12/3/ :12 PM. Chapter 9. Phase Diagrams. Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba, PE
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1 Chapter 9 Phase Diagrams 1
2 2 Learning Objectives 1. Isomorphous and eutectic phase diagrams: a. label various phase regions b. Label liquidus, solidus, and solvus lines 2. Given a binary phase diagram at equilibrium, composition of an alloy, its temperature, determine: a. phases present b. compositions of phases c. mass fractions of phase
3 3 Learning Objectives 3. For some given binary phase diagram upon heating or cooling, locate temperatures & compositions and write reactions of: Eutectic Eutectoid Peritectic congruent phase transformations
4 4 Learning Objectives 4. Given composition of an Fe C alloy containing between & 2.14 wt% C: a.is alloy hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid? b.name proeutectoid phase c.compute mass fractions of proeutectoid phase and pearlite d.schematic diagram of microstructure at a temperature just below the eutectoid.
5 5 Why Study Phase Diagrams? Design & control of HT procedures Strong correlation between microstructure & mechanical properties Development of microstructure of an alloy is related to the char of its phase diagram Phase Diagram (PD) provides valuable info about melting, casting, crystallization, and other phenomena
6 6 9.2 Solubility Limit
7 7 9.3 Phases A phase: a physically distinct & homogenous portion in a material. Each phase is a homogenous part of total mass & has its own characteristics and properties.
8 8 9.3 Phases Phase Characteristics: Same structure or atomic arrangement Same composition & properties Definite interface between phase and any surrounding or adjoining phases Two types of alloys: single phase multiple phases
9 9 9.3 Phases Alloying consists of two basic forms: 1. Solid solutions 2. Inter-metallic compounds Solid Solutions (SS): solid material in which atoms or ions of elements constituting it are dispersed uniformly.
10 Phases A SS is not a mixture A mixture contains more than one type of phase whose char are retained when mixture is formed. Components of SS completely dissolve in one another and do not retain their individual char.
11 Phases Properties are controlled by creating point defects such as substititional & interstitial atoms. Solute: minor element that is added to solvent (major element) When the particular crystal structure of solvent is maintained during allying, alloy is called a Solid Solution.
12 One Component (Unary) Phase Diagrams
13 Binary Isomorphous Systems A phase diagram (PD) shows the relationships among temperature, composition, and phases present in a particular alloy system under equilibrium conditions
14 Binary Isomorphous Systems From PD, we can predict: how a material will solidify under equilibrium conditions what phases for diff temp and comp. Equilibrium means that state of a system remains constant over an indefinite period of time.
15 Binary Isomorphous Systems
16 Binary Isomorphous Systems Only one solid phase forms, the two components in the system display complete solid solubility Liquidus temperature Solidus temperature Freezing range: pure metals and alloys
17 Binary Isomorphous Systems When temperature of molten metal is reduced to freezing point: energy of latent heat of solidification is given off while temperature remains constant. Eventually, solidification is complete and solid metal continues cooling to RT.
18 Binary Isomorphous Systems Cooling curve for the solidification of pure metals Alloys solidify over a range of temperatures
19 Binary Isomorphous Systems
20 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams Phases Present Determination of Phase Compositions Determination of Phase Amounts opposite arm of lever % Phase 100 total length of tie line
21 21 Example Problem 9.1 Derive the lever rule
22 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams Volume Fractions Conversion between volume and mass fractions
23 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys The completely solidified alloy in the phase diagram shown is a solid solution because: Alloying element (Cu, solute) is completely dissolved in host metal (Ni, solvent) Each grain has same composition Atomic radius of Cu is 0.128nm & that of Ni is 0.125nm, Both elements are FCC; HRRs are obeyed.
24 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys Two conditions required for growth of solid a: 1. Growth requires that latent heat of fusion (DH f ), which evolves as liquid solidifies, be removed from solid liquid interface. 2. Diffusion must occur so that compositions of solid and liquid phases follow solidus and liquidus curves during cooling. DH f is removed over a range of temperatures so that cooling curves shows a change in slope
25 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys Figure 9.4 Schematic representation of the development of microstructure during equilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni 65 wt% Cu alloy.
26 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys On cooling from liquidus to 1250 o C, some Ni atoms must diffuse from 1 st solid to new solid, reducing Ni in 1 st solid. Additional Ni atoms diffuse from solidifying liquid to new solid. Meanwhile, Cu atoms have concentrated by diffusion into remaining liquid.
27 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys The process must continue until we reach solidus temperature, where last liquid to freeze, which contains Cu-28%Ni, solidifies and forms a solid containing Cu-40%Ni.
28 9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 28 Figure 9.5 Schematic representation of the development of microstructure during nonequilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni 65 wt% Cu alloy
29 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys
30 Binary Eutectic Systems
31 Binary Eutectic Systems
32 32 Example Problem 9.2 Determination of Phases Present and Computation of Phase Compositions For a 40 wt% Sn 60 wt% Pb alloy at 150 C, a. what phase(s) is (are) present? b. What is (are) the composition(s) of the phase(s)?
33 33 Example Problem 9.3 Relative Phase Amount Determinations Mass and Volume Fractions For the lead tin alloy in Example Problem 9.2, calculate the relative amount of each phase present in terms of a. mass fraction b. volume fraction. At 150 C take the densities of Pb and Sn to be and 7.24 g/cm 3, respectively.
34 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
35 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
36 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
37 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
38 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
39 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
40 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
41 9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 41
42 9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 42
43 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions
44 Congruent Phase Transformations Congruent transformations: no compositional alterations allotropic transformations (Sec 3.6) melting of pure materials.
45 Congruent Phase Transformations Incongruent transformations: at least one of the phases will experience a change in composition Eutectic & eutectoid reactions melting of an alloy that belongs to an isomorphous system
46 9.18 The IRON IRON Carbide (Fe Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 46
47 9.18 The IRON IRON Carbide (Fe Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 47
48 9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys 48
49 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys
50 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys Hypo-eutectoid Alloys
51 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys - Hypo-eutectoid Alloys
52 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys - Hyper-eutectoid Alloys
53 53 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9.4 Determination of Relative Amounts of Ferrite, Cementite, and Pearlite Microconstituents For a wt% Fe 0.35 wt% C alloy at a temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the following: a. The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases b. The fractions of the proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite c. The fraction of eutectoid ferrite
54 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements
55 55 Home Work Assignment 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 32, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59, 65
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