RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)

Transcription

1 RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) Kjell Åge Bringsrud inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 1

2 Short RFID History inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 2

3 RFID EPC Gen 2 architecture EPC Gen 2 physical layer EPC Gen 2 tag identification layer Tag identification message formats inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 3

4 Radio Frequency IDentification Tag wirelessly sends bits of data when it is triggered by a reader Power source not required for passive tags a defining benefit Superior capabilities to barcode: Non Line of Sight Hi-speed, multiple reads Can read and write to tags Unit specific ID Four main frequencies: Frequency Distance Example Application LF 125khz Few cm Auto- Immobilizer HF 13.56Mhz 1m Building Access Focus of this presentation is on UHF UHF 900Mhz ~7m Supply Chain inf3190 Kjell Åge μwave Bringsrud 2.4Ghz 10m Traffic Toll 4

5 What is RFID? RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification. An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that: uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track.. Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item. Performs the operation using low cost components. Attempts to provide unique identification and backend integration that allows for wide range of applications. Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 5

6 RFID advantages over bar-codes No line of sight required for reading Multiple items can be read with a single scan Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write) Individual items identified and not just the category Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime Active tags can be read from great distances Can be combined with barcode technology inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 6

7 What is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag? In terms of appearance Chip (IC) Antenna inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 7

8 What is an RFID tag? You may own a few RFID tags Proximity cards (contactless physical-access cards) ExxonMobil Speedpass EZ Pass RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices: inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 8

9 RFID devices take many forms inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 9

10 What is a basic RFID tag? Characteristics: Passive device receives power from reader Range of up to several meters In effect a smart label : simply calls out its (unique) name and/or static data Plastic #3 74AB8 5F8KJ3 inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 10

11 RFID tags Tags can be attached to almost anything: Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel Passive Tags Do not require power Draws from Interrogator Field Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB) Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet) Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags Cost around 25 cents to few dollars Active Tags Battery powered Higher storage capacities (512 KB) Longer read range (300 feet) Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators Cost around 50 to 250 dollars inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 11

12 RFID tag memory Read-only tags Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing Can never be changed No additional data can be assigned to the tag Write once, read many (WORM) tags Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing Tag is locked once data is written Similar to a compact disc or DVD Read/Write Tag data can be changed over time Part or all of the data section can be locked inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 12

13 Reader functions: RFID readers Remotely power tags Establish a bidirectional data link Inventory tags, filter results Communicate with networked server(s) Can read tags per second Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as Entrance/exit Point of sale Readers can also be mobile/hand-held inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 13

14 UHF Reader Standards GEO / Country Frequency Band North America MHz EMEA MHz Korea MHz Australia MHz China (PRC) Japan TBD TBD Transmitter North America Output Freq. Band Mhz Output Power TX Channel step Hop frequency TX Channels Modulation 4 watts EIRP 500Khz 2.5 to 20 times per second , ,, Mhz Typically ASK - 20% to 100% modulation depth inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 14 Note: EIRP = 1.64X ERP (Effective Radiated Power)

15 Some RFID readers inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 15 Source:

16 EPC Gen 2 Architecture RFID architecture. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 16

17 RFID system components Ethernet RFID Reader RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 17

18 EPC Gen 2 Physical Layer Reader and tag backscatter signals. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 18

19 RFID communication Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal sends back modulated signal (Passive Backscatter also referred to as field disturbance device ) Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 19

20 EPC Gen 2 Tag Identification Layer Example message exchange to identify a tag. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 20

21 Electronic Product Code Header - Tag version number EPC Manager - Manufacturer ID Object class - Manufacturer s product ID Serial Number - Unit ID With 96 bit code, 268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different products where each product category contains up to 687 billion individual units inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 21 Note: 64 bit versions also defined, 256 bit version under definition

22 Tag Identification Message Formats Format of the Query message. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 22

23 The Problems of Privacy and Security inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 23

24 RFID means a world with billions of ant-sized, five-cent computers Highly mobile Contain personal information Subject to surreptitious scanning Again, no cryptography Access control difficult to achieve Data privacy difficult to achieve inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 24

25 The consumer privacy problem Here s Mr. Jones in 2020 Replacement hip medical part # Wig model #4456 (cheap polyester) Das Kapital and Communist-party handbook 30 items of lingerie 1500 Euros in wallet Serial numbers: , inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 25

26 RFID Standards ISO/IEC JHC1/SC31/WG4 " Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques Electronic Product Code (EPCGlobal) - Industry consortium JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices ISO TC 104 / SC 4 Identification and communication ISO TC 23 / SC 19 Agricultural electronics CEN TC 278 Road Transport and Traffic Telematics inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 26

27 RFID Standards (Cont) CEN TC 23/SC 3/WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Operational Requirements - Identification of cylinders and contents ISO TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T6: RF Identification European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) ERO European Radio communications Office (ERO) Universal Postal Union ASTM International (Testing Materials) inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 27

28 RFID Summary Strengths Advanced technology Easy to use High memory capacity Small size Opportunities Could replace the bar code End-user demand for RFID systems is increasing Huge market potential in many businesses Weaknesses Lack of industry and application standards High cost per unit and high RFID system integration costs Weak market understanding of the benefits of RFID technology Threats Ethical threats concerning privacy life Highly fragmented competitive environment inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 28

29 Some applications inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 29

30 RFID supply chains and inventory Locating Inventory in Stock Information Storage Capabilities Less Error inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 30

31 RFID supply chains and transparency Tracking Knowledge Safety and Security inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 31

32 RFID hospitals Track equipment RFID for people Patient locator/information storage Doctor locator Restrict access to drugs and other materials inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 32

33 RFID military Tracking wounded during war Following personnel movement during training exercises Improving movement and tracking of supplies Identifying vehicles and shipments as being either military or non-military inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 33

34 RFID fleet maintenance Easily accessible vehicle specs Vehicle locator Records vehicle maintenance automatically Reduces record keeping errors inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 34

35 RFID retail Tags in labels help track product source/specs Safeguard against counterfeit products Reduce theft Allows movement of inventory to be tracked inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 35

36 RFID controversy Video of RFID chip implanted into hand inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 36

37 Other forms of RFID Automobile immobilizers Payment devices Currency? inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 37

38 Other forms of RFID Tracking cattle Not Really Mad Passports inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 38

39 Medical compliance Other forms of RFID RFID readers in mobile handsets Showtimes: 16.00, inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 39

40 Animal applications inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 40

41 Animal tags inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 41

42 Access Control applications inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 42

43 RFID enabled laundry inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 43

44 E-Passport inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 44

45 RFID application points Assembly Line Wireless Handheld Applications Bill of Lading Materialcing Shipping Portals inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 45

46 RFID applications Manufacturing and Processing Inventory and production process monitoring Warehouse order fulfillment Supply Chain Management Inventory tracking systems Logistics management Retail Inventory control and customer insight Auto checkout with reverse logistics Security Access control Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention Location Tracking Traffic movement control and parking management Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 46

47 Smart groceries Add an RFID tag to all items in the grocery. As the cart leaves the store, it passes through an RFID transceiver. The cart is rung up in seconds. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 47

48 Smart cabinet Reader antennas placed under each shelf 1. Tagged item is removed from or placed in Smart Cabinet 2. Smart Cabinet periodically interrogates to assess inventory 3. Server/Database is updated to reflect item s disposition Passive read/write tags affixed to caps of containers 4. Designated individuals are notified regarding items that need attention (cabinet and shelf location, action required) inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 48 Source: How Stuff Works

49 Smart fridge Recognizes what s been put in it Recognizes when things are removed Creates automatic shopping lists Notifies you when things are past their expiration Shows you the recipes that most closely match what is available inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 49

50 Smart groceries enhanced Track products through their entire lifetime. inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 50 Source: How Stuff Works

51 Temperature monitoring inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 51

52 Pressure monitoring inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 52

53 RFID future uses Tire Monitoring Refrigerator Washing Machines Dressing Rooms/Closets Golf Balls years for most consumer products inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 53