Comparison of Carbonation Models
|
|
- Garey Newton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Comparison of Carbonation Models I. Galan and C. Andrade Eduardo Torroja Institute IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT: In order to describe the CO 2 diffusion process into the concrete, several carbonation models have been proposed, being the simplest one based on the square root of time. Some authors, as Tuutti (1982), Bakker (1994) and Papadakis (1989), among others, have proposed models based on the CO 2 diffusion coefficient, that is, on the solution to Fick s second law. Parrott (1994) proposed a model based on the air permeability coefficient. Recently Castellote (2008) has also proposed a carbonation model based on the un-reacted core engineering model and also on the CO 2 diffusion coefficient. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare these carbonation models. The carbonation depth predicted by the models is also compared with the values experimentally measured in specimens exposed to natural carbonation in different environmental conditions. Finally, the main parameters in each model and their influence are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION As a diffusion process, carbonation is governed by Fick s law (1): being C, in this case, the concentration of CO 2, D the CO 2 diffusion coefficient, t the time, and x the CO 2 penetration depth. Varying the initial and boundary conditions several general solutions to this equation are obtained. Based on these general solutions to Fick s law several carbonation models have been proposed. Most of these models consider a constant CO 2 diffusion coefficient and non steady state conditions. Here a selection of some of the most significant models is presented. (1) 2 MODELS DESCRIPTION 2.1 General model based on the square root of time The simplest model proposed is the one based on the square root of time, defined by the expression in Eq. (2): where x is the penetration depth (mm), k is the carbonation rate (mm/year 1/2 ), characteristic of the exposure environment and the type of concrete, and t is the time (year). (2)
2 Calculating the carbonation rate for a certain depth at a certain time, it can be used for predicting carbonation depths at different times. 2.2 Models based on the CO 2 diffusion coefficient Tuutti Tuutti s model [1] is based on the mobile boundaries diffusion. This model estimates that the carbonation front advanced also proportional to the square root of time and it supposes that all CO 2 reacts with the solid phases, in such a way that beyond the carbonation front, the CO 2 concentration is zero, while above it, it is 100%. The reacted zone is well defined by a sharp front. The model proposed by Tuutti allows making predictions of the carbonation depth at different times using equation 3. (3) where C s is the CO 2 environmental concentration (kmol/m 3 ), C x is the CO 2 concentration bounded in the concrete (kmol/m 3 ), x is the carbonation depth (m), t is the time (s) and D is the CO 2 diffusion coefficient (m 2 /s). For calculating the CO 2 bound in the concrete, the following formula is used (4): where C a is the CaO concentration in cement (kg CaO/kg cement), HD is the hydration degree, which is a function of the w/c ratio, c is the cement quantity per m 3 of concrete (kg/m 3 ) and 56 is the CaO molecular weight. This model assumes that the diffusion takes place in a non-stationary state and that the diffusion coefficient D is constant and varies only as a function of the concrete humidity content. For estimating the CO 2 diffusion coefficient Tuutti provides diagrams for O 2 effective diffusion coefficient as a function of the water/cement ratio and the relative humidity (RH) for different type of cements and w/c ratios. It should be noted that the diffusion coefficients for O 2 and CO 2 are not identical, but as Tuutti states, since the moisture content of the concrete is the determinant parameter for CO 2 and O 2 diffusion a satisfactory relative measure can be obtained Bakker Bakker s model [2] considers that carbonation only progresses if the concrete is dry. Combining both processes, drying and carbonation, the model formulation is as follows (5): The effective carbonation time, t eff, is the sum of the dry periods minus the time it takes to dry out the concrete (6): (4) (5) (6) A y B are functions that define carbonation and drying rate, respectively, (7) and (8). (7) x n is the carbonation depth after the n th cycle (m), D C is the CO 2 diffusion coefficient at a given moisture distribution in the pores (m 2 /s), t dn is the length of the n th period (s), c 1 c 2 is the CO 2 (8) 42
3 concentration difference between air and the carbonation front (kg/m 3 ), a is the amount of alkaline substance in the concrete (kg CaO/ m 3 ) and it can be calculated with the expression (9): (9) where C a is the CaO concentration in cement (kg CaO/ 100 kg cement), HD is the hydration degree, c is the cement quantity per m 3 of concrete (kg/m 3 ) and M CO2 and M CaO are the CO 2 and CaO molecular weights respectively. D v is the effective diffusion coefficient for water vapour at a given moisture distribution in the pores (m 2 /s), b is the amount of water to evaporate from the concrete (kg/m 3 ), and c 3 c 4 is the difference in water vapour concentration at the drying front and outside the concrete (kg/m 3 ) Papadakis Papadakis proposes a mathematical model based on the physiochemical processes of the carbonation phenomenon [3-7]. It is a complex model, in which some simplifications can be done. The assumptions imply the formation of a carbonation front and lead to a simple analytical expression for calculating the evolution with time of this front, depending on compositional parameters of the cement and the concrete, as well as on the environmental conditions. In this model, based on the square root of time, the proportionality constant can be calculated from the portlandite, C-S-H gel, C 2 S and C 3 S quantities, the CO 2 concentration and its effective diffusion coefficient. The general formula for calculating the carbonation depth is (10): (10) The denominator is the total CaO molar concentration, in form of carbonatable materials. In case the material is completely hydrated [C 3 S] and [C 2 S] are equal to zero. The CO 2 effective diffusion coefficient is calculated by Papadakis by means of the following expression (11): being RH the relative humidity and ε p the paste porosity. Papadakis proposes some simplified expressions for calculating the carbonatable constituents concentrations and the paste porosity. From those expressions, which consider a concrete with no air occluded in it, with common gypsum values and with common clinker composition, he proposes a formula to calculate the carbonation depth, using the water/cement and aggregate/cement ratios, their respective densities, the relative humidity and the CO 2 concentration (12). (11) (12) Castellote Castellote s model [8] is based on the principles of the unreacted-core systems, typical of chemical engineering processes, in which the reacted product remains in the solid as a layer of inert ash, adapted for the specific case of carbonation. The model considers that the controlling 43
4 step in the carbonation rate is the CO 2 diffusion through the carbonated part of the sample. The first equation to be used for a cylindrical sample is the one for calculating the fractional conversion X S of the solid reactant s at time t (13). where r is the radius of the unreacted core (cm) and R is the radius of the cylinder (cm). After that, the time for complete conversion of the reactant τ (s), that is, for complete carbonation, can be calculated as follows (14). Finally, the diffusion coefficient D (cm 2 /s) can be calculated with the following equation (15). (13) (14) (15) where b is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction bs(s) + CO 2 ->., and ρ S is the molar fraction of the reactant in the solid (mol/cm 3 ). Castellote proposes simplified values for b and ρ S to be used in the model. The simplified relationship between ρ S and b is as follows (16): where RF is a reduction factor that takes into account the CO 2 concentration (17): If the samples are not cement paste, the factor CFP, Correcting Factor to Paste, must be used for correcting the amount of paste in the sample. The quantity of calcite formed when fully carbonating at 100% CO 2 is also calculated by Castellote and related to the amount of CaO in the binder. With all these values and simplifications equation 15 can be re-written as equation (18): (16) (17) (18) 2.3 Model based on the air permeability coefficient Parrott Parrott s empirical model [9] is based on the air permeability coefficient, determined in concretes pre-conditioned al 60% RH. The estimation of carbonation is made from oxygen permeability measurements, adjusting them to the humidity content in the concrete for each environment. The proposed expression is the following (19): where K is the air permeability coefficient (10-16 m 2 ), x is the carbonation depth (mm), and t is the time (year). c is the alkaline material in the concrete, the CaO in the hydrated cement matrix that can react with the CO 2 and that delays the CO 2 penetration rate. This parameter depends on cement composition, concrete mix proportions, exposure conditions and proportion of cement reacted. It is expressed in CaO kg per m 3 of cementitious matrix. Parrott proposes values of c related to the type of cement and the RH. It can also be calculated with the following formula (20): (19) 44
5 (20) where C is kg of cement per m 3 of concrete, C a is CaO kg per kg of cement, w is kg water per m 3 of concrete, and HD the hydration degree. The different humidity content in the concretes is taken into account in two ways: by calculating the K air for other RH than 60% as a function of the RH, and by making the n exponent of time evolve also as a function of RH. Based on experimental measurements, Parrott proposes an expression to relate the permeability coefficient with the diffusion coefficient (21): (21) 3 EXPERIMENTAL Concrete specimens were fabricated with CEM I 42,5R cement, with 63,8% CaO. The w/c ratio for the mix was 0,6 and the cement content was 300kg/m 3. The specimens were cylindrical 7,5cm diameter and 15cm height. The specimens were subjected to three different exposure conditions: inside, outside sheltered from rain and outside not sheltered from rain. After one year and after 3,7 years the carbonation depth of the specimens was measured by means of the phenolphthalein indicator. During the exposure time the characteristic parameters of environmental conditions, i.e. temperature, RH, precipitation and CO 2 concentration were measured regularly inside and outside. 4 RESULTS AND PREDICTIONS The average RH measured during the exposure time was 45% inside and 60% outside. The average CO 2 concentration was about 650 ppm, and outside about 500 ppm. 4.1 Depth prediction In figures 1, 2 and 3 the predicted values from the models of the carbonation depth as well as the experimental results obtained after one and 3,7 years are represented. Figure 1 represents the values for the specimens that were kept outside sheltered from rain, figure 2 for the ones that were outside not sheltered from rain and figure 3 the ones that were inside. For the calculations the diffusion coefficients were calculated from Tuutti s diagrams, considering that the CO 2 coefficient is about 0,78 times the O 2 coefficient, that is 7, m 2 /s for inside and 5, m 2 /s for outside. The air permeability coefficient at 60% RH was measured, and the value obtained, 6, m 2, was used for applying Parrott s model. In order to simplify the calculations, the rain-dry periods were approximate to 4 days of rain per month, that is, all rain days during one year were homogeneously distributed in 12 months. As it can clearly be seen in Fig. 1 the depth predicted for the specimens outside sheltered from rain is in most cases very similar to the experimental values, both for 1 and for 3,7 years. For 1 year Tuutti, Bakker and Parrott are the models that better predict the real values. For 3,7 years Parrot is the best model. Outside not sheltered from rain (Fig. 2) the values predicted for 1 year by Tuutti and Bakker are in the range of the measured ones. For 3,7 years the experimental value measured is almost the same as the one for 1 year, while the predicted values are much higher. Inside (fig. 3) all predicted values for 1 year are higher than the measured ones. For 3,7 years the standard deviation for the measurement is very high which makes that all predicted values are in the range of the experimental ones. 45
6 Figure 1. Carbonation depth predicted and measured outside sheltered from rain. Figure 2. Carbonation depth predicted and measured outside not sheltered from rain. Figure 3. Carbonation depth predicted and measured inside. 4.2 Diffusion coefficient prediction Using the experimental values of the carbonation depth, the corresponding diffusion coefficient were predicted with all models. Figures 4, 5 and 6 represent these predicted values as well as the ones obtained from Tuutti s diagrams for outside sheltered from rain, outside not sheltered and inside, respectively. In most cases, the D predicted by Tuutti and Parrott is very similar. The D 46
7 predicted by Papadakis and Castellote is very similar too. And the D predicted by Parrott is always much higher than the other predictions and than the one taken from Tuutti s diagrams. Figure 4. D predictions outside sheltered from rain. Figure 5. D predictions outside not sheltered from rain. Figure 6. D predictions inside. 47
8 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Influence of the environment in the depth prediction Some of the models take into account the influence of the RH for predicting depths, but they all consider this parameter as external, that is, they consider the environmental RH. As this RH is the same for outside sheltered from rain and for not sheltered, the depth predictions are the same for both environments. In reality, the RH inside the concrete and outside is not the same which means that the RH for the environment sheltered from rain and for the not sheltered might not be equal. When considering the RH all models consider an average value, but the RH is continuously changing, which may have an effect in the carbonation depth advance. About the rain, as explained above, only Bakker considers dry-rain cycles and takes into account this effect of saturated pores during and after rain until they dry out. For using Bakker s model a lot of meteorological data are needed, cycles duration, water content, concentration of water vapour are variables not always available. About the CO 2 concentration all models allow to change this parameter except Parrott that include this value inside the proportionality constant. Changing this parameter might be useful when considering CO 2 concentrations very different from the atmosphere. 5.2 Diffusion coefficient for depth prediction All models consider the CO 2 diffusion coefficient as a parameter but no one has measured the this coefficient. Tuutti measured O 2 diffusion coefficients for different w/c ratios and RH and he proposed diagrams from which it can be correlated to the CO 2 diffusion coefficient. Papadakis proposed an equation to calculate it as a function of the porosity or as a function of densities and ratios. All models suppose a constant D CO2, which is not true due to the evolution of carbonation which implies porosity lowering. 5.3 Square root of time in depth prediction For Tuutti, Bakker, Papadakis and Parrott the square root of time equation applies. For Castellote it should apply as well, but as the model is proposed in cylindrical coordinates the relation is not direct. Outside sheltered from rain all models predict quite similar values to the experimental one. Inside and outside not sheltered from rain all models predict higher values than the experimental. 5.4 Diffusion coefficients prediction from depth measurements Tuutti and Bakker predict very similar diffusion coefficients. Papadakis and Castellote predict also very similar diffusion coefficients which are about half the ones predicted by Tuutti and Bakker. Parrott s equation gives values much greater than others. The diffusion coefficients calculated from Tuutti s diagrams are quite similar to the ones predicted for the sheltered from rain environment. Inside and outside not sheltered from rain the predicted coefficients are considerably smaller than the ones calculated from Tuutti s diagrams. 5.5 Alkaline material All models except Castellote suppose all alkaline material present in the hydrated cement phases may react with the CO 2 which might not always be true. 48
9 6 CONCLUSIONS If previous depth measurements are available the square root model is enough for making predictions at different ages. If no previous measurements are available any of the mentioned models can give approximate predictions. Each model has advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the parameters needed and the ones available, the most suitable model should be chosen. REFERENCES Tuutti, K Corrosion of steel in concrete, PhD Thesis, Swedish Cement and Concrete Institute CBI, Stockholm, Sweden. Bakker, R Prediction of service life of reinforcement in concrete under different climatic conditions at given cover, Corrosion and Protection of Steel in Concrete International Conference, Sheffield U.K., R.N. Swamy Ed., Papadakis, V. G., Vayenas, C. G. and Fardis, M.N A reaction engineering approach to the problem of concrete carbonation, AIChE Journal 35 (10) p Papadakis, V. G., Vagelis, G., Vayenas, C. G., Costas, G. and Fardis, M.N Physical and Chemical Characteristics Affecting the Durability of Concrete, ACI Materials Journal 88 (2) p Papadakis, V. G., Vagelis, G., Vayenas, C. G., Costas, G. and Fardis, M.N Fundamental Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Concrete Carbonation, ACI Materials Journal 88 (4) p Papadakis, V. G., Vayenas, C. G. and Fardis, M.N Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of the Concrete Carbonation Model, Chemical Engineering Science 46 (5/6) p Papadakis, V. G., Fardis, M.N and Vayenas, C. G Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation, Materials and Structures 25 p Castellote, M. and Andrade, C. 2008, Modelling the carbonation of cementitious matrixes by means of the unreacted-core model, UR-CORE, Cement and Concrete Research 38 p Parrott, L.J Design for avoiding damage due to carbonation induced corrosion, CANMET Conference on Durability of Concrete, Nice, p Malhotra Ed. 49
Experimental Investigation on Diffusion Coefficient of Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Construction Materials
Experimental Investigation on Diffusion Coefficient of Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Construction Materials Sang Hwa Jung 1, Myung Kue Lee 2, Seong Lo Lee 3, and Byung Hwan Oh 4 1 Korea Institute of Construction
More informationExperimental research for the determination of some parameters needed for the calculation of life-cycle CO 2 emission of reinforced concrete buildings
Experimental research for the determination of some parameters needed for the calculation of life-cycle CO 2 emission of reinforced concrete buildings Dan Paul GEORGESCU, Adelina APOSTU, Radu PASCU Reinforced
More informationDurability Predictions Using Early-Age Durability Index Testing
Durability Predictions Using Early-Age Durability Index Testing JR Mackechnie & MG Alexander Summary: Durability of reinforced concrete structures is often dependent on the corrosion of reinforcement due
More informationAssessment of reinforcement corrosion in concrete façades
Assessment of reinforcement corrosion in concrete façades J. Lahdensivu & S. Varjonen Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland ABSTRACT: Outdoor concrete structures are damaged by several different
More informationShrinkage Development in High Performance Concrete. Ammar Yahia, P.Eng., Ph.D.,
Shrinkage Development in High Performance Concrete Ammar Yahia, P.Eng., Ph.D., Outlines 1. Introduction 2. High-performance concrete 3. Autogenous shrinkage 4. Autogenous shrinkage stress 5. Autogenous
More informationKeywords: Drying Shrinkage of Concrete, Autogenous Shrinkage, Design Shrinkage Strain
A Discussion on the Shrinkage Interpretation from the Experimental Shrinkage Measurement Based on the Australian Testing Procedure AS1012.13 William A. Thomas¹, James Mohammadi² and Dr Warren South³ ¹Chief
More informationEnvironmentally-friendly concretes for sustainable building
Environmentally-friendly concretes for sustainable building V. Corinaldesi & G. Moriconi Department SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Abstract The concept of sustainable development
More informationFundamentals of Concrete
Components Cement Water Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fundamentals of Range in Proportions Advantages of Reducing Water Content: Increased strength Lower permeability Fundamentals of Increased resistance
More informationMitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Mortar with Limestone Addition and Carbonation
Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Mortar with Limestone Addition and Carbonation Chun-Tao Chen 1* and Wei-Cheng Yang 1 1 Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science
More informationEvaluation Of Accelerated Chloride Ion Diffusion Test And Applicability Of Fick s Second Law
Evaluation Of Accelerated Chloride Ion Diffusion Test And Applicability Of Fick s Second Law AS Poupeleer & D Van Gemert Department of Civil Engineering KU Leuven Belgium Summary: A global test program
More informationEVALUATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE
EVALUATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE Darren T.Y. Lim*, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Da Xu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore B. Sabet
More informationConcrete Deterioration Caused by Sulfuric Acid Attack
1DBMC International Conférence On Durability of Building Materials and Components LYON [France] 17-2 April 25 Concrete Deterioration Caused by Sulfuric Acid Attack K. Kawai, S. Yamaji, T. Shinmi Department
More informationCorrosion of steel reinforcement
CHAPTER 6 Corrosion of steel reinforcement C. Andrade Institute of Construction Science Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 1 Principles of corrosion Concrete is the most widely used construction material
More informationSustainability and durability analysis of reinforced concrete structures
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Sustainability and durability analysis of reinforced concrete structures To cite this article: A Horáková et al 2017 IOP Conf.
More informationPore Solution Analysis as a Tool for Studying Early Age Hydration & Predicting Future Durability R.D. Hooton, T. Ramlochan, and M.D.A.
Pore Solution Analysis as a Tool for Studying Early Age Hydration & Predicting Future Durability R.D. Hooton, T. Ramlochan, and M.D.A. Thomas Cement Hydration Summit, Quebec, July 2009 Contents Obtaining
More informationHydration Process and Pore Structure of Portland Cement Paste Blended with Blastfurnace Slag
Hydration Process and Pore Structure of Portland Cement Paste Blended with Blastfurnace Slag J. Zhou 1, G. Ye 1, 2* and K. van Breugel 1 1) Microlab, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft
More informationEFFECTS OF CARBONATION ON THE LONG-TERM LEACHING PERFORMANCE OF CEMENTITIOUS WASTEFORMS
EFFECTS OF CARBONATION ON THE LONG-TERM LEACHING PERFORMANCE OF CEMENTITIOUS WASTEFORMS N. Gutierrez 1, M.D.S. Bin-Shafique 1, J.C. Walton 1, A. Tarquin 1, R. Smith 2, P. Sheeley 1, M. Rodriguez 1, and
More informationDurability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack
10DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack X. J. Song a, M. Marosszeky a, M. Brungs
More informationInfluence of CDW Recycled Aggregate on Drying Shrinkage of Mortar
Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012, 2, 53-57 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2012.22009 Published Online June 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojce) Influence of CDW Recycled Aggregate on Drying
More informationALKALI SILICA REACTION MITIGATING PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CEMENT WITH CALCINED CLAY AND LIMESTONE.
ALKALI SILICA REACTION MITIGATING PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CEMENT WITH CALCINED CLAY AND LIMESTONE. Aurélie R. Favier, Cyrille F. Dunant, Karen L. Scrivener EPFL-STI-IMX LMC, Station12, CH-1015 Lausanne,
More informationReport number: ISI Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete Part 2: Commentary
Report number: ISI2012-17 Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete Part 2: Commentary Institute of Structural Engineering Compiled by Prof WP Boshoff December 2012 1. Introduction The purpose of this document
More informationProperties of Concrete. Properties of Concrete. Properties of Concrete. Properties of Concrete. Properties of Concrete. Properties of Concrete
CIVL 1112 Contrete Introduction from CIVL 1101 1/10 Concrete is an artificial conglomerate stone made essentially of Portland cement, water, and aggregates. While cement in one form or another has been
More informationULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE AND HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE AND HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE Mehdi Sadeghi e Habashi, Seraj Higher Education Institue, Iran 36th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 14-16 August 2011, Singapore
More informationLEACHING PERFORMANCE TEST ASSESSING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE EXPOSED TO CHEMICAL ATTACK
LEACHING PERFORMANCE TEST ASSESSING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE EXPOSED TO CHEMICAL ATTACK François Jacquemot (1) and other members of GEF 8 leaching test working group (2) (1) CERIB (Centre d Études et de
More informationSolutions in cement. Holcim Ultra Durable
Confidence that builds. Solutions in cement. Holcim Ultra Durable Data sheet Holcim Ultra Durable Holcim Ultra Durable HS Type cement is developed under the NTE INEN 2380 standard, equivalent to the ASTM
More informationEFFECT OF EARLY CURING ON CONCRETE DURATION BY EVAPORATION REDUCER
EFFECT OF EARLY CURING ON CONCRETE DURATION BY EVAPORATION REDUC Jiaping Liu, Lei Li, Qian Tian, Cangwen Miao, Yujiang Wang State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (Jiangsu
More informationRESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AGAINST COMBINED ATTACK OF CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES
RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AGAINST COMBINED ATTACK OF CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES Mathias Maes 1, Elke Gruyaert 1 and Nele De Belie 1 1 Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde
More informationHANDS-ON TRAINING: MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN
Fundamentals of Concrete HANDS-ON TRAINING: MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completing this program, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify the common materials used for concrete
More informationNon-Destructive Evaluation of Concrete using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 3(6): 499-504, 2011 ISSN: 2040-7467 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011 Received: February 10, 2011 Accepted: May 13, 2011 Published:
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF TRIETANOLAMINE (TEA) ON CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH AND HARDENED MORTARS CONTAINING LIMESTONE POWDER
NATURA MONTENEGRINA, Podgorica, 9(3):867-881 THE INFLUENCE OF TRIETANOLAMINE (TEA) ON CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH AND HARDENED MORTARS CONTAINING LIMESTONE POWDER Jozefita MARKU*, Vaso KOZETA**, Caja SHQIPONJA
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF A HALLOYSITE ADDITIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE
Original papers HE INFLUENCE OF A HALLOYSIE ADDIIVE ON HE PERFORMANCE OF AUOCLAVED AERAED CONCREE Z. OWSIAK, # A. SOŁYS Kielce University of echnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce,
More informationDurability Performance of Australian Commercial Concrete Modified with Permeability Reducing Admixture
Durability Performance of Australian Commercial Concrete Modified with Permeability Reducing Admixture Robert L Munn, Gary Kao*, Z Tian Chang, ACCI, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW *
More informationChloride penetration into concrete in marine environment Part II: Prediction of long term chloride penetration
Materials and Structures/Matériau et Constructions, Vol. 32, June 1999, pp 354-359 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Chloride penetration into concrete in marine environment Part II: Prediction of long term chloride
More informationCommentary on the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Structures at the Seabrook Nuclear Plant
Commentary on the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Structures at the Seabrook Nuclear Plant March 14, 2012 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this document is to summarize and comment on the analyses
More informationUSE OF DURABILITY-RELATED TESTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL: VARIABILITY OBTAINED IN A REAL CASE
USE OF DURABILITY-RELATED TESTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL: VARIABILITY OBTAINED IN A REAL CASE Bettencourt Ribeiro and Arlindo Gonçalves LNEC, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal Abstract The
More informationALKALI-SILICA REACTION (ASR)
High Reactivity Metakaolin Engineered Mineral Admixture for Use with Portland Cement Advanced Cement Technologies PowerPozz (a High-Reactivity Metakaolin) is a manufactured pozzolanic mineral admixture
More informationCOMPARISON ON THE DURABILITY OF DIFFERENT PORTLAND CEMENTS AFTER FIVE YEARS EXPOSURE TO SULFATE AND TO SEA WATER ATTACK
COMPARISON ON THE DURABILITY OF DIFFERENT PORTLAND CEMENTS AFTER FIVE YEARS EXPOSURE TO SULFATE AND TO SEA WATER ATTACK 1 López-Sánchez P 1 INTEMAC (Department of Chemical and Materials Technology) Madrid.
More informationCHLORIDE MIGRATION IN SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
Concrete under Severe Conditions : Environment & Loading F. Toutlemonde et al. (eds) CHLORIDE MIGRATION IN SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE MIGRATION DES CHLORURES EN BETON AUTO-PLAÇANT Katrien AUDENAERT, Veerle
More informationDURABILITY PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE PRODUCED USING BLAST FURNACE SLAG
DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE PRODUCED USING BLAST FURNACE SLAG Eva Vejmelková (1), Miloš Jerman, (1), Petr Konvalinka (2), Stefania Grzeszczyk (3) and Robert Černý (1) (1) Department
More informationKinetic Parameters Estimation of MgO-C Refractory by Shrinking Core Model
826 J. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol.22 No.6, 2006 Kinetic Parameters Estimation of MgO-C Refractory by Shrinking Core Model B.Hashemi 1), Z.A.Nemati 2), S.K.Sadrnezhaad 2) and Z.A.Moghimi 2) 1) Department
More informationOpus: University of Bath Online Publication Store
Orr, J., Darby, A., Ibell, T. and Evernden, M. (213) Durability enhancements using fabric. Magazine of Concrete Research, 65 (2). pp. 1236-1245. ISSN 24-9831 Link to official URL (if available): http://dx.doi.org/1.168/macr.13.12
More informationD DAVID PUBLISHING. Study of the Protective Capacity of Cements Regarding Corrosion of Reinforcements under Joint Action of CO 2 and Chloride Ions
Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 9 (2015) 1017-1024 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2015.09.001 D DAVID PUBLISHING Study of the Protective Capacity of Cements Regarding Corrosion of Reinforcements
More informationMICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND GLOBAL PERFORMANCE OF MORTAR WITH TAILORED NANO AGGREGATES
MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND GLOBAL PERFORMANCE OF MORTAR WITH TAILORED NANO AGGREGATES Jie Hu (1), D.A. Koleva (1) and K. van Breugel (1) (1) Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department Materials
More informationA MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MOISTURE BEHAVIOUR AND MOULD GROWTH IN BUILDING ENVELOPES
A MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MOISTURE BEHAVIOUR AND MOULD GROWTH IN BUILDING ENVELOPES Kati Salminen, M. Sc. Student 1) Juha Vinha, Lic.Tech. 1) Hannu Viitanen, Ph.D. 2) 1) Laboratory of Structural Engineering,
More informationSaturation of Air Entrained Voids and Its Implication on the Transport of Ionic Species in Concrete
4 th International Conference on the Durability of Concrete Structures 24 26 July 2014 Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Saturation of Air Entrained Voids and Its Implication on the Transport
More informationInvestigations on Composite Cement containing Indian fly ash and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Investigations on Composite Cement containing Indian fly ash and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag S K Chaturvedi*, D Yadav*, S Vanguri*, V P Chatterjee*, A K Sahu** and A Pahuja* *National Council for Cement
More informationRESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE June 1 4, 2016
RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE June 1 4, 2016 EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MORTAR TO PHYSICAL SULFATE SALT ATTACK Semion Zhutovsky University of Toronto, Canada R. Douglas
More informationSTRENGTH PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL (SCM)
www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol12issue1/ijrras_12_1_3.pdf STRENGTH PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL (SCM) Felix F. Udoeyo 1, Serrano
More informationAccuracy of simplified indoor humidity simulation
Accuracy of simplified indoor humidity simulation Olga Koronthalyova, PhD., Institute of Construction and Architecture, SAS, Dubravska c 9, 845 03 Bratislava, Slovakia; usarkoro@savba.sk Peter Mihalka,
More informationPrognosis Of Concrete Corrosion Due To Acid Attack
Prognosis Of Concrete Corrosion Due To Acid Attack HW Dorner and RE Beddoe Institute of Building Materials Science and Testing Technical University of Munich Germany Summary: A model is introduced for
More informationEffect Of Curing Age On The Compressive Strength Of Concrete Made From Local Granite Chippings
Effect Of Curing Age On The Compressive Strength Of Concrete Made From Local Granite Chippings Okonkwo V. O. Department of Civil Engineerig Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria odinakao@gmail.com Nwokike
More informationMATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH CONCRETE
MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH CONCRETE JINO JOHN 1 1 Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India,
More informationWater Penetration into Micro-cracks in Reinforced Concrete
Restoration of Buildings and Monuments Vol. 20, No. 2, 85 94 (2014) DOI 10.12900/RBM14.20.2-0008 Water Penetration into Micro-cracks in Reinforced Concrete P. Zhang 1,2, F. H. Wittmann 1,3*, M. Haist 2,
More informationPRODUCT SHEET 1 KRYSTOL INTERNAL MEMBRANE HS (KIM-HS)
CI/SfB Yu2 Kryton International Inc 1645 East Kent Avenue Vancouver British Columbia Canada V5P 2S8 Tel: 00 1 604 324 8280 Fax: 00 1 604 324 8899 e-mail: info@kryton.com website: www.kryton.com Agrément
More informationCONSIDERATIONS ON THE THRESHOLD CHLORIDE CONTENT VALUES ON THE CORROSION OF STEEL BARS IN CONCRETE
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE THRESHOLD CHLORIDE CONTENT VALUES ON THE CORROSION OF STEEL BARS IN CONCRETE N.Otsuki*, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan T. Nishida, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan M. Madlangbayan,
More informationDEVELOPMENT IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Marijan Skazlic 1, Dubravka Bjegovic 2, Mladen Jambresic 3 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Kaciceva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
More informationFIBER ADDITION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONCRETE STRENGTH
FIBER ADDITION AND ITS EFFECT ON CONCRETE STRENGTH Aiswarya Sukumar M.Tech CE, MACE MG university, Kerala Elson John Asso. Professor, MACE MG University, Kerala Abstract Fibers are generally used as resistance
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF FIBRE REINFORCEMENT ON THE AIR PERMEABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
2009/2 PAGES 1 7 RECEIVED 10. 1. 2009 ACCEPTED 9. 4. 2009 P. PAULÍK, I. HUDOBA THE INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF FIBRE REINFORCEMENT ON THE AIR PERMEABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE ABSTRACT Peter Paulík
More informationSELF-SEALING CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS USING SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS
SELF-SEALING CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS USING SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS Hai Xiang Dennis Lee (1), Hong Seong Wong (1) and Nick Buenfeld (1) (1) Concrete Durability Group, Imperial College London, UK Abstract
More informationPerformance-based Specifications: the Key to Optimising Concrete s Contribution to the Climate Change Challenge. Dr.
Performance-based Specifications: the Key to Optimising Concrete s Contribution to the Climate Change Challenge Dr. Mark Richardson UCD School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil Engineering g 8 th May
More informationProperties of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Post-Consumer Environmental Wastes
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.8, No.3, pp.251 258, September 2014 DOI 10.1007/s40069-013-0065-9 ISSN 1976-0485 / eissn 2234-1315 Properties of Concrete Incorporating Recycled
More informationPrediction of shrinkage cracking age of concrete with and without expansive additive
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 32 (5), 469-480, Sep. - Oct. 2010 Original Article Prediction of shrinkage cracking age of concrete with and without expansive additive Dung Tien Nguyen 1, Raktipong Sahamitmongkol
More informationDrying of Concrete TDS 183
Drying of Concrete TDS 183 As the occurrence of fast track construction continues to rise, the need to install a finished floor on a wet concrete slab is typically far too soon for the floor covering.
More informationChapter 2 Porosity (2.15)
2.3 Measurement Porosity can be estimated through volumetric measurements of core samples, or from geophysical logs, which measure a property of the rock and infer porosity, or from Petrographic Image
More informationNON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE CONCRETE COVER EVALUATION OF PERMEABILITY TEST DATA
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE CONCRETE COVER EVALUATION OF PERMEABILITY TEST DATA Frank Jacobs, Fritz Hunkeler Technical Research and Consulting on Cement and Concrete, TFB, Wildegg, Switzerland Abstract
More informationDurability of Marine Concrete with Mineral Admixture and Marine Aquatic Organism Layer
Durability of Marine Concrete with Mineral Admixture and Marine Aquatic Organism Layer Amry Dasar 1, Hidenori HAMADA 1, Yasutaka SAGAWA 1 and Takanori IKEDA 2 1 Kyushu University, Japan 2 Maeda Corporation,
More informationMinimum cement content requirements: a must or a myth?
Materials and Structures (29) 42:973 982 DOI 1.1617/s11527-8-9436- ORIGINAL ARTICLE Minimum cement content requirements: a must or a myth? R. Wassermann Æ A. Katz Æ A. Bentur Received: 13 January 28 /
More informationPassive Monitoring: A Guide to Sorbent Tube Sampling for EPA Method 325. Nicola Watson July 2015
Passive Monitoring: A Guide to Sorbent Tube Sampling for EPA Method 325 Nicola Watson July 2015 EPA 325 - Refinery perimeter monitoring Revised Federal regulation (CFR 40, part 60 and 63) to be implemented
More informationInvestigations on Some Properties of no-fines Concrete
Investigations on Some Properties of no-fines Concrete T ABADJIEVA and P SEPHIRI Department of Civil Engineering University of Botswana Private Bag 1 Gaborone, Botswana Abstract No-fines concrete is a
More informationMathematical Model for Countercurrent Feed Pellet Cooler. Master of Science Thesis DAVID ANDERSSON DANIEL JOHANSSON
Mathematical Model for Countercurrent Feed Pellet Cooler Master of Science Thesis DAVID ANDERSSON DANIEL JOHANSSON Department of Signals and Systems Division of Automatic Control, Automation and Mechatronics
More information(Print), ISSN (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
INTERNATIONAL International Journal of Civil JOURNAL Engineering and OF Technology CIVIL (IJCIET), ENGINEERING ISSN 0976 6308 AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume
More informationNUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES A. van Beek FEMMASSE B.V., Geldermalsen, The Netherlands B.E.J. Baetens INTRON B.V., Geldermalsen, The Netherlands E. Schlangen INTRON B.V.,
More informationOptimizing concrete mixtures with minimum cement content for performance and sustainability
Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2010 Optimizing concrete mixtures with minimum cement content for performance and sustainability Ezgi Yurdakul Iowa State University Follow this and additional
More informationThe Effect of Different Exposure Conditions on the Chloride Diffusion into Concrete in the Persian Gulf Region
The Effect of Different Exposure Conditions on the Chloride Diffusion into Concrete in the Persian Gulf Region P. Ghods, M. Chini, R. Alizadeh, M. Hoseini, Graduate Research Assistants, Civil Engg. Dept.,
More informationCement and Concrete Research
Cement and Concrete Research 48 (213) 116 127 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Cement and Concrete Research journal homepage: http://ees.elsevier.com/cemcon/default.asp The apparent and
More informationTHRESHOLD VALUES OF AIR PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE COVER - A CASE STUDY IN JAPAN
THRESHOLD VALUES OF AIR PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE COVER - A CASE STUDY IN JAPAN Kei-ichi Imamoto (1), Kazuyuki Shimozawa (2), Masaru Nagayama (2), Junji Yamasaki (3) and Seiji Nimura (4) (1) Tokyo University
More informationPUDLO CWP (CEMENT WATERPROOFING POWDER)
David Ball Group plc Huntingdon Road Bar Hill Cambridge CB3 8HN Tel: 01954 780687 Fax: 01954 782912 e-mail: sales@pudlo.com website: www.davidballgroup.com APPROVAL INSPECTION TESTING CERTIFICATION TECHNICAL
More informationDURABILITY DESIGN OF BRIDGES FOR SPECIFIED SERVICE LIFE
Western Bridge Engineers Seminar - September 9, 2015 - Reno, NV Mike Bartholomew, PE Principal Bridge Engineer DURABILITY DESIGN OF BRIDGES FOR SPECIFIED SERVICE LIFE Presentation Overview Durability /
More informationConcrete Mix Design with Fly Ash and Superplasticizer
Concrete Mix Design with Fly Ash and Superplasticizer By KAUSHAL KISHORE Materials Engineer, Roorkee Fly ash or pulverished fuel ash (pfa) is a finely divided powder thrown out as a waste material at the
More informationASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 9, NO. 5 (2008) PAGES STUDIES ON ACID RESISTANCE OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 9, NO. (8) PAGES 473-486 STUDIES ON ACID RESISTANCE OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE P. Murthi * and V. Sivakumar Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai,
More informationStrength, Chloride Permeability and Corrosion of Coarse Fly Ash Concrete with Bagasse-Rice Husk-Wood Ash Additive
American Journal of Applied Sciences, 10 (3): 239-246, 2013 ISSN: 1546-9239 2013 Horsakulthai and Paopongpaiboon, This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0
More informationEffect of alkaline-resistant glass fibre on compressive strength of lightweight foamed concrete
Effect of alkaline-resistant glass fibre on compressive strength of lightweight foamed concrete Hanizam Awang*, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia N M Noordin, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia 27th
More informationApplication of Waste Ceramics as Active Pozzolana in Concrete Production
2012 IACSIT Coimbatore Conferences IPCSIT vol. 28 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Application of Waste Ceramics as Active Pozzolana in Concrete Production Eva Vejmelková 1+, Tereza Kulovaná 1, Martin
More informationOptimisation of Blended Cements Performances by the use of Grinding Aids
Optimisation of Blended Cements Performances by the use of Grinding Aids Matteo Magistri 1, Davide Padovani 1, Paolo Forni 1 1 Mapei SpA, Milan, Italy Abstract The use of mineral additions such as limestone,
More information2. MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF CONCRETE
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF CONCRETE Tamás K. Simon PhD Viktória Vass The determination of the corrosion risk of embedded steel in a non-destructive way is a common necessity. The corrosion risk significantly
More informationEvaluation of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete in Construction
International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 2 No. 5, May, 2012 Evaluation of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete in Construction S.O. Ajamu 1, A.A. Jimoh 2, J.R. Oluremi 1 1 Department
More informationCONTENTS A SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL EVALUATIONS & ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF CEMPOZZ DERIVED FROM CALIFORNIAN NATURAL POZZOLANS. Dr. Boris Stein ABSTRACT
A SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL EVALUATIONS & ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF CEMPOZZ DERIVED FROM CALIFORNIAN NATURAL POZZOLANS Dr. Boris Stein CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 1. THE SUSTAINABILITY & PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF CEMPOZZ
More informationQuality improvers for optimization of blended cements performances P.D Arcangelo 1, S.Bhome 2, M.Magistri 1
Quality improvers for optimization of blended cements performances P.D Arcangelo 1, S.Bhome 2, M.Magistri 1 1 Mapei SpA, Milan, Italy 2 IBS - Innovative Building Solutions LLC, Dubai, UAE Abstract The
More informationESTIMATION OF CONCRETE SERVICE LIFE The Theoretical Background
ESTIMATION OF CONCRETE SERVICE LIFE The Theoretical Background by Vagelis G. Papadakis Chemical Engineer, PhD Patras, Greece, 2005 Estimation of concrete service life ESTIMATION OF CONCRETE SERVICE LIFE
More informationSome studies on the reaction between fly ash and lime
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 28, No. 2, April 2005, pp. 131 136. Indian Academy of Sciences. Some studies on the reaction between fly ash and lime A BASUMAJUMDAR, A K DAS, N BANDYOPADHYAY and S MAITRA* College
More informationCONCRETE MIX DESIGN. Dr. B.N. KRISHNASWAMI TECHNICAL MEETING ON ORGANISED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS & ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION, KUMBAKONAM
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN BY Dr. B.N. KRISHNASWAMI Former Faculty, DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG., NIT, TRICHY TECHNICAL MEETING ON 09-05-2009 ORGANISED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS & ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION, KUMBAKONAM INTRODUCTION
More informationD DAVID PUBLISHING. Damaging Formula of the Frost Resistant Concrete with Poor Quality of Coarse Limestone Aggregate. 1.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 9 (2015) 598-603 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2015.05.012 D DAVID PUBLISHING Damaging Formula of the Frost Resistant Concrete with Poor Quality of Coarse Eneli
More informationEnvironmentally Sustainable Concrete Curing with Coloured Polythene Sheets
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect APCBEE Procedia 9 (2014 ) 241 246 ICCEN 2013: December 13-14, Stockholm, Sweden Environmentally Sustainable Concrete Curing with Coloured Polythene
More informationChloride Penetration in Concrete
Chloride Penetration in Concrete Short Overview and Available Instruments MAY 2015 GERMANN INSTRUMENTS A/S Emdrupvej 102 DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark Phone: (+45) 39677117 germann-eu@germann.org GERMANN
More informationThe effect of alkali-aggregate reactivity on the mechanical properties of high and normal strength concrete
Cement & Concrete Composites 25 (2003) 549 556 www.elsevier.com/locate/cemconcomp The effect of alkali-aggregate reactivity on the mechanical properties of high and normal strength concrete H. Marzouk
More information3D MODELING OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN CEMENT BASED MATERIALS
3D MODELING OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN CEMENT BASED MATERIALS Neven Ukrainczyk University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Croatia (nukrainc@fkit.hr) Pregledni članak/ Subject
More informationCORROSION MONITORING IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Abstract CORROSION MONITORING IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION MASAYASU OHTSU and YUICHI TOMODA Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, JAPAN Cracking of concrete due to corrosion
More informationThe Changes of Material Properties of the Cement Paste with Fly Ash Exposed to High Temperatures
The Changes of Material Properties of the Cement Paste with Fly Ash Exposed to High s PAVEL PADEVĚT, ROMANA LOVICHOVÁ Department of Mechanics Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering
More informationProduct Data Sheet Product Description tio Uses tru n Characteristics / Advantages
Product Data Sheet Edition 11/12/2014 Identification no: 02 03 03 04 001 0 000001 Sika FerroGard -903+ Corrosion inhibiting impregnation Product Description Sika FerroGard -903+ is a surface applied mixed
More informationChemical Admixtures for Concrete. ACCELERATORS Özge Andiç Çakır, PhD
Chemical Admixtures for Concrete ACCELERATORS Özge Andiç Çakır, PhD Accelerators: Definition An accelerating admixture is a material that is added to concrete for reducing the time of setting and accelerating
More information