other objects small o People/animals on the ground o Birds/insects in the air Detection 3 March

29 Using Holographic Radar to see drones Stare not scan Number of elements of the sensor come together to aid the surveillance of small, slow, low and agile micro-drones 3D Fine Doppler Staring Lower Slower Smaller Filters Classification Machine learning High Update Agile Micro-motion detection 3 March

30 Holographic Radar tests against micro-drone Separating very small targets from clutter 3 March

31 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature Conventional radar view Outbound 3 March

32 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature 3-D elevation separation => Lower Outbound 3 March

33 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature 3-D + Longer Dwell => Lower + Slower Outbound 3 March

34 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature 3-D + Longer Dwell + Stare => Lower + Slower + Agile Outbound 3 March

35 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature Holographic Radar => Lower + Slower + Agile + Smaller Outbound 3 March

36 Closer examination of Hexacopter signature Holographic Radar increased sensitivity => Discrimination Outbound 3 March

37 Level 1 - Filter based classification Understanding the object categories 3 March

38 Level 2 - Classification using machine learning Training and testing on same target using different data from same trial Tracks Without Discrimination Tracks With Discrimination Discrimination Features Height Acceleration Age of track Doppler bin Doppler bin rate Jolt Maximum height Drone 3 March

39 Level 3 - Micro-motion based classification Fixed wing with propellers 3 March

40 Micro-motion based classification Bird signature 3 March

41 Micro-motion based classification Multi-rotor 3 March

42 The rise of the drone Holographic Radar The problem of drone detection Implementation of a solution 3 March

43 Gamekeeper Holographic Radar TM Dedicated UAV detection Radar Gamekeeper 16U o RCS detection: ~0.01m 2 o Birds vs. drones differentiation Automatic, low false alarm rate o Range: 0.3 5km o Height: <3,000ft o Position of drone: 3D o Update rate: 4x/sec o Simultaneous multi-drone tracking o Multi-sensor integration 3 March

44 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Conventional 2-D Radar View 3 March

45 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Add 3-D 3 March

46 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Extend Dwell 3 March

47 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Increase Update 3 March

48 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Maximise Sensitivity 3 March

49 Gamekeeper 16U Monaco deployment Drone detection Holographic Radar View 3 March

50 Long range tracking Drone detection in littoral environment to 5km 3 March

51 Tracking in urban clutter Drone detection over urban environment 3 March

52 Full C-UAS solution 3 March

53 UTM implementation 3 March

54 Summary Unmanned and autonomous aviation will be a significant proportion of future airspace New technology will allow them to be safely integrated into our skies Holographic Radar offers an innovative way to non-cooperatively detect, track and classify o Enabling safe operation o Detecting rogue drones 3 March