DESULPHURIZATION OF LEAD CAKE BY SODIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE
|
|
- Emmeline Eaton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of the D. Atanasova, University of N. Chemical Lyakov, V. Technology Vassilev, G. and Angelov, Metallurgy, G. Haralampiev 43, 2, 2008, DESULPHURIZATION OF LEAD CAKE BY SODIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE D. Atanasova 1, N. Lyakov, V. Vassilev 1, G. Angelov 2, G. Haralampiev 1 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kl. Ohridski, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria venciv@uctm.edu 2 KCM 2000 S. A. Plovdiv, Assenovgradsko shosse, Bulgaria Received 11 March 2008 Accepted 12 May 2008 ABSTRACT Investigations are carried out related to desulphurization of Pb-cake by Na 2 and NaOH and the optimum conditions for process running are defined in two installations: laboratory agitator and drum type rotary reactor. The degree of desulphurization by Na 2 reaches %, while by NaOH %, values which satisfy the technological and ecological requirements for processing of Pb-cake. The content of impurities in the solutions is also examined with a view to produce sufficiently pure crystalline Na 2. The obtained solutions desulphurized by Na 2 are purer concerning the impurities Pb, Zn, Cd and Fe compared to those desulphurized by NaOH. The produced crystalline Na 2 is suitable to be used in other productions. Keywords: lead sulphate, desulphurization of Pb-cake, processing of Pb waste. INTRODUCTION Some secondary lead containing products contain considerable quantity of sulphur in the form of and the following ones refer to them: damped battery paste containing: Pb ( %) in the form of Pb (50-60 %), PbO 2 (30-35 %), PbO (10-15 %) and Sb (0,2-0,7 %) [1, 2]; Pb-cake from the hydrometallurgical cycle of Zn-production which contains: Pb ( %), Zn (8-10 %) and S (9-11 %), in the form of Pb, Zn and, respectively. As a rule Pb is desulfurized before melting [3-6]. The most often used reagents for that purpose are Na 2 and NaOH [1-8]. The interaction between Pb with Na 2 and NaOH goes according the reactions: Pb (solid) + Na 2 (liquid) Pb (solid) + Na 2 (liquid) (1) Pb (solid) + NaOH (liquid) Pb(OH) 2 (solid) + Na 2 (liquid) (2) The produced saturated solution is subjected to evaporation, centrifuging and precipitation of the crystalline Na 2 [7-9]. The following values are obtained for Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of reaction (1) at T=298 and T=343 Ê: o G = - 41,91 kj mol 298-1, K c = 2, (T=298 K) and K c = 2, (T=343 K The equilibrium constant values are high and it can be considered that in this temperature range the reaction continues to Pb exhaustion (if there are 267
2 Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 43, 2, 2008 present the necessary quantity of Na 2 and possibility for reagents contacts Another ground is the difference between the solubility products of Pb and Pb. At T=298 K they are: L(Pb ) = 1, and L(Pb ) = 7, These values provide the basis for the conclusion that if the reaction goes in solution then Pb shall pass in the solid phase, i.å. the 2 ions will replace 2 SO4 ions because of the lower Pb solubility [10]. The above said refers also to equation (2), where for desulphurization of Pb-containing products NaOH is used (at T=298 Ê, L(Pb(OH) 2 )=1, Pb- cake contains, besides Pb (30-45 %) and S (9-11 %), also Zn (8-10 %), Cu ( 0,5 %), Cd, Fe, As, Sb, Bi, etc. The solubility products of some of these metals are as follows [10]: When Na 2 is used: L(Pb )=7, ; L(Zn )=1, ; L(Cd )=5, ; L(Fe )= 3, ; L(Cu )=2, ; When NaOH is used: L(Pb(OH) 2 )=1, ; L(Zn(OH) 2 )=7, ; L(Cd(OH) 2 )=2, ; L(Cu(OH) 2 )=2, ; L(Fe(OH) 2 )=1, ; L(Fe(OH) 3 )=3, ; L(Bi(OH) 3 )=3, The desulphurization of lead containing products gives pure Na 2 solutions, which contain insignificant quantities of heavy metals and iron [11]. In connection to the above said and the fact that no data are found in the publications in relation to Pb- cake desulphurization from different authors, the aim of the present study is to: (i) determine the effects of the factors initial concentration of (Na 2 or NaOH) in the solution, liquid to solid phase ratio, process duration and temperature on the process characteristics - degree of Pbcake desulphurization and degree of reagent utilization; (ii) specify the optimum conditions for carrying out Pb-cake desulphurization by Na 2 or NaOH in dependence of the type of the reactors used; (iii) examine the content of impurities in the solutions with the purpose to produce sufficiently pure crystalline Na 2. EXPERIMENTAL Before desulphurization the Pb-cake is dried to constant weight. The experiments are performed in standard reactor with laboratory agitator (ER 10) or in drum type rotary reactor VEB Elmo Hartha (DDR) and for every experiment 200 g of Pb-cake is used. There is studied Pb-cake from the hydrometallurgical cycle of Zn-production of the following composition [%]: Pb - 38,35; sulphate sulphur ( SSO ) - 9,9; sulphide sulphur 4 (S S ) - 0,5; Zn - 8,34. The paste composition is determined by chemical analysis and the content of sulphate sulphur S 2 SO 4 by gravimetric analysis. The lead cake is treated by Na 2 or NaOH solution of preset initial concentration and liquid to solid phase ratio at defined temperature and duration of the desulphurization process. After completion of the chemical treatment the pulp is filtered and the solid phase washed by warm water on the filter, dried to constant weight and analyzed 2-2- for content. The content in the solid phase is determined by gravimetric method. The liquid phases 2 are analyzed for SO - 4, Na 2 or NaOH contents. The content of free Na 2 and NaOH in the liquid phases (residual concentration) is determined by titration with 0,1 Ì HCl and indicator methyl orange. The desulphurization degree á [%] is calculated by the formula: where: Ds and Ds are initial and residual SO 2- (initial) (final) 4 concentration. The reagent utilization degree â [%] is calculated by the formula: where: C (initial) and C (final) - initial and residual reagent concentration, g L -1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Investigation of the desulphurization process in the lead cake treatment by Na 2 Effect of Na 2 concentration The effect of the Na 2 initial concentration (C initial ) in the solution during the Pb-cake treatment by 268
3 D. Atanasova, N. Lyakov, V. Vassilev, G. Angelov, G. Haralampiev Fig. 1. Effect of Na 2 initial concentration on the degree of Pb-cake desulphurization (α) and degree of Na 2 utilization (β) for m=2,5; t=40; τ=90 min and C initial =140 g L -1 Na 2 (6,7 % excess), 155 g L -1 (18,2 % excess), 170 g L -1 (29,6 % excess) and 185 g L -1 (41,0 % excess): - laboratory agitator (α 1 ); - rotary reactor (α 2 Fig. 2. Effect of the process duration (τ) of Pb- cake desulphurization by Na 2 on the degree of Pb-cake desulphurization (α) and degree of Na 2 utilization (β) for m=2,5, C initial =155 g L -1 Na 2 and τ= 5, 15, 30 and 60 min : - laboratory agitator (α 1 ); -rotary reactor (α 2 laboratory agitator and drum type rotary reactor (Fig.1) is studied for liquid to solid phase ratio = 2,5:1 (m=2,5), temperature t=40 o C, process duration ô= 90 min and C initial =140 g L -1 (6,7 % excess), 155 g L -1 (18,2 % excess), 170 g L -1 (29,6 % excess) and 185 g L -1 (41,0 % excess The results obtained clearly display the above described kinetic dependences, i.e. with increase of the concentration the desulphurization degree grows but the degree of reagent utilization decreases. For optimum concentration C initial =155 g L -1 Na 2 could be accepted. It should be noted that the results of the cake treatment in a rotary reactor are higher (á 2 = 94,8 %) compared to those of the treatment by standard reactor with laboratory agitator (á 1 = 92,4 % The inconvenience when using rotary reactor is the maintenance of a constant temperature as the heating of the pulp is difficult. Our previous investigations [11] reveal that when the ratio m is increased from 2,0 to 3,5 the degree of Na 2 utilization (â) decreases from 99,04 to 13,92 %, while the degree of Pb-cake desulphurization (á) increases from 80,41 to 95,93 %. This rule is more strongly expressed in the range m=2,0-2,5. At greater values of m the desulphurization degree grows slightly but on the account of this the degree of Na 2 utilization decreases and the total volume of the system increases. As a result of this the reagent consumption is increased which in its turn results in the formation of insoluble double salts Na 2 Pb 2 ( ) 2 OH and NaH [5]. The value of the relation m=2,5 is recommended as optimum. Effect of the duration of the desulphurization process by Na 2 The effect of the duration of the cake desulphurization by Na 2 (ô= 5, 15, 30 and 60 min) is studied in standard reactor with laboratory agitator and in drum type rotary reactor (Fig.2) under the following conditions: C initial =155 g L -1 Na 2 (18,2 % excess), m= 2,5, t= 40 o C. In case of stirring by laboratory agitator optimum desulphurization degree is obtained for ô= 30 (min - 92,4 % Optimum values for the desulphurization degree in rotary reactor are obtained in the range min (92,8 % - 93,6 % This fact suggests that the process may be carried out in continuous mode of operation. The concentrations of impurities in the solutions are as follows [mg L -1 ]: 30 min: Pb < 0,1; Zn < 0,5; Cd - 0,04-0,28; Fe < 1,00-1,38; 45 min: Pb < 0,1; Zn < 4,0-16,0; Cd - 1,3-10,0; Fe - 1,2-1,7. By experiments performed in advance it is found out that the temperature affects slightly the process char- 269
4 Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 43, 2, 2008 a) Fig. 3. Effect of the NaOH initial concentration on the degree of Pb-cake desulphurization (α) and the degree of NaOH utilization (β) for m=2,5; t= 40; τ=30 min and C initial =104 g L -1 NaOH (5 % excess), 118 g L -1 (19 % excess), 135 g L -1 (36 % excess) and 150 g L -1 (51 % excess): - laboratory agitator (α 1 ); - rotary reactor (α 2 b) acteristics. If there is such influence it is related to the properties of Na 2 and Na 2 [10,12,13]. The best results are obtained in the temperature range of o C, where the values of the desulphurization degree are approximately equal. Investigation of the desulphurization process in the lead cake treatment by NaOÍ Effect of NaOH concentration The studies are performed under the following conditions: C initial =104 g L -1 NaOH (5% excess), 118 g L -1 (19 % excess), 135 g L -1 (36 % excess) è 150 g L -1 (51 % excess); m=2,5, ô=30 min, t= 40 o C (Fig.3 With concentration of 104 g L -1 (5 % excess) very good results are obtained concerning (á), but NaOH utilization (â) is high which imposes increase of C initial NaOH for practical assurance of the process run. The optimum NaOH concentration in relation to the desulphurization degree in reactor with laboratory agitator and in rotary reactor is 118 g L -1 (19 % excess The Pb concentration in the solution for 118 g L -1 NaOH is 1724,6 mg L -1 and for 104 g L -1 it is 2,18 mg L -1. Fig. 4. Effect of the liquid to solid phase ratio (m) on the Pbcake desulphurization degree (α) and the degree of NaOH utilization (β) for C initial =104 g L-1 NaOH, respectively - m=2 (16 % insufficiency), m=2,5 (5 % excess), m=3 (26 % excess) and m=3,5 (47 % excess); t=40 o C and τ=30 min: a) laboratory agitator (α 1 ); b) rotary reactor (α 2 Effect of the liquid to solid phase ratio The investigations are performed in both types of the reactors under the following conditions: C initial =104 g L -1 NaOH, at liquid to solid phase ratio - m=2 (16 % insufficiency), m=2,5 (5 % excess), m=3 (26 % excess), m=3,5 (47 % excess); at t=40 o C and ô=30 min, respectively (Fig.4 The optimum value of the liquid to solid phase ratio is m=2,5 (á=92,8 % - in reactor with laboratory agitator and á=93,2 % - in rotary reactor 270
5 D. Atanasova, N. Lyakov, V. Vassilev, G. Angelov, G. Haralampiev a) b) desulphurization degree has high values 95,7-96,3 % and 96,5-96,8 %, respectively. In case of desulphurization in reactor with laboratory agitator and 118 g L -1 NaOH, the impurities concentrations in the solution mg L -1 are: Pb-1724,6; Zn- 154,4, Cd<0,01 and Fe-1,07. In case of desulphurization in rotary reactor the impurities concentrations in the solution mg L -1 are: For concentration 104 g L -1 NaOH: Pb - 49,28; Zn - 20,85; Cd < 0,01; Fe - 0,71; For concentration 118 g L -1 NaOH: Pb - 104,35; Zn - 57,12; Cd < 0,01; Fe - 0,54. When using NaOH, it should be operated with excess of not more than %, because it is found out that when the reagent excess is greater the Pb concentration in the solution grows. CONCLUSIONS Fig. 5. Effect of the process duration (τ) of Pb-cake desulphurization by NaOH on the Pb-cake desulphurization degree (α) and degree of NaOH utilization (β) at m=2,5, t=40o C. Samples are examined at τ= 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min: a) laboratory agitator C initial =104 g L - 1 (α 1 ) and 118 g L -1 NaOH, (α 2 ); b) rotary reactor C initial =104 g L -1 (α 3, β 3 ) and 118 g L -1 NaOH, (α 4, β 4 Effect of the duration of the desulphurization process by NaOH The investigations are performed in both types of the reactors under the following conditions: C initial =104 g L -1 and 118 g L -1 NaOH, m=2,5, t=40 o C and process duration ô=5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min (Fig.5 In case of stirring by laboratory agitator and concentration of 104 g L -1 NaOH the optimum process duration is ô=30 min (á=92,8 %), and for concentration 118 g L -1 NaOH - ô=15 min (á=96,4 % The optimum process duration in rotary reactor for both concentrations is 5-15 min, and the On the basis of the experiments performed the following conclusions could be made: it is found out that the process goes more favorably in rotary reactor (for min), which provides precondition for continuous mode of operation; the degree of desulphurization by Na 2 reaches % and by NaOH %, values that meet the technological and environmental requirements for Pb-cake processing; the solutions obtained after desulphurization by Na 2 are more pure regarding the impurities Pb, Zn, Cd and Fe, compared to those by NaOH. In both cases the solutions could be used for production of pure crystalline Na 2. REFERENCES 1. N.K Lyakov, Vtorichna metalurgia na cvetnite metali i splavi, Martilen, Sofia, 1996, pp , (in Bulgarian 2. T.T. Chen, J.E. Dutrizac, The mineralogical characterization battery paste of lead-acid, Hydrometallurgy, 40, 1996, A.G. Morachevskii, Jurnal prikladnoi chimii, 70, 1, 1997, 3-15, (in Russian 4. European Patent Off. No EP A1, 1/ Y. Gong, J.E. Dutrizac, T.T. Chen, The conversion of lead sulphate to lead carbonate in sodium carbonate media, Hydrometallurgy, 28, 1992,
6 Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 43, 2, Y. Gong, J.E. Dutrizac, T.T. Chen, The reaction of anglesite (PbSO) crystals with sodium carbonate solutions,. Hydrometallurgy, 31, 1992, V.P. Yanakieva, V Petr, Solution regeneration after desulphurization of lead-acid battery pastes, National Science Fund, Ministry of Science and Education, Bulgaria under Contact No.TH-908/ A.G. Morachevskii, et al., Jurnal prikladnoi chimii, 66, 9, 1993, , (in Russian 9. A.G. Morachevskii, et al., Jurnal prikladnoi chimii, 70, 1, 1997, , (in Russian 10. Narachnik na chimika, Gostchimisdat, Moscow, III, 1962, (in Russian 11. D.A. Atanasova, N.K. Lyakov, V.S. Vassilev, G.D. Angelov, G.A. Haralampiev, Desulphurization of Pbcake by sodium carbonate, X National conference on metallurgy, Varna, Bulgaria, G. Remi, Cours neorganicheskoi chimii, Inostranaja literatura, Moscow, 1963, pp , (in Russian 13. Y. Lurie, Narachnik po analiticheskoi chimii. Gostchimisdat, Moscow, 1962, pp , (in Russian 272
O 5 EFFECT OF THE P 2 RATIO ON THE ZINC PHOSPHATE COATING FORMATION :NO 3-
Journal of the University Y. of Tumbaleva, Chemical Technology D. Ivanova, and L. Fachikov Metallurgy, 46, 4, 2011, 357362 EFFECT OF THE P 2 RATIO ON THE ZINC PHOSPHATE COATING FORMATION Y. Tumbaleva,
More informationChapter 17 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria
Chem 1046 General Chemistry by Ebbing and Gammon, 8th Edition Prof George W.J. Kenney, Jr Last Update: 27Nov2008 Chapter 17 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria These Notes are to SUPPLIMENT the Text,
More information1. The equation that represents the equilibrium in a saturated solution of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is.. The precipitate which forms first is
CHEMISTRY 12 UNIT 3 - REVIEW Ksp Part A - Multiple Choice 1. The equation that represents the equilibrium in a saturated solution of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is A. Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (s) 3 Fe 2+ (aq) + 2 SO 4 3 (aq)
More informationT 619 cm-84 TENTATIVE STANDARD 1933 OFFICIAL STANDARD 1935 CORRECTED 1944 CORRECTED 1953 CLASSICAL METHOD TAPPI. Analysis of salt cake
T 619 cm-8 TENTATIVE STANDARD 19 OFFICIAL STANDARD 195 CORRECTED 19 CORRECTED 195 CLASSICAL METHOD 198 198 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee
More informationWhat is: (a) aqua fortis, (b) aqua regia (c) Fixation of Nitrogen?
EXERCISE.1 Question 1: What is: (a) aqua fortis, (b) aqua regia (c) Fixation of Nitrogen? Solution 1: Book Name: Selina concise (a) Aqua fortis: Nitric acid is called aqua fortis. Aqua fortis means strong
More informationTopic Reacting masses Level GCSE Outcomes 1. To calculate reacting masses 2. To set out mole calculations in a grid format
Topic Reacting masses Level GCSE Outcomes 1. To calculate reacting masses 2. To set out mole calculations in a grid format Problems on Reacting Masses of Solids Section 1 1. What is the mass of magnesium
More informationMark Stevenson Ecobat Technologies
Mark Stevenson Ecobat Technologies Secondary Lead 50 years ago The history of secondary lead and its operations are quite different to those of the primaries In many countries it was just been considered
More informationQuestion 6.1: Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain. The reduction potentials of zinc and iron are lower than that of copper. In hydrometallurgy, zinc and iron can be used to
More informationGeneral Principle of Isolation of Elements (NCERT)
Question 6.1: Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain. The reduction potentials of zinc and iron are lower than that of copper. In hydrometallurgy, zinc and iron can be used to
More informationDTA AND TGA STUDY OF MeSO 4 (Me = Fe, Co, Ni) DISSOCIATION IN THE PRESENCE OF COKE
Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 38 (1 2) B (02) 103-116 DTA AND TGA STUDY OF MeSO 4 (Me = Fe, Co, Ni) DISSOCIATION IN THE PRESENCE OF COKE B S Boyanov Abstract University of Plovdiv, Faculty of Chemistry,
More informationTutorial 3 Unit 3 - Solubility
Tutorial 3 Unit 3 - Solubility The Answer is A Answer A is the primary condition for solubility equilibrium. Remember the solution is also called saturated. B, of course is wrong because these opposing
More informationQualitative Analysis. István Szalai. Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University
Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University 2016 Cations (Group I-III) The cations of Group I can be precipitated as sulfides from acidic solution (ph 2) by H 2 S; the precipitates are insoluble in (NH 4
More informationElectrochemistry Written Response
Electrochemistry Written Response January 1999 7. Balance the following redox reaction in acidic solution: RuO 4 + P Ru(OH) 2 2+ + H 3 PO 3 (acid) (3 marks) 8. A technician tests the concentration of methanol,
More informationPrecipitation of Nickel Hydroxide from Simulated and Atmospheric-Leach Solution of Nickel Laterite Ore
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 ( 2013 ) 457 464 International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology, CINEST 2012 Precipitation of Nickel Hydroxide
More informationTechnological Research of. Multicomponent Middlings Processing. II. Technological Scheme of Sulfide. Multicomponent Middlings Leaching
Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 8, 2015, no. 24, 1105-1109 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2015.58246 Technological Research of Multicomponent Middlings Processing II.
More information1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO(s) + C(s) 2Pb(s) + CO 2 (g) a. Lead is getting reduced b. Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised c. Carbon is getting oxidised
More informationGENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY
GENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY 1. What is matrix? The ore is generally associated with rock impurities like clay, sand etc. called gangue or matrix 2. What is mineral? The natural
More informationChemical reactions and electrolysis
Chemical reactions and electrolysis Higher Revision Questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 95 minutes Marks: 95 marks Comments: Page of 29 (a) Magnesium metal is shaped to make magnesium ribbon. Explain why
More information2.4 Period 3. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2.4 Period 3 Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Periodicity: Periodicity: The repeating trends in physical and chemical properties of elements as you go across the Periodic Table Periods often show gradual
More informationTwo-stage precipitation process of iron and arsenic from acid leaching solutions
Two-stage precipitation process of iron and arsenic from acid leaching solutions N. J. BOLIN, J. E. SUNDKVIST Boliden Mineral AB, SE-936 81 Boliden, SWEDEN Received 20 September 2008; accepted 5 November
More informationZINC-MANGANESE PHOSPHATING OF CARBON STEELS: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS AND COATINGS
Journal of the University L. of Fachikov, Chemical D. Technology Ivanova, D. and Dimov Metallurgy,,,, - ZINC-MANGANESE PHOSPHATING OF CARBON STEELS: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS AND COATINGS L. Fachikov,
More informationthe Phase Diagrams Today s Topics
MME 291: Lecture 03 Introduction to the Phase Diagrams Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Concept of alloying Classification of alloys Introduction to the phase diagram
More informationMETHOD FOR ALUMINUM DROSS UTILIZATION
MK0400046 METHOD FOR ALUMINUM DROSS UTILIZATION Assis.Prof.B.Lucheva, Assoc.Prof.Dr. R.Petkov and Assis.Prof.Tz.Tzonev University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridsky Blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [ ] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Material Containing Non-Ferrous Metals and Inorganic Aqueous Solutions Kenzhaliyev B.K. 1, Berkinbayeva A.N. 2*, Suleimenov E.N. 3, Dosymbayeva Z.D. 4, Chukmanova
More informationQuestion Answer Notes Marks number 1 (a) (i) Any two from: 2 M1 calcium/solid/it disappears
Answer Notes Marks (a) (i) Any two from: M calcium/solid/it disappears ACCEPT dissolves / gets smaller IGNORE mass decreases M bubbles (of gas) / fizzing / effervescence ACCEPT gas given off IGNORE hydrogen
More informationCalculation of the free Gibbs energy of phase transitions using solubility data. 1. The system Na 2. O at 15 C: Stable and metastable equilibria* SO 4
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 10, pp. 1793 1800, 2002. 2002 IUPAC Calculation of the free Gibbs energy of phase transitions using solubility data. 1. The system Na 2 SO 4 Na 2 SeO 4 H 2 O at 15 C: Stable
More informationCHEMICAL, PHASE COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY OF COPPER CAKE AS A SECOND MATERIAL FOR PURE COPPER ELECTROEXTRACTION. Gyunver HODJAOGLU, Ivan IVANOV
CHEMICAL, PHASE COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY OF COPPER CAKE AS A SECOND MATERIAL FOR PURE COPPER ELECTROEXTRACTION Gyunver HODJAOGLU, Ivan IVANOV Rostislaw Kaischew Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian
More informationNATIONAL BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD (GENERAL EDUCATION EXAMINATION) MAY/JUNE 2007 SECTION B CHEMISTRY (ESSAY) TIME: 1 HOUR 40 MINUTES
NATIONAL BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD (GENERAL EDUCATION EXAMINATION) MAY/JUNE 2007 SECTION B CHEMISTRY (ESSAY) TIME: 1 HOUR 40 MINUTES 1. (a) Give THREE differences between a physical and
More informationLEACHING OF STIBNITE BY MIXED Na 2 S AND NaOH SOLUTIONS
1. Emília SMINČÁKOVÁ, Pavel RASCHMAN LEACHING OF STIBNITE BY MIXED Na 2 S AND NaOH SOLUTIONS 1. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOŠICE, FACULTY OF METALLURGY, LETNÁ 9, 042 00 KOŠICE, SLOVAKIA ABSTRACT: Kinetics
More informationUnit 3 - Solubility Practice Test # 2
1. onsider the following experiment: Unit 3 Solubility Practice Test # 2 1.0 ml 0.20 M g + + an unknown solution precipitate 1.0 ml 020 M Sr 2+ + an unknown solution no precipitate The unknown solution
More informationGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
INTEXT QUESTIONS GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS Question 6.1: Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method? If the ore or the gangue
More informationWarm Up (Sept 12) How will an atom change if you change the number of: a) Protons?
Warm Up (Sept 12) How will an atom change if you change the number of: a) Protons? b) Electrons? c) Neutrons? 1 CH3OS Warm Up (Sept 13) 1. What is an isotope? 2. Neon has two major isotopes, Neon 20 and
More informationHydrometallurgy (2012) Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy 117-118 (2012) 24 31 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Hydrometallurgy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hydromet Preparation of basic lead oxide from spent lead
More informationICSE-Science 2 (Chemistry) 2000
ICSE-Science 2 (Chemistry) 2000 Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading
More informationPrecipitation Reactions and Gravimetric Analysis
Precipitation Reactions and Gravimetric Analysis Titrations where the titrant forms a precipitate with the analyte. Not always so straightforward a number of requirements need to be met. Precipitation
More informationThermodynamics and Electrode Potential ME Dr. Zuhair M. Gasem
Thermodynamics and Electrode Potential ME 472-062 Copyright Dr. Zuhair M. Gasem Corrosion Science and Engineering 2 Corrosion Science Engineering: corrosion forms, and controlling methods Chpater2 Thermodynamics
More informationLead and tin removal from antimony metal by refining process with phosphorus compounds
UDC 622.245.5 Lead and tin removal from antimony metal by refining process with phosphorus compounds Berdikulova F.A. Candidate in Technical Sciences Mazulevskiy E.A. Candidate in Chemical Sciences, Sydykov
More informationSolution 2: Class X Chapter-4 Analytical Chemistry Chemistry. Book Name: Selina Concise EXERCISE- 1 (A)
EXERCISE- 1 (A) Book Name: Selina Concise Question 1: Write the probable colour of the following salts. (a) Ferrous salts (b) Ammonium salts (c) Cupric salts (d) Calcium salts (e) Aluminium Salts Solution
More informationSome Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Q 1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry What weight of AgCI will be precipitated when a solution containing 4.77 g of NaCI is added to a solution of 5.77 g of AgNO 3? (IIT JEE 1978 3 Marks) Q 2. One gram
More informationChem 1120 Pretest 3 Fall 2015
Chem 1120 Pretest 3 Fall 2015 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following solubility product expressions is incorrect? a. Cu
More informationGraspIT AQA GCSE Chemical changes
A. Reactivity of metals The reactivity series, metal oxides and extractions 1. Three metals, X, Y and Z were put into water. The reactions are shown below: a) Use the diagrams to put metals X, Y and Z
More informationThis section describes the chemicals, apparatus and experimental procedure used.
7 EXPERIMENTAL 7.1 Introduction This section describes the chemicals, apparatus and experimental procedure used. 7.2 Apparatus and Reagents 7.2.1 Reagents Table 7.1: Reagents used Name Purity Supplier
More informationELUTION BEHAVIOR OF PHOSPHATE CONTAINED IN Mg/Fe AND Zn/Fe LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES
Advanced Materials Development and Performance (AMDP11) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 6 (12) 156-161 World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 1.112/S11951318 ELUTION BEHAVIOR
More informationZINC RECOVERY FROM WASTES USING SPENT ACID FROM SCRAPPED LEAD ACID BATTERIES
ZINC RECOVERY FROM WASTES USING SPENT ACID FROM SCRAPPED LEAD ACID BATTERIES Zdenek Kunicky, Kovohute Pribram nastupnicka, a.s., Czech Republic Jitka Jandova, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering,
More informationExercise 6a. Balancing equations
Exercise 6a Balancing equations Balance the following equations. To get you started _ indicates the first six questions where numbers need to be inserted to achieve the balance. In one or two difficult
More informationChapter 18 Homework Answers
Chapter 18 Homework Answers 18.19 (a) AgI(s) Ag + + I K sp = [Ag + ][I ] (b) Ag PO (s) Ag + + PO K sp = [Ag + ] [PO ] (c) PbCrO (s) Pb + + CrO K sp = [Pb + ][CrO ] (d) Al(OH) (s) Al + + OH K sp = [Al +
More informationProblems and Prospects of Halogen Element Contained Dust Treatment in Recycling
Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 12 (2003) pp. 2422 to 2426 Special Issue on New Systems and Processes in Recycling and High Performance Waste Treatments #2003 The Japan Institute of Metals OVERVIEW
More informationMETALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS Metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron loss, while non-metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron gain. Metals are in groups 1, 2 and 3 of the periodic table.
More informationCHAPTER 9 PHASE DIAGRAMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 9 PHASE DIAGRAMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Solubility Limit 9.1 Consider the sugar water phase diagram of Figure 9.1. (a) How much sugar will dissolve in 1500 g water at 90 C (194 F)? (b) If the saturated
More informationPhosphate recovery from sewage sludge in combination with supercritical water oxidation
Phosphate recovery from sewage sludge in combination with supercritical water oxidation Feralco AB, Industrigatan 126, SE-252 32 Helsingborg, Sweden (E-mail: info@feralco.com) Abstract Supercritical Water
More information(06) WMP/Jun10/CHEM5
Period 3 Elements 6 2 Sodium, aluminium and silicon are solid elements with a silver colour. These elements react with oxygen to form oxides with high melting points. Aluminium is a reactive metal, but
More informationIMPC 2016: XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress Proceedings - ISBN:
SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID CONSUMPTION IN RARE EARTH EXTRACTION FROM FERROCARBONATITE (MONTVIEL PROJECT) *P. Hajiani GéoMégA 475 Av Victoria St. Lambert, Canada J4P 2J1 (*Corresponding
More informationMn recovery from medium grade ore using a waste cellulosic reductant
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 16, July 2009, pp. 322-327 Mn recovery from medium grade ore using a waste cellulosic reductant D Hariprasad, B Dash, M K Ghosh* & S Anand Institute of Minerals
More information1. Scaling. H.O.: H-5/21, KRISHNA NAGAR, DELHI Tel.: , Fax:
Boiler Water Problems and Its Causes Water is the essential medium for steam generation. Conditioning it properly can increase the efficiency of boiler and as well as extend the boiler s life. Treating
More informationREMOVAL OF HARDNESS BY PRECIPITATION
REMOVAL OF HARDNESS BY PRECIPITATION Hardness divalent cations If hardness is too high Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ + Fe 2+ + Mn 2+ + Sr 2+... precipitation of soap, scaling on pipes, boilers, cooling towers, heat exchangers.
More informationTest sticks and test papers for semi-quantitative determinations
QUANTOFIX test sticks for semi-quantitative determinations QUANTOFIX test sticks meet the most important requirements for a modern quick-test: rapid dip and read convenient the analysis can be carried
More informationSolubility Equi librium Ksp. Chapter 17 Sections
Solubility Equi librium Ksp Chapter 17 Sections 17.4 17.6 1 Precipitation Reactions Earlier in this course, we considered precipitation reactions zinc nitrate reacts with sodium hydroxide Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH
More informationHydrometallurgy (2013) Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy 134 135 (2013) 47 53 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Hydrometallurgy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hydromet Preparation of lead carbonate from spent lead
More informationAP*Chemistry Solubility Equilibria
AP*Chemistry Solubility Equilibria SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA (K sp, THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT) Saturated solutions of salts are another type of chemical equilibria. Remember those solubility rules? The fine print
More informationBackground Statement for SEMI Draft Document 4795 (Yellow Ballot) NEW STANDARD: SPECIFICATIONS FOR NITRIC ACID, USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
Background Statement for SEMI Draft Document 4795 (Yellow Ballot) NEW STANDARD: SPECIFICATIONS FOR NITRIC ACID, USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS Note: This background statement is not part of the balloted
More informationCOMPLEX PROCESSING OF POLYMETALLIC LEAD-ZINC ORE. Abstract
COMPLEX PROCESSING OF POLYMETALLIC LEAD-ZINC ORE I.G. Antropova a,b,, A.Y. Dambayeva a,1 a Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of science, Sakhyanova str., 6, Ulan-Ude
More informationSurTec 717 R Alkaline Zinc/Nickel Process
Protection upgraded SurTec 717 R Alkaline Zinc/Nickel Process Properties optimized for rack plating tolerates higher temperatures with high burning limit achieves superior metal distribution produces uniform
More informationLEACHING OF SPENT BATTERIES POWDER WITH SODIUM CARBONATE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
LEACHING OF SPENT BATTERIES POWDER WITH SODIUM CARBONATE AND CARBON DIOXIDE R. K. K. Mbaya 1, K. Prempall 2 and K. Lonji 3 1,2 Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Tshwane University of
More informationI. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. PROPERTY METALS NON-METALS 1.Lustre Metals have shining surface. They do not have shining surface.
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals on the basis of their properties. Example of some metals are : Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) Examples of some non-metals are :
More informationQualitative Analysis. István Szalai. Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University
Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University 2011 Solubility of sulfides in acidic solutions Zn 2+ + S 2 ZnS S 2 + H + HS HS + H + H 2 S Does the ZnS precipitate form in a solution which is 0.1M for aceteic
More informationRecovery of Nickel Oxide from Primary-type Portable Spent Battery: an Experimental Strategy
Recovery of Nickel Oxide from Primary-type Portable Spent Battery: an Experimental Strategy Vinay K. Jha 1, and Michihiro Miyake 2 1 Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu
More informationSULFURATION TREATMENT OF ELECTROPLATING WASTEWATER FOR SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF COPPER, ZINC AND NICKEL RESOURCE
Global NEST Journal, Vol 8, No 2, pp 131-136, 20 Copyright 20 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved SULFURATION TREATMENT OF ELECTROPLATING WASTEWATER FOR SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF COPPER, ZINC
More informationExperimental technique. Revision 1. Electroplating an iron key with copper metal
Experimental technique. Revision 1 Electroplating an iron key with copper metal Aim To investigate whether Faraday s laws apply to the electroplating of a brass key with nickel Procedure The apparatus
More informationOxygen Formula: O 2 Bonding: covalent Appearance: colourless gas. Oxygen is one of the two main gases in our atmosphere, the other being nitrogen.
Composition of the air Air is a mixture of gases. The approximate amount if each gas in dry air is shown in the pie chart (right), but you should be aware that air also contains a variable amount of water
More informationJACOBS NEW PROCESS FOR REMOVING IRON FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID FINAL REPORT
JACOBS NEW PROCESS FOR REMOVING IRON FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID FINAL REPORT Stephen W. Hilakos Process Engineer 3149 Winter Lake Road, Lakeland, FL 33803 P.O. Box 2008, Lakeland, FL 33806-2008 Prepared for
More informationIntroduction to the phase diagram Uses and limitations of phase diagrams Classification of phase diagrams Construction of phase diagrams
Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Concept of alloying Classification of alloys Introduction to the phase diagram Uses and limitations of phase diagrams Classification of phase diagrams
More informationJSUNIL TUTORIAL, SAMASTIPUR
Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Q 1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air? Ans. Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with a sandpaper.
More informationSodium Peroxides (Na 2 O 2 ): Preparation: It is formed by heating the metal in excess of air or oxygen at 300, which is free from
S-Block Elements Generally one question was asked every year from this topic. This is completely theoretical and little memory based. Last minute revision generally helps. The general trends in the properties
More informationThe Rapid Size- and Shape-Controlled Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Sulphide Nanomaterials.
The Rapid Size- and Shape-Controlled Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Sulphide Nanomaterials. Peter W. Dunne, Chris L. Starkey, Miquel Gimeno-Fabra and Edward H. Lester.* Department of Chemical
More informationCHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY
CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY The chlor-alkali industry represents of three major industrial chemicals: Soda ash (sodium carbonate-na 2 CO 3 ) Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide-naoh) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) These chemicals
More informationUnit 5 Review Electrolytic, Electrochemical Cells, Corrosion, & Cathodic Protection
Unit 5 Review Electrolytic, Electrochemical Cells, Corrosion, & Cathodic Protection Determine the half reactions for each cell and the cell voltage or minimum theoretical voltage. 1. Zn / Mg electrochemical
More informationCOBALT SALTS PRODUCTION BY USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION
COBALT SALTS PRODUCTION BY USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION Liudmila V. Dyakova*, Aleksander G. Kasikov, Elena S. Kshumaneva, Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare
More informationKINETIC STUDY OF LEACHING STIBNITE IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
KINETIC STUDY OF LEACHING STIBNITE IN SODIUM HYDROIDE SOLUTION Emília SMINČÁKOVÁ, Ľudmila KOMOROVÁ Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Košice, SLOVAKIA ABSTRACT:
More informationSOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section
SOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section Multiple Choice Section: This study guide is a compilation of questions from provincial exams since 2000. I urge you to become intimately familiar with question
More informationI. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PROPERTY METALS NON-METALS
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals on the basis of their properties. Example of some metals are : Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) Examples of some non-metals are :
More informationTHE CESL PROCESS: SUCCESSFUL REFINING OF A COMPLEX COPPER SULPHIDE CONCENTRATE
THE CESL PROCESS: SUCCESSFUL REFINING OF A COMPLEX COPPER SULPHIDE CONCENTRATE GLENN BARR AND WILLY GRIEVE 1 INTRODUCTION Cominco Engineering Services Ltd. (CESL) is a wholly - owned subsidiary of Cominco
More informationRESEARCH PROGRESS OF DESULPHURIZATION METHODS FOR SCRAP LEAD PASTE
International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research 2015 Vol. 3, No. 3, 58-64. ISSN(e): 2311-763X ISSN(p): 2312-0991 DOI: 10.18488/journal.64/2015.3.3/64.3.58.64 RESEARCH PROGRESS OF DESULPHURIZATION
More informationSet 3 Marking Scheme : Electrochemistry Na +, H + -, NO 3, OH -, OH - Na +, H + OH - Its lower than in electrochemical series
8. Write the formula of all ions present in the electrolyte. Write the formula of ion/ions which is/are attracted to anode and cathode. Which is selectively discharged? Give a reason. Write the half equation
More informationPredicting Reaction Products
Predicting Reaction Products Once you classify a chemical reaction, write the products and balance the reaction. Review Diatomic Molecules! Elements that exist only as compounds in the natural world: Iodine
More informationCHEMISTRY 112 EXAM 3 JUNE 17, 2011 FORM A
CHEMISTRY 112 EXAM 3 JUNE 17, 2011 FORM A 1. Consider the following reaction: A + B C + D What are the signs of ΔH and ΔS for the reaction to always be spontaneous? ΔH ΔS A. + + B. C. + D. + 2. What is
More informationOxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction An oxidation reaction is one in which oxygen is added to a substance. Example: Methane is oxidised when it burns in air. Oxygen is added to the carbon in methane, forming carbon
More informationUranium Leaching by Sulfuric Acid in the Presence of a Catalyst under Laboratory Conditions
217 IJSRST Volume 3 Issue 1 Print ISSN: 2395-611 Online ISSN: 2395-62X Themed Section: Science and Technology Uranium Leaching by Sulfuric Acid in the Presence of a Catalyst under Laboratory Conditions
More informationPARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE LEACHABILITY OF CALCINES EMANATING FROM MICROWAVE ROASTED SPHALERITE AND PYRITE CONCENTRATES
PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE LEACHABILITY OF CALCINES EMANATING FROM MICROWAVE ROASTED SPHALERITE AND PYRITE CONCENTRATES Abstract Antoine Floribert Mulaba-Bafubiandi and T. Phiri The Southern African Institute
More informationThis makes lead-acid battery disposal extremely successful from both environmental and cost perspectives.
Battery Recycling LEAD RECLAMATION FROM SPENT BATTERIES 1. SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD-ACID BATTER RECYCLING Lead-acid batteries are the environmental success story of our time. More than 98 percent of all battery
More informationReactivity Series. Question Paper. Cambridge International Examinations. Score: /39. Percentage: /100
Reactivity Series Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Topic Sub-Topic ooklet O Level hemistry ambridge International Examinations Metals Reactivity Series Question Paper Time llowed: 47 minutes Score:
More informationLecture 11. Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
Lecture 11 Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble Compounds Exceptions Acetates, Nitrates, Chlorates Na +, K +, NH 4 + compounds None None Halides ( Cl -, Br -, I - ) Ag +, Hg 2 2+, Cu +, Pb 2+
More information2K CrO H SO K CrO K SO H O potassium dichromate yellow. orange
Potassium dichromate, (KCrO7) Potassium dichromate is one of the most important compound of chromium, and also among dichromates. In this compound Cr is in the hexavalent (+6) state. Preparation : It can
More informationTechnical Data. Typical Chemical & Physical Characteristics
Technical Data S-940 Macroporous Aminophosphonic Chelating Resin (Especially for decalcification of brine solutions) Section V. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Purolite S-9 40 is a chelating resin of macroporous structure,
More informationEURARE Kvanefjeld Refinery Demo Plant Work Package 5
EURARE Kvanefjeld Refinery Demo Plant Work Package 5 October 2015 About Outotec Research Laboratories Highly Skilled and Experienced in Atmospheric Leaching Located in Pori, Finland Part of Outotec Global
More informationELIMINATION AND RECOVERY OF ANTIMONY FROM COPPER RESOURCES
ELIMINATION AND RECOVERY OF ANTIMONY FROM COPPER RESOURCES Samuel A. Awe (1), Caisa Samuelsson (2), Åke Sandström (3) Minerals and Metals Research Laboratory, MiMeR, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering,
More informationNew Approaches on Non Ferrous Metals Electrolysis
A publication of 61 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 41, 2014 Guest Editors: Simonetta Palmas, Michele Mascia, Annalisa Vacca Copyright 2014, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-32-7; ISSN 2283-9216
More informationfor production of 2-[ F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose with the
Reagents Kit 18 for production of 2-[ F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose with the GE TRACERlab MX FDG Module Catalog No.: RK-100 Date of Manufacturing: Sep.16 2008 Lot No.: RK-100-080916 Expiry Date: Sep.15 2009
More information3. [7 points] How many significant figures should there be in the answer to the following problem?
1 of 6 10/20/2009 3:52 AM 1. [7 points] What is the correct name for ZnF 2? (a) zinc fluorine (b) zinc (II) fluoride (c) zinc fluoride (d) fluoride zinc 2. [7 points] What is the correct name for P 2 O
More informationIndustrial Solutions
Industrial Solutions The Value of Water Water is becoming an increasingly valuable commodity worldwide. While drinking water has the highest value, industry, agriculture, food processing and residential
More informationProcess Intensification of Zinc Oxide Leaching Process Using Sulphuric Acid
, October 19-1, 11, San Francisco, USA Process Intensification of Zinc Oxide Leaching Process Using Sulphuric Acid D Napo, Freeman Ntuli, Member, IAENG, Edison Muzenda, Member, IAENG, Mansoor Mollagee
More information