Regulation, Standardization and Legislation

Transcription

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2 Regulation, Standardization and Legislation Understanding the role governments and industry organizations play in RFID adoption Mark Roberti, Founder & Editor, RFID Journal 2

3 Regulation, Standardization and Legislation Understanding the role governments and industry organizations play in RFID adoption Mark Roberti, Founder & Editor, RFID Journal

4 Agenda Regulations for spectrum allocation RFID standards development organizations Bills and legislations 4

5 RL1 The electromagnetic spectrum The spectrum is a resource that governments divide up for different uses Some common uses and the assigned spectrum AM radio khz to 1.7 MHz Short-wave radio MHz to 26.1 MHz Citizens-band radio MHz to MHz Television stations - 54 to 88 MHz (channels 2-6) FM radio - 88 MHz to 108 MHz TV stations to 220 MHz (channels 7-13) 5

6 Slide 5 RL1 these are tipical public service which requires to be regulated by the government RFID Lab, 8/1/2008

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8 RL3 Common wireless devices Garage-door openers, alarms etc. (40 MHz) Cordless phones (40 to 50 MHZ) Baby monitors (49 MHz) Radio-controlled airplanes (72 MHz) Radio-controlled cars (75 MHz) Wildlife-tracking collars (215 to 220 MHz) Cell phones (824 to 849 MHz) New cordless phones (900 MHz) Air-traffic control radar (960 to 1,215 MHz) 7

9 Slide 7 RL3 these are tipical wireless devices we deal with in real life RFID Lab, 8/1/2008

10 RL2 EM spectrum issues Once spectrum bands areas are allocated, it is difficult to change them Many devices competing for bands Governments must avoid having one device interfere with another 8

11 Slide 8 RL2 in italy uhf frequences were assigned to the minister of defense. they were liberalized since q and then many interests on rfid technology raised, especially on uhf. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

12 Licensed and unlicensed bands RL4 Some bands are licensed, for specific uses: Television Radio Cellular phones Unlicensed bands in the United States 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5.2/5.3/5.8 GHz 24 GHz 9

13 Slide 9 RL4 before the introduction of legistlation on spectrum. allocation, RFID freq. were not regulated, so the governments decided wich freq. had to be assigned to uhf rfid purpose. This is why we can have different frequences spectrums for the various zones around the world. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

14 Licensed bands RL17 Can operate a wireless transmitter over a band only with FCC authorization Spectrum licenses generally come with a frequency assignment and provide protection from harmful interference Most commercial spectrum licenses are now auctioned by geographic area 10

15 Slide 10 RL17 before the introduction of legistlation on spectrum. allocation, RFID freq. were not regulated, so the governments decided wich freq. had to be assigned to uhf rfid purpose. This is why we can have different frequences spectrums for the various zones around the world. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

16 RL5 The ISM bands UHF uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands These were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes In general, communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment. Now used by RFID, Wi-Fi and other devices 11

17 Slide 11 RL5 The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications. In general, communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment For many people, the most commonly encountered ISM device is the home microwave oven operating at 2.45 GHz RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

18 Frequency assignment authorities Global Community International Telecommunication Union (ITU) United States RL7 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) European Community European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) RL6 RL8 12

19 Slide 12 RL6 RL7 RL8 ITU is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris on May 17, Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls in which regard it performs for telecommunications a similar function to what the UPU (union postale universalle) performs for postal services. It is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, next to the main United Nations campus RFID Lab, 7/30/2008 The FCC is a United States government agency, established by the Communications Act of 1934 as the successor to the Federal Radio Commission and is charged with regulating all non-federal Government use of the radio spectrum (including radio and television broadcasting), and all interstate telecommunications (wire, satellite and cable) as well as all international communications that originate or terminate in the United States RFID Lab, 7/30/2008 ETSI is an independent, non-for-profit, standardization organization of the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe. ETSI is officially responsible for standardization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within Europe RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

20 RL9 Different UHF frequency ranges Canada & USA MHz Europe MHz Korea MHz China 915 MHz Japan MHz South Africa MHz Australia MHz 13 source: IBM

21 Slide 13 RL9 ITU, in its International Radio Regulations, divides the world into three regions for the purposes of managing the global radio spectrum. Each region has its own set of frequency allocations, the main reason for defining the regions. * Region 1 comprises Europe, Africa, the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf and including Iraq, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. * Region 2 covers the Americas, Greenland and some of the eastern Pacific Islands. * Region 3 contains most of non-former-soviet-union Asia, east of and including Iran, and most of Oceania. RFID Lab, 8/1/2008

22 RFID regulations Regulatory agencies also control Power output Use of channels Duty cycle and other aspects of operation Readers must be certified by the FCC in the US, ETSI in Europe, etc., to meet these requirements 14

23 Spectrum allocation The FCC has allocated 902 MHz to 928 MHz for UHF RFID systems 52 channels 4 watts (2.5W EIRP) of power output ETSI has recommended to MHz 10 channels 3.2 watts (2W EIRP) of power output 15

24 RL10 UHF in Europe ETSI EN ERP Effective Radiated Power 2,0 W 10 channels at 2 Watt(ERP) 200 khz interval EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP = 1.6 ERP 0,1 W ,5 W 865,0 MHz 865,6 MHz 867,6 MHz 868,0 MHz 16

25 Slide 16 RL10 in DRM half of the available channels are assigned to reader transmitting signal and half to the tags'response RFID Lab, 7/29/2008

26 Standards bodies International Organization for Standardization Air-interface standards (how tags and readers communicate) ISO series for UHF tags Data-protocol standards (structure of data on tag) Animal identification standards (LF khz) 17

27 EPCglobal Standards bodies joint venture between GS1 and Uniform Code Council (UCC) achieve world-wide adoption and standardization of Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology Standards: Tag protocol UHF C1G2 Low Level Reader Protocol Reader Management Application Level Events EPC Information Services Object Name Service 18

28 RL12 EPC = Electronic Product Code A family of coding schemes created as an eventual successor to the bar code using RFID Technology. GID SGTIN SSCC SGLN GRAI GIAI GDTI* GSRN* General Identifier Serial GTIN Serial Shipping Container Code Serial Global Location Number Global Returnable Asset Identifier Global Individual Asset Identifier Global Document Type Identifier Global Service Relation Number (*) introduced since version 1.4 of EPCglobal TagDataStandard Document (June 2008) EPC identifies objects id only, the full set of information related to those objects are stored into remote databases. 19

29 Slide 19 RL12 The company, which want to adopt EPC specifications, has to subscribe to EPCglobal by one of the GS1/EPC organization in the world. RFID Lab, 8/1/2008

30 RL13 Standards bodies Standards for using RFID within specific industries Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) International Air Transport Association RL15 (IATA) Baggage-tag standard Supply-chain standard (Spec 2000) Chemical industry standards (CIDX) RL16 RL14 20

31 Slide 20 RL13 RL14 RL15 RL16 descrivere i vari organi RFID Lab, 7/30/2008 The Automotive Industry Action Group is a globally recognized organization founded in 1982 by a group of visionary managers from Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors. The purpose: To provide an open forum where members cooperate in developing and promoting solutions that enhance the prosperity of the automotive industry. AIAG's focus is to continuously improve business processes and practices involving trading partners throughout the supply chain. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008 IATA is an international trade body, created some 60 years ago by a group of airlines. Today, IATA represents some 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduled international air traffic. The organisation also represents, leads and serves the airline industry in general. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008 CIDX is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving the ease, speed and cost of securely conducting business electronically in the Chemical Industry. CIDX is a membership-based organization serving the chemical industry, focused on the development of ebusiness standards, called Chem estandards, which have become the de facto standards for transacting business electronically in the industry. RFID Lab, 7/30/2008

32 Legislation Most bills have been introduced at the state level in the United States Most have focused on protecting consumer privacy in the retail space Some bills require to disclose the use of RFID technology Some bills prohibit the implanting of subcutaneous RFID chip without consent Source: National Conference of State Legislatures 21

33 Legislation CA GA MD MA MI MO NV NH NJ NM NY ND PA RI TN TX WA WI Notify customers x x x x x x x No μ-chip implant x x x x x Labels on goods x x x x Study RFID implications No students tracking Unauth. access is a crime No tracking of people Tag removal after purchase x x x x x x x x x x x Source: NCSL - National Conference of State Legislatures 22

34 State Laws California: Bans skimming Washington State: prohibits the scanning of an RFID tag by anyone except the business or agency that issued that tag, with certain exceptions Wisconsin: Bans coerced RFID implants Source: National Conference of State Legislatures 23

35 Proposed Legislation Massachusetts: Requires notification and removal of nonessential tags Nevada: Felony to use RFID for identity theft New Hampshire: Requires notification of use of RFID on products New York: Would require notification and deactivation Wisconsin: Must deactivate at point of sale Virginia: No use in government documents going nowhere Source: National Conference of State Legislatures 24

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