p. 27 p. 30 p. 45 Key words p. 45 Abstract p. 45 Introduction p. 45 Theory p. 46 The Equation-of-State Framework p. 46

Transcription

1 Solubility Parameters - An Introduction p. 1 Abstract p. 1 Introduction p. 1 Hildebrand Parameters and Basic Polymer Solution Thermodynamics p. 2 Hansen Solubility Parameters p. 4 Methods and Problems in the Determination of Partial Solubility Parameters p. 6 Calculation of the Dispersion Solubility Parameter [delta subscript D] p. 13 Calculation of the Polar Solubility Parameter [delta subscript P] p. 16 Calculation of the Hydrogen Bonding Solubility Parameter [delta subscript H] p. 17 Supplementary Calculations and Procedures p. 17 Temperature Dependence p. 18 Some Special Effects Temperature Changes p. 19 Effects of Solvent Molecular Size p. 19 Computer Programs p. 20 Hansen Solubility Parameters for Water p. 21 Conclusion p. 22 References p. 24 Theory - The Prigogine Corresponding States Theory, [chi subscript 12] Interaction Parameter, and Hansen Solubility Parameters p. 27 Abstract p. 27 Introduction p. 27 Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) p. 28 Resemblance between Predictions of Hansen Solubility Parameters and Corresponding States Theories p. 30 The [chi subscript 12] Parameter and Hansen Solubility Parameters p. 32 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental [chi subscript 12] Parameters p. 34 Polybutadiene p. 35 Polyisobutylene p. 36 Polystyrene p. 38 Polyvinylacetate p. 39 Polyaciylonitrile p. 39 General Discussion p. 39 Postscript p. 40 Conclusion p. 41 References p. 42 Statistical Thermodynamic Calculations of the Hydrogen Bonding, Dipolar, and Dispersion Solubility Parameters p. 45 Key words p. 45 Abstract p. 45 Introduction p. 45 Theory p. 46 The Equation-of-State Framework p. 46

2 The Contribution from Dipolar Forces p. 50 Applications p. 52 Discussion and Conclusions p. 59 Acknowledgments p. 62 List of Symbols Special to this Chapter p. 63 References p. 64 The Acid Dimerization p. 65 An Alternative Form of the Polar Term p. 66 A Group-Contribution Method for the Prediction of [delta] and [delta subscript D] p. 66 The Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) in Thermodynamic Models for Polymer Solutionsp. 75 Abstract p. 75 Group Contribution Methods for Estimating Properties of Polymers p. 76 The Group-Contribution Principle and Some Applications (Density, Solubility Parameters) p. 76 GC Free-Volume-Based Models for Polymers (Entropic-FV, Unifac-FV) p. 77 The Free-Volume Concept p. 77 The UNIFAC-FV Model p. 77 The Entropic Model p. 78 The Flory-Huggins Model and the Regular Solution Theory p. 80 Rules of Thumb and Solvent Selection Using the Flory-Huggins Model and Solubility Parameters p. 81 Activity Coefficients Models Using the HSP p. 82 Flory-Huggins Models Using Hildebrand and Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) p. 82 The FH/Hansen Model vs. the GC Methods p. 84 Applications p. 85 Solvent Selection for Paints (Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution) p. 85 Mixed Solvent-Polymer Phase Equilibria p. 88 Conclusions and Future Challenges p. 90 List of Abbreviations p. 91 Symbols in this Chapter p. 92 An Expression of the Flory-Huggins Model for Multicomponent Mixtures p. 92 References p. 93 Methods of Characterization - Polymers p. 95 Abstract p. 95 Introduction p. 95 Calculation of Polymer HSP p. 97 Solubility - Examples p. 98 Swelling - Examples p. 106 Melting Point Determinations - Effect of Temperature p. 106 Environmental Stress Cracking p. 107 Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements p. 107

3 Other Measurement Techniques p. 109 Conclusion p. 109 References p. 110 Methods of Characterization - Surfaces p. 113 Abstract p. 113 Introduction p. 113 Hansen Solubility Parameter Correlations with Surface Tension (Surface Free Energy) p. 113 Method to Evaluate the Cohesion Energy Parameters for Surfaces p. 114 A Critical View of the Critical Surface Tensions p. 116 A Critical View of the Wetting Tension p. 117 Additional Hansen Solubility Parameter Surface Characterizations and Comparisons p. 118 Self-Stratifying Coatings p. 120 Maximizing Physical Adhesion p. 122 Conclusion p. 122 References p. 122 Methods of Characterization for Pigments, Fillers, and Fibers p. 125 Abstract p. 125 Introduction p. 125 Methods to Characterize Pigment, Filler, and Fiber Surfaces p. 126 Discussion - Pigments, Fillers, and Fibers p. 127 Hansen Solubility Parameter Correlation of Zeta Potential for Blanc Fixe p. 131 Carbon Fiber Surface Characterization p. 131 Controlled Adsorption (Self-Assembly) p. 132 Conclusion p. 134 References p. 134 Applications - Coatings and Other Filled Polymer Systems p. 137 Abstract p. 137 Introduction p. 137 Solvents p. 137 Techniques for Data Treatment p. 142 Solvents and Surface Phenomena in Coatings (Self-Assembly) p. 144 Polymer Compatibility p. 145 Hansen Solubility Parameter Principles Applied to Understanding Other Filled Polymer Systems p. 147 Conclusion p. 147 References p. 148 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Asphalt, Bitumen, and Crude Oils p. 151 Abstract p. 151 Symbols Special to Chapter 9 p. 151 Introduction p. 151 Models of Bitumen p. 152

4 Asphaltenes p. 154 Molecular Weight p. 154 Polarity p. 155 Solubility Parameters of Bitumen p. 155 Testing of Bitumen Solubility p. 156 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters p. 156 Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) p. 158 The Solubility Sphere p. 159 Computer Program for Calculation and Plotting of the Hansen 3D Pseudosphere p. 161 Components of Bitumen p. 164 Bitumen and Polymers p. 166 Crude Oil p. 169 Turbidimetric Titrations p. 170 BISOM Test p. 170 Conclusion p. 173 References p. 174 Determination of Hansen Solubility Parameter Values for Carbon Dioxide p. 177 Abstract p. 177 Introduction p. 177 Methodology p. 178 One-Component Hildebrand Parameter as a Function of Temperature and Pressure p. 187 Three-Component (Hansen) Solubility Parameters - Pure CO[subscript 2] p. 189 Temperature and Pressure Effects on HSPs: [delta subscript d] p. 190 Temperature and Pressure Effects on HSPs: [delta subscript p] p. 191 Temperature and Pressure Effects on HSPs: [delta subscript h] p. 191 Conclusion p. 196 Acknowledgments p. 196 Addendum p. 196 Symbols Special to this Chapter p. 197 References p. 197 Ideal Solubility of Gases in Liquids and Published CO[subscript 2] Solubility Data p. 199 Ideal Solubility of Gases in Liquids p. 199 References p. 201 Use of Hansen Solubility Parameters to Identify Cleaning Applications for "Designer" Solvents p. 203 Abstract p. 203 Introduction p. 203 A Variety of Solvents p. 204 Pathology of Soils p. 204 HSP of Multiple-Component Soils p. 204 Method for Calculating HSP of Composites (Soils or Solvents) p. 205

5 More Realistic View about Evaluating HSP of Composite Soils p. 206 Method for Choice of Suitable Solvents p. 206 Reference Soils for Comparison p. 208 Identification of Designer Solvents p. 208 An Open Question - Answered p. 208 Limiting R[subscript A] Value for Expected Good Cleaning Performance p. 210 Application of HSP Methodology to Cleaning Operations p. 212 Analysis of Capability of Designer Solvents p. 213 Conclusions p. 215 Notes p. 227 Applications - Chemical Resistance p. 231 Abstract p. 231 Introduction p. 231 Chemical Resistance - Acceptable-or-Not Data p. 232 Effects of Solvent Molecular Size p. 232 Chemical Resistance - Examples p. 233 Tank Coatings p. 233 PET Film Coating p. 234 Acceptable or Not - Plastics p. 234 Tensile Strength p. 237 Special Effects with Water p. 238 Conclusion p. 239 References p. 240 Applications - Barrier Polymers p. 243 Abstract p. 243 Introduction p. 243 Concentration-Dependent Diffusion p. 244 Solubility Parameter Correlations Based on Permeation Phenomena p. 245 Solubility Parameter Correlations of Breakthrough Times p. 245 Solubility Parameter Correlation of Permeation Rates p. 248 Solubility Parameter Correlation of Polymer Swelling p. 250 Solubility Parameter Correlation of Permeation Coefficients for Gases p. 251 Laminates p. 253 General Considerations p. 255 Conclusion p. 256 References p. 257 Applications - Environmental Stress Cracking in Polymers p. 259 Abstract p. 259 Introduction p. 259 ESC Interpreted Using HSP p. 260 ESC with Nonabsorbing Stress Cracking Initiators p. 263

6 Discussion p. 264 Conclusion p. 267 References p. 267 Hansen Solubility Parameters - Biological Materials p. 269 Abstract p. 269 Introduction p. 270 Hydrophobic Bonding and Hydrophilic Bonding (Self-Association) p. 271 DNA p. 273 Cholesterol p. 275 Lard p. 277 Human Skin p. 277 Proteins - Blood Serum and Zein p. 279 Chlorophyll and Lignin p. 279 Wood Chemicals and Polymers p. 279 Urea p. 283 Water p. 289 Surface Mobility p. 290 Chiral Rotation, Hydrogen Bonding, and Nanoengineering p. 290 Conclusion p. 291 References p. 291 Absorption and Diffusion in Polymers p. 293 Abstract p. 293 List of Symbols Used in This Chapter p. 293 Introduction p. 294 Steady State Permeation p. 296 The Diffusion Equation p. 296 Constant Diffusion Coefficients p. 296 Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficients p. 297 Surface Resistance p. 298 Mathematical Background p. 298 Surface Resistance in Absorption Experiments p. 300 Surface Resistance in Permeation Experiments p. 301 Surface Resistance - A Discussion p. 302 Side Effects p. 304 Measuring Diffusion Coefficients with Surface Resistance and Concentration Dependence p. 304 Film Formation by Solvent Evaporation p. 305 Anomalous Diffusion (Case II, Super Case II) p. 306 General Comments p. 308 Conclusion p. 308 References p. 309 Applications - Safety and Environment p. 311

7 Abstract p. 311 Introduction p. 311 Substitution p. 311 Alternative Systems p. 312 Solvent Formulation and Personal Protection for Least Risk p. 313 The Danish Mal System - The Fan p. 313 Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing p. 315 Uptake of Contents by a Plastic Container p. 315 Skin Penetration p. 316 Transport Phenomena p. 316 Conclusion p. 317 References p. 318 The Future p. 321 Abstract p. 321 Introduction p. 321 Hansen Solubility Parameter Data and Data Quality p. 324 Group Contribution Methods p. 328 Polymers as Points - Solvents as Spheres p. 328 Characterizing Surfaces p. 330 Materials and Processes Suggested for Further Attention p. 332 Surface Active Agents p. 332 Surface Mobility (Self-Assembly) p. 333 Water p. 334 Gases p. 336 Organic Salts p. 337 Inorganic Saks p. 337 Organometallic Compounds p. 338 Aromas and Fragrances p. 338 Absorption of Chemicals in Plastics p. 339 Chemical Resistance p. 339 Controlled Release p. 339 Nanotechnology p. 340 Theoretical Problems Awaiting Future Resolution p. 341 Polymer Solubility p. 341 Surface Phenomena p. 342 Conclusion p. 342 References p. 342 Comments to Table A.1 p. 345 References p. 346 p. 347 Comments to Table A.2 p. 485

8 References p. 490 List of Trade Names and Suppliers p Comments to Table A.3 p Index p. 511 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.