Networked RFID fundamentals 1. Overview of networked RFID
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1 SOI Asia special lecture series Networked RFID fundamentals 1. Overview of networked RFID Jin MITSUGI Associate Professor Environment and Information Department Keio University Auto-ID Laboratory, Japan Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus (SFC) Page 2
2 Introducing Auto-ID Laboratory! Internet of the Things is the common research theme! Seven laboratories in the world.! Japan(Keio), China(Fudan), Korea(KAIST), Switzerland(St.Gallen/ ETH), Australia, UK(Cambrige), USA(MIT)! Leading role in International standardization activities on RFID! Particularly in EPCglobal!(founded by GS1 formerly EAN/UCC)! Local and regional activities! Local radio regulation development! Adoption support! Organizing regional academic workshop Page 3 Auto-ID Laboratory in EPCglobal structure Page 4
3 Auto-ID Labs China-Japan-Korea (CJK) workshop (Expanding participation from Asia countries) Daejeon (Korea) Hiroshima (Japan) Shanghai (China) Page 5 Fujisawa (Japan) Lecture series organization Networked RFID fundamentals Page 6
4 Structure of this lecture! Introducing RFID! How it works?! Networked RFID.! Networked RFID system architecture! Unique ID in networked RFID system! Overview of networked RFID system! On going researches in networked RFID Page 7 What is RFID?! RFID: An automatic identification comprises of reader/writer and RF (radio frequency) tags.! Classification of RF tags! Passive tag"rf tags which cannot transmit radio signal just by itself. (Usually no battery)! Active tag"rf tags which can transmit radio signal by itself (Usually with battery) Page 8
5 Classification by Radio Frequency 3MHz" HF" High Frequency" VHF" Very High Frequency" UHF" Ultra High Frequency" SHF(Micro wave#" Super High Frequency" 30MHz" 300MHz" 3GHz" 30GHz" 13.56MHz passive RFID! Contactless card 135kHz Passive RFID Animal tracking 300MHz MHz! UHF passive RFID! 433MHz Active tags 2.45GHz! Page 9 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Contactless IC Card (Near Field Communication) IC Chip Antenna felica/pdf/data/rc- S853_854_J.pdf Page 10
6 Long range RFID in warehouse environment Reader antenna Tags Top antenna Reader Side antenna Page 11 RFID (active type) Page 12
7 Classifications by communication principle! Passive! Inductive coupling (Electro magnetic coupling)! Radio wave backscatter! Capacity coupling! Active Page 13 Principle of communication 1 (Electro-magnetic coupling) Send response from tag Magnetic field Reader Antenna Antenna Reader Electric current IC Chip Signal Power + signal Tag Page 14
8 Electro-magnetic coupling tag Tag Chip Page 15 Principle of communication 2 (Radio Wave Backscatter) Tag Power + Signal Reflected wave (signal) ON/OFF antenna IC Chip Page 16
9 Passive tag signal is significantly small Tag signal Reader signal Page 17 Principle of communication 3 (Capacitive coupling) Send response from tag Electric field Reader Signal form a capacitor Power + signal IC Chip Tag Page 18
10 Principle of communication 4 (Active transmission) Tag Antenna Battery Micro controller Reader Writer Page 19 Principle of communication 5 (Active transmission + Wireless sensor networking) Tag Tag Tag Wireless Multi-hop Tag Page 20
11 RFID Pros and Cons! Pros! Large ID space! Non-line-of-sight reading/writing! Writable! Fast reading/ writing! Cons! Relatively higher cost (with Barcode)! Unstable reading! Difficult to identify broken tags! Privacy concern Page 21 RFID is a part of information system Source : VDC,2007JANUARY Page 22
12 Wal-Mart mandate! Original plan! Status! Top 100 suppliers are required to ship with RFID tags from Jan. 2005! 6 distribution centers and 250 stores by July 2005.! Top 300 suppliers by Jan 2006.! 600 suppliers by Oct.2007, 5 Distribution centers.! Promotion in Sam s club! All pallets needs to be RFID tagged by Oct ! $2 - $3 fines if not tagged.! Category tagging $air freshener) Trial (RFID journal Jab.Feb.2008, pp.8-9) Page 23 RFID Applications Improvement of in-store-operation AEON experiment (From Nikkei BP) Family mart experiment (from Kyodo) Germany Kaufhof Page 24
13 Hong-Kong Airport Baggage handling!!! Objective!!! Improve airport luggage tracking accuracy and efficiency (expect 99% read rate) Motivation!!! Barcode reading requires excessive manual intervention for exception handling! Need to accurately locate luggage in the airport, including in the storage or ULD (unit load device) Benefits!!! Automation by RFID improves accuracy and saves labor cost! Maximize the luggage handling capacity Reference: RFID Journal Courtesy of Nancy Tai (Yeon, Taiwan) Page 25 Reference: RFID Journal Female shoes retail in department store Apply tag to shoes Real time inventory management %Increase the time with customers %Increase the number of recommendations to customers %Reduce the number of inventory check in backyard Page 26 Sales grows by 10.3% in Mitsukoshi Department store (Nikkei Computer& , p.52)
14 Crate (returnable container) management Item level management of crate!reduce cardboard box!track the positions and the number of crates in the field. from"retail Technology Page 27 6'(% of crates are lost!nikkei Computer , p.46 Consumer electronics industries Page 28 Yoshimura, RFID: Expectation and Requirement from Consumer Electronics Industry APMC 2006
15 Aerospace MRO (Maintenance Repair and Overhaul) Suppliers Integrator Operator Maintenance Repair & Overhaul (MRO) Airbus A380 Boeing DreamLiner Page 29! Introducing RFID! How it works?! Networked RFID.! Networked RFID system architecture! Unique ID in networked RFID system! Overview of networked RFID system! On going researches in networked RFID Page 30
16 networked RFID! Practical deployment of RFID entails information system! Total system architecture of networked RFID is essential. Page 31 Activities in networked RFID EPC Network Services Shared Service Interactions Peer-to-peer exchange of data about EPCs EPC Data Exchange Standards End User End User EPC Infrastructure Standards Exchange of physical objects with EPCs EPC Physical Object Exchange Standards Page 32 The EPCglobal Architecture framework, 1.3
17 Goals for network RFID architecture framework (excerpt)! Global standards! To facilitate the exchange of information and objects between trading partners! To foster competition for system components! To encourage innovation! Open system! Data ownership! End user that capture data owns the data! Security and privacy Page 33 Technical Principles! Unique Identity! Decentralized implementation! Data standards!tag Data Standard!Information Service Data Standard! Software standards! Extensibility Page 34
18 Keys for object! Seven Keys are defined in GS1 (issuer of bar code ID)! namespace of identifiers for a particular realworld entity Page 35 GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) GIAI (Global Individual Asset Identifier) GLN (Global Location Number) SSCC (Serial Shipping Container Code) GRAI (Global Returnable Asset Identifier) GSRN (Global Service Relation Number) GDTI (Global Document Type Identifier) Bar code number Used to be this number Application identifier GS1 key (01) Indicator Company Prefix Item Ref Check Digit (21) Serial Number! globally unique number assigned to a company item reference combined with packaging level indicator Page 36
19 Indicator and item reference Page 37 An Introduction to the Global Item Number (GTIN) GS1, 2006 Universally unique identifier in tag (binary) Header = numbering schema (SGTIN, SSCC, etc.) Filter value = indicator Partition = company prefix and item reference Number = Identification EPCglobal tag data standard 1.3 Page 38
20 Serialized GTIN (SGTIN-96) example Example EPCglobal Tag Data Standard Filter value = Page 39 0 All others 1 Retail consumer trade item 2 Standard trade item grouping (all levels of grouping) 3 Single shipping/ consumer trade item ( 4 Inner trade item grouping not to be sold at POS Bar code number and Tag Data EPC URI urn:epc:id:sgtin: Company Prefix Indicator Item Ref Serial Number GS1 Element String (01) Indicator Company Prefix Item Ref Check Digit (21) Serial Number! Page 40 globally unique number assigned to a company item reference combined with packaging level indicator
21 EPCglobal network Architecture Page 41 EPCglobal architecture framework ISO/IEC RFID architecture Page 42 )*"ISO/IEC 15692
22 EPCglobal network Architecture 6/24 Software component 7/8 Fine granularity SCM 7/22 wireless technology in networked RFID Page 43 7/1 RFID in China, 7/15 Business trials Tags Page 44
23 Tag data Page 45 Fundamental multiple tags reading Framed slotted ALOHA Tags randomly choose a slot within a given range. If a reply from tag is captured by reader, it send Acknowledgement Frame1 Frame2 Interrogator Query ACK Rep Rep Rep Adjust ACK Rep ACK Rep Slot1 Slot2 Slot3 Slot4 Slot1 Slot2 Tag1 RN16 EPC Collision Tag2 RN16 RN16 EPC Tag3 RN16 RN16 EPC Page 46
24 Reading speed 32 tags reading speed for 40kbps communication speed -, ,++ + Page 47 E475=> FGHI+ FGHI-7J, FGHI-7J/ FGHI-7JK /, Index Q of number of slot 2 Q Filter and collection! Receive data from readers! Carry out reduction of read data! Decodes raw tag values into URI (universal resource identifier) representation binary tag ID Item reference EPC Tag URI urn: epc: tag: sgtin-96; Page 48 Filter value Company prefix Serial number
25 Application Layer Event (ALE) RFID Reader Tag1 Tag2 Tag3 Reader Cycle 1 Tag1 Tag2 Tag4 Tag3 Tag5 Reader Cycle 2 Reader Cycle 3 Tag3 Tag5 Reader Cycle 4 Tag3 Tag3 Tag4 Tag5 Tag5 Reader Cycle 5 Reader Cycle 6 Tag3 Tag5 Reader Cycle 7 Client 1 Event Cycle 1 Client 2 Event Cycle 1 Client 2 Event Cycle 2 Client 3 Event Cycle 1 Report Report Report Report Report Report Capturing applications Capturing applications subscribe the tag reading events Page 49 Example ECSpec and ECReport in ALE ECSpec Report Specification from capturing application to Filter and Collection Tags read in the EC <reportspecs> <reportspec reportname="report1"> <reportset set="current"/> <output includetag="true"/> </reportspec> <reportspec reportname="report2"> <reportset set="additions"/> <output includecount="true"/> </reportspec> Newly read tags ECReport Report from Filter and Collection to capturing application <report reportname="report1"> <group> <grouplist> <member><tag>urn:epc:tag:gid-96: <member><tag>urn:epc:tag:gid-96: </grouplist> </group> </report> <report reportname="report2"> <group><groupcount><count>6847</count> </report> </reports> </ale:ecreports> ALE Specification 1.1 Page 50
26 EPCIS interfaces EPCIS version 1.0 (2007) Page 51 EPCIS events! ObjectEvent:! Object is newly detected or observed.! AggregationEvent! Object is (observed to be) physically aggregated to one other! QuantityEvent! Event is generated in accordance with quantity of object (for stock keeping for example)! TransactionsEvent! Objects are associated or disassociate to one or more business transactions Page 52
27 How can we find information services related to EPC?! ONS (Object Naming Service)! Hierarchical directory for looking up a reference to EPCIS with an EPC (item reference base).! Discovery service (in development)! Alternative information director for EPCIS! Provides means to allow multiple parties to mutually identify and authenticate. Page 53! Introducing RFID! How it works?! Networked RFID.! Networked RFID system architecture! Unique ID in networked RFID system! Overview of networked RFID system! On going researches in networked RFID Page 54
28 Open issues in networked RFID! Performance evaluation! Alternative identification! Localization (location + identification)! Open source / Open hardware Page 55 RFID system evaluation under harsh environment Tag performance varies depending on the object Case Page 56 Inner case
29 System evaluation standardization! ISO/IEC 18046! used be TN (Technical Note)! decided to develop IS (international standard)! part 1 system! part 2 reader/writer (on ballot)! part 3 tag IS (2007)! EPCglobal! Tag, Label, Reader, and Printer Performance working group Page 57 Organic transistor, Low cost RFID tags Lin, Flexible wireless power-transmission system fabricated by 13.56MHz polymer rectifier, Flexible Electronics and Displays Conference and Exhibition, 2008 Page 58 Clemens, PRINTO- Seminar,
30 Power harvesting sensor tag Radio power activated one chip micro controller Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform Sample, Design of a Passively-Powered, Programmable Sensing Platform for UHF RFID Systems, 2007 IEEE RFID Page 59 Identification with location Ad hoc location system in an exhibition mobile node Page 60
31 Open source RFID software You can try and understand EPCnetwork with open source projects.!fosstrak( EPCnetwork!RadioActive ( network ALE, Reader Protocol, EPCIS!Rifidi( source IDE for RFID Page 61 Open Hardware RFID tag Programmable UHF Gen2 tag developed by Auto-ID Laboratory antenna SRAM 4Mbit SMA Connector Small display attached External I/O CPLD Microcontroller Unit Programmable device By changing the software in the microcontroller and the FPGA, the tag can -!evaluate the reading speed of interrogators (multiple RF tags emulator) -!evaluate the interrogation area of a portal -!analyze the peer interrogator command and protocol. -!measure the field power. and a lot more if we write a software. OPEN Hardware Page 62
32 Summary and message! Overview of networked RFID! Importance of unique ID! Systems architecture is very important for information sharing among multiple party! More academic participation.! Fundamental researches are desperately needed from industry.! Commercial products are in the market. Open software and hardware are also available. There is no barrier for you to start. Page 63 Page 64
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