Thank you for joining us! Our Webinar will begin shortly Principles of SPE: Troubleshooting Techniques

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1 Thank you for joining us! Our Webinar will begin shortly Principles of SPE: Troubleshooting Techniques Using the Power of Chromatography to Solve Sample Preparation Challenges 2013 Waters Corporation 1 JCA2013

2 Introduction Joe Arsenault This webinar will be presented by Joseph Arsenault. With more than 37 years of chromatography experience at Waters, Joseph Arsenault was a part of the team that introduced Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technology for analytical laboratories in He has been involved in all aspects of SPE products from manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance, having spent numerous years as a Product Manager for SPE products. Over the last 14 years, he has devoted himself to the training and education of chromatographers around the world. In addition to his presentations, he has also authored and co-authored 3 handbooks/primers for chromatographers: Beginners Guide to Solid Phase Extractions (SPE) Beginners Guide to Liquid Chromatography Beginners Guide to Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) o All Available via Waters Corporation 2 JCA2013

3 Friendly Reminders Please use text chat functionality to submit questions during the Webinar. Upon conclusion, follow up information will be available: Recorded version of today s presentation Copies of today s slides Product discount offers Product specific information Reference materials 2013 Waters Corporation 3 JCA2013

4 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Educational Program Series 1) Introduction to Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Technology 2) SPE Troubleshooting Techniques 3) SPE Method Development Basics 2013 Waters Corporation 4 JCA2013

5 Companion Handbook -- Beginner s Guide to SPE Part #: pages, paperback Size: 8.5 x 11 >150 Full Color Figures and Diagrams Chapter Titles Benefits of SPE in Sample Preparation SPE is LC Key Terms and Calculations In the Lab Method Development Troubleshooting Appendix: Glossary of SPE and LC Terms Appendix: Oasis Sorbent Technology for SPE Appendix: Applications Appendix: Additional Reference Materials Price: $ Waters Corporation 5 JCA2013

6 Most Common Problem in SPE Poor or Inconsistent % Recovery Values 2013 Waters Corporation 6 JCA2013

7 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development BUT FIRST: 2013 Waters Corporation 7 JCA2013

8 Common Problem -- POOR % RECOVERY Root Causes 1) Variations in accurately determining the mass loaded and mass recovered values, for example: 2) Calculation Method 3) Not knowing where your analyte is at each step of the protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 8 JCA2013

9 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Recovery Accurate Mass Analyte is the Blue Dye in the Green Sample Load Elute Elution Solvent Proper Load Sample Analyte Fully Retained during Loading 10 ng +/- of Blue Dye Wash Step Recovery = 100% to Remove Yellow Recovery % = 10 ng Recovered 10 ng Loaded Need to check for no analyte 10 ng +/- at COMPLETION 2013 Waters Corporation 9 JCA2013

10 Common Problem -- POOR % RECOVERY Root Causes 1) Variations in accurately determining the mass Loaded and mass recovered values, for example: 50%?? 140%?? Mass Recovered measured TOO Low Mass Loaded measured TOO High 2) Calculation Method Mass Recovered measured TOO High Mass Loaded measured TOO Low 3) Not knowing where your analyte is at each step of the protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 10 JCA2013

11 Common Problem -- POOR %RECOVERY Root Causes 1) Variations in accurately determining the mass loaded and mass recovered values, for example 50%?? 140%?? Mass Recovered measured TOO Low Mass Recovered measured TOO High Mass Loaded measured TOO High Mass Loaded measured TOO Low 2) Suggested Calculation Method 3) Not knowing where your analyte is at each step of the protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 11 JCA2013

12 Proper Recovery Calculation Step One Run SPE Protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 12 JCA2013

13 Proper Recovery Calculation Step Two Run SPE Protocol Analytical Result =? 2013 Waters Corporation 13 JCA2013

14 Proper Recovery Calculation Perform Calculation 2013 Waters Corporation 14 JCA2013

15 Proper Recovery Calculation Perform Calculation 2013 Waters Corporation 15 JCA2013

16 Common Problem -- POOR %RECOVERY Root Causes 1) Variations in accurately determining the mass Loaded and mass recovered values, for example 50%?? 140%?? Mass Recovered measured TOO Low Mass Loaded measured TOO High 2) Calculation Method Mass Recovered measured TOO High Mass Loaded measured TOO Low 3) Not knowing where your analyte is at each step of the protocol - several things to consider 2013 Waters Corporation 16 JCA2013

17 How Much Liquid is Contained in this Glass of Ice Water? Liquid is only able to Fit in the Spaces between the Particles of Ice this is called the Interstitial Volume For example, a full 12 oz. glass of Ice Water may contain only 6 oz. of Liquid Water! 2013 Waters Corporation 17 JCA2013

18 How Much Liquid is Contained in this Glass of Ice Water? Liquid is only able to Fit in the Spaces between the Particles of Ice this is called the Interstitial Volume For example, a full 12 oz. glass of Ice Water may contain only 6 oz. of Liquid Water! For SPE Devices, we need to know what this volume value is to predict where an analyte will be located this is called the SPE Device Hold-UP Volume 2013 Waters Corporation 18 JCA2013

19 Knowing Where Your Analyte SHOULD BE (Hold-Up Volume??) Liquid HOLD-UP VOLUME of an SPE Device 2013 Waters Corporation 19 JCA2013

20 Knowing Where Your Analyte SHOULD BE (Hold-Up Volume??) Liquid HOLD-UP VOLUME of an SPE Device When flow stops how much liquid is still in the device? -- For example 1.2 ml Value must be determined for each device design Carefully load a liquid onto the device and STOP FLOW - just as the FIRST DROP Elutes Measure how much was added Upon subsequent liquid additions, this value can be used to predict where your analyte will be 2013 Waters Corporation 20 JCA2013

21 Load Analyte with a k = 0 Not Captured/No Retention 2013 Waters Corporation 21 JCA2013

22 Loaded Analyte with a k = 0 Elution Step Add Pure Sample Solvent (k = 0) GREATER THAN (>) Hold-up Volume to flow ALL of the REMAINING ANALYTE out of the Cartridge Note: Some of the Analyte is contained in BOTH Vessels (Original Load, and Elution Steps) 2013 Waters Corporation 22 JCA2013

23 Load Analyte with a k = 0 Not Captured/No Retention 2013 Waters Corporation 23 JCA2013

24 Loaded Analyte with a k = 0 Elution Step Add Pure Sample Solvent (k = 0) with Volume GREATER THAN (>) Hold-up Volume to flow ALL of the ANALYTE out of the Cartridge All of the Analyte Should be in JUST the Elute Vessel 2013 Waters Corporation 24 JCA2013

25 Loaded Analyte with a k = 0 Elution Step Add Pure Sample Solvent (k = 0) with Volume LESS THAN (<) Hold-up Volume will elute SOME of the ANALYTE out of the Cartridge Some analyte is still in the cartridge!! 2013 Waters Corporation 25 JCA2013

26 Load Analyte with a k = HIGH Well Captured/High Retention Sample Volume Greater or Less Than Hold-up Volume Analyte k = High for Good Capture - analyte does not move too far down the bed 2013 Waters Corporation 26 JCA2013

27 Loaded Analyte with k = HIGH Elution Step Initial Sample Volume Greater or Less Than Hold-up Volume -- Now, Elution Solvent is Added GREATER Than Hold-up Volume Elution Solvent STRONG ELUTION SOLVENT (k = 0) with Volume GREATER THAN (>) Hold-up Volume to flow ALL of the ANALYTE out of the Cartridge All of the Analyte Should be in JUST the Elution Vessel 2013 Waters Corporation 27 JCA2013

28 Loaded Analyte with k = HIGH Elution Step Initial Sample Volume Greater or Less Than Holdup Volume -- Now, Elution Solvent is Added LESS Than Hold-up Volume Elution Solvent STRONG ELUTION SOLVENT (k = 0) with Volume LESS THAN (<) Hold-up Volume only SOME of the ANALYTE will flow out of the Cartridge Only SOME of the Analyte will be in the ELUTION vessel 2013 Waters Corporation 28 JCA2013

29 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 29 JCA2013

30 SPE is Liquid Chromatography Same Rules Apply 2013 Waters Corporation 30 JCA2013

31 Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate HETP van Deemter Curve and Plates vs. Flow Rate Curve H Optimal Linear Velocity corresponds to Optimal Flow Rate (for maximum Plate Count Resolution) HETP vs. Linear Velocity HETP PLATES N Plates vs. Flow Rate Separation Efficiency Optimal Do Not Flow Too Fast Linear Velocity u = L / t 0 u {mm/sec} Flow Rate {ml/min} 2013 Waters Corporation 31 JCA2013

32 Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate HETP van Deemter Curve and Plates vs. Flow Rate Curve H Optimal Linear Velocity corresponds to Optimal Flow Rate (for maximum Plate Count Resolution) HETP vs. Linear Velocity HETP PLATES N Plates vs. Flow Rate Separation Efficiency Optimal Do Not Flow Too Fast Loss of Plates (Resolution) Linear Velocity u = L / t 0 u {mm/sec} Flow Rate {ml/min} 2013 Waters Corporation 32 JCA2013

33 SPE Steps Requiring FLOW RATE Control 2013 Waters Corporation 33 JCA2013

34 Steps Requiring FLOW RATE Control 2013 Waters Corporation 34 JCA2013

35 Steps Requiring FLOW RATE Control Load 2013 Waters Corporation 35 JCA2013

36 Steps Requiring Proper FLOW RATE Control 2013 Waters Corporation 36 JCA2013

37 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed-Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 37 JCA2013

38 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed-Phase Devices C18 and C8 Silica Based Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 38 JCA2013

39 Polarity Retention Mechanism Likes Attract Likes Polar Polar Non-Polar Non-Polar Polar (WATER) (Vinegar) Opposites Repel Non- Polar (C18 RP Sorbent) (Oil) 2013 Waters Corporation 39 JCA2013

40 Familiar Example Rain on Old Auto 2013 Waters Corporation 40 JCA2013

41 Familiar Example Rain on Waxed Auto 2013 Waters Corporation 41 JCA2013

42 Reversed-Phase - SPE Method CRITICAL Steps Conditioning/Equilibration for Wetting BEFORE the Sample is Loaded, use an Organic Solvent to WET the Sorbent Pores -- then Flush with Sample Solvent or Water to EQUILIBRATE the Sorbent Required for Reversed-Phase Applications 2013 Waters Corporation 42 JCA2013

43 Proper Wetting Good Capture/Retention Analyte 2013 Waters Corporation 43 JCA2013

44 Proper Wetting Conditioning and Equilibration Steps 2013 Waters Corporation 44 JCA2013

45 Proper Wetting Conditioning and Equilibration Steps Remember, the Organic Solvent from the Conditioning Step brings the Equilibration Water or Sample Solvent into the Pores and is then Replaced by the Water or Sample Solvent 2013 Waters Corporation 45 JCA2013

46 Fully Wetted Sorbent Pore Proper Conditioning and Equilibration 2013 Waters Corporation 46 JCA2013

47 Loading Step Loading Step -- When the Sample is Actually Applied to the SPE Device Sorbent Pores must be properly wetted for this step in Reversed-phase methods 2013 Waters Corporation 47 JCA2013

48 Successful Loading Proper Wetting Proper Wetting Results in Good Capture 2013 Waters Corporation 48 JCA2013

49 De-Wetted Pores in Reversed-Phase No Analyte Retention (No Capture) Analyte 2013 Waters Corporation 49 JCA2013

50 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Drying Out Effect on C18 Silica Condition with Organic Wets the Pores Vacuum can pull air into one or some of the cartridges, and Dries Out Organic in the Pores Organic brings Water into Non-Polar Equilibrate with No Pores Organic in Pores Water/ means No Water Sample Solvent gets into Pores LOAD Analytes DO NOT Enter Pores and are NOT Retained POOR RECOVERY! Wash Elute 2013 Waters Corporation 50 JCA2013

51 De-Wetted Pores in Reversed-Phase Poor Analyte Retention (No Capture) Analyte Completely Dried Out Partially Dried Out 100% Recovery No Recovery Partial Recovery INCONSISTENT % Recovery Values (Calculated at the completion of the SPE Protocol) 2013 Waters Corporation 51 JCA2013

52 Impact on %Recovery Due to Drying-Out Effect on Silica (Minutes of Air Drawn into the Cartridge - Vacuum) 2013 Waters Corporation 52 JCA2013

53 Impact on %Recovery Due to Drying-Out Effect on C18 Silica Completely Dried Out Partially Dried Out 100% Recovery No Recovery Partial Recovery 2013 Waters Corporation 53 JCA2013

54 Greatly Improved % Recovery Values with Unique Polymeric Sorbent 2013 Waters Corporation 54 JCA2013

55 Oasis Sorbents Prevent De-Wetting More Consistent % Recovery Values Oasis Sorbents 100% Recovery % Recovery values calculated at the completion of the SPE Protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 55 JCA2013

56 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed-Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 56 JCA2013

57 Cation Exchange: Strong Capture for Charged Bases + Charged Base - Charged Sorbent 2013 Waters Corporation 57 JCA2013

58 Analyte Charge as a Function of ph 2013 Waters Corporation 58 JCA2013

59 Analyte Charge as a Function of ph 2013 Waters Corporation 59 JCA2013

60 Sorbent Surface Charge as a Function of ph -- C18 Silica C18 Silica 2013 Waters Corporation 60 JCA2013

61 Un-bonded Silica Gel Particle: Pore Surface - Silanol Group Silanol Groups Si - OH Note: Surface silanols Acidic sites (Weak Acid) 2013 Waters Corporation 61 JCA2013

62 Un-bonded Silica Gel Particle: Pore Surface - Silanol Group Silanol Groups Si - OH Note: Surface silanols Acidic sites (Weak Acid) Uncharged at Low ph but - ph > Waters Corporation 62 JCA2013

63 Sorbent Silanol Interactions Creating a Negative Charge Silica Gel Surface Silanol Charge changes with mobile phase ph Behaves as a Weak Cation Exchanger 2013 Waters Corporation 63 JCA2013

64 C18 Bonded and Fully End-Capped High Purity Silica Gel Pore Bonded and End-Capped Silica Based Sorbents can also Become Negatively Charged at ph > ~5 Remember: ~50% of surface silanols remain due to Steric Hindrance Note: Difficulty bonding silanols in micro-pores 2013 Waters Corporation 64 JCA2013

65 Sorbent Surface Charge as a Function of ph C18 Silica C18 Silica Un-Anticipated Cation Exchange ph > Waters Corporation 65 JCA2013

66 Mixed-Mode Retention SPE Cartridges C18 - Silica Hydrophobic Interaction with Bonded Phase ph < 3 Mobile Phase Si - OH Substrate Protonated No Charge O- Si O- Si OH O- Si O- Si OH O- Si OH O- Si O- Si O- Si OH O- Si O- Si + HN (CH 3 ) 2 N Base + SAME SAME C18 Silica COLUMN SPE Different ph 2013 Waters Corporation 66 JCA2013

67 Mixed-Mode Retention SPE Cartridges C18 - Silica Hydrophobic Interaction with Bonded Phase Ion exchange Interaction with Charged Sites High Silanol Activity, and Reversed-phase ph < 3 Mobile Phase Si - OH Substrate Protonated no charge O- Si O- Si OH O- Si O- Si OH O- Si OH O- Si O- Si O- Si OH O- Si O- Si + HN (CH 3 ) 2 O- Si O- Si O -- O- Si O- Si O O- Si O - O- Si O- Si O- Si O - O-- Si O- Si (CH 3 ) 2 HN + ph > 5 Mobile Phase Si O - Substrate De-protonated- Negative Charge N Base + SAME COLUMN SAME C18 Silica SPE Different ph Cation EX Base 2013 Waters Corporation 67 JCA2013 RP Hard to Elute Base Causing Low Recovery in SPE B + ---

68 Cation Exchange Potential C18 Silica Poor Recovery Charged Base During the SPE Protocol Load or Wash Steps, if the ph approaches 5-7 Elution Step for Base Using 100% MeOH (ph Water = 7) Particle becomes Negatively Charged Even High Organic Will NOT Elute the Positively Charged Basic Analyte Resulting in Very Poor Recovery It is Not where you think it should be!!! 2013 Waters Corporation 68 JCA2013

69 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 69 JCA2013

70 MS Signal Suppression Impact of the Sample Matrix Standards in aqueous solution give acceptable response 2013 Waters Corporation 70 JCA2013

71 Signal Suppression -- What can happen to Analytes in a Complex Sample Matrix Analytes in human plasma with only Protein Precipitation (PPT) Analyte Standards in aqueous solution Analytes in human plasma with only Protein Precipitation 2013 Waters Corporation 71 JCA2013

72 % % Different Sample Preparation Techniques- Different Results MRM for Terfenadine Significant ion suppression observed for analytes that co-elute with residual matrix components using just PPT. 100 Protein Precipitation (PPT) 80% ion suppression MRM > e SPE with Oasis MCX 1.91 Minimal ion suppression MRM > e Gradient time = 1.5 min Note: These samples are dried and reconstituted Waters Waters Corporation 72 JCA2013

73 % % Different Sample Preparation Techniques, Different Results 100 PPT MRM for Terfenadine 80% Ion Suppression MRM > e SPE (Oasis MCX) 1.91 Minimal Ion Suppression MRM > e6 0 No loss in signal observed for analytes when the interferences, which cause the suppression, are removed by mixed-mode SPE Note: These samples are dried and reconstituted. Gradient time = 1.5 min Waters Waters Corporation 73 JCA2013

74 Matrix Effect Calculation Step One Run SPE Protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 74 JCA2013

75 Matrix Effect Calculation Step Two 2013 Waters Corporation 75 JCA2013

76 Matrix Effect Calculation 2013 Waters Corporation 76 JCA2013

77 Matrix Effect Calculation -- No Matrix Effect MS Result = 10 ng/ml MS Result = 10 ng/ml 2013 Waters Corporation 77 JCA2013

78 Matrix Effect Calculation Suppression MS Result = 10 ng/ml MS Result = 2 ng/ml 2013 Waters Corporation 78 JCA2013

79 Matrix Effect Calculation -- Enhancement MS Result = 10 ng/ml MS Result = 12 ng/ml 10ng/mL 2013 Waters Corporation 79 JCA2013

80 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study During Method Development Work Lack of Mass Balance Study During Method Development Work 2013 Waters Corporation 80 JCA2013

81 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Breakthrough/Loading Study How Much Sample can I Load onto this Cartridge? 2013 Waters Corporation 81 JCA2013

82 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Capacity Amount of Sample the SPE Device can Effectively Handle, based on the Chromatographic Conditions [~ f(k)] Breakthrough When the Capacity of the SPE Device is Exceeded for the Analyte(s) of Interest (can t capture all of the analyte) 2013 Waters Corporation 82 JCA2013

83 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Capacity Amount of Sample the SPE Device can Effectively Handle, based on the Chromatographic Conditions [~ f(k)] Breakthrough When the Capacity of the SPE Device is Exceeded for the Analyte(s) of Interest (can t capture all of the analyte) Remember Other Sample Matrix components are also being captured by the cartridge 2013 Waters Corporation 83 JCA2013

84 Loading Determination Answer Depends on Chromatography Loading is a Function of; How much Sorbent Type of Sorbent Chromatographic Conditions ^k of Analytes (Sorbents and Solvents) ^k of Interferences ^ Conditioning / Equillibration Flow Rate Variations in Sample Matrix (male vs. female, dog vs. human Breakthrough Study must be Performed to Develop a Robust Method 2013 Waters Corporation 84 JCA2013

85 Loading Determination Breakthrough Study Series of Experiments Passing Increasing Volumes of Sample Matrix through separate SPE Devices [All the same cartridge size / type] [Volumes bracketing Desired Volume] Follow your planned SPE Protocol Determine Analytical Results (% Recovery) for Analytes Plot Recovery Results for Analytes vs. Sample Volume Determine Maximum Volume for Each of the Analytes find Maximum Volume for Method 2013 Waters Corporation 85 JCA2013

86 Breakthrough Study Loading Step 2013 Waters Corporation 86 JCA2013

87 Breakthrough Study Loading Step 2013 Waters Corporation 87 JCA2013

88 Breakthrough Study Loading Step Desired Method Goal: Load 2mL of Sample on Smallest Cartridge Possible 2013 Waters Corporation 88 JCA2013

89 Breakthrough Study Loading Step Save these for future reference 2013 Waters Corporation 89 JCA2013

90 Breakthrough Study Complete SPE Protocol Analyze for Analytes, and Calculate %Recovery 2013 Waters Corporation 90 JCA2013

91 Loading Determination Breakthrough Study Series of Experiments Passing Increasing Volumes of Sample Matrix through separate SPE Devices [All the same cartridge size / type] [Volumes bracketing Desired Volume] Follow your planned SPE Protocol Determine Analytical Results (% Recovery) for Analytes Plot Recovery Results for Analytes vs. Sample Volume Determine Maximum Volume for Each of the Analytes find Maximum Volume for Method 2013 Waters Corporation 91 JCA2013

92 Loading Determination Plot %Recovery vs Load Volume 2013 Waters Corporation 92 JCA2013

93 Loading Determination Plot %Recovery vs Load Volume 2013 Waters Corporation 93 JCA2013

94 Breakthrough Study LOAD Step 2013 Waters Corporation 94 JCA2013

95 Loading Determination Plot %Recovery vs Load Volume Waters Corporation 95 JCA2013

96 Breakthrough Study LOAD Step 2013 Waters Corporation 96 JCA2013

97 Loading Determination Plot %Recovery vs Load Volume Waters Corporation 97 JCA2013

98 What is the Answer? How Much Can I Load? If just Yellow? If Just Blue? If Both? 2013 Waters Corporation 98 JCA2013

99 Breakthrough Study 0 2 Just Yellow 2013 Waters Corporation 99 JCA2013

100 How Much Can I Load? If just Yellow? If Just Blue? If Both? 2013 Waters Corporation 100 JCA2013

101 Breakthrough Study 0 2 Just Blue 2013 Waters Corporation 101 JCA2013

102 How Much Can I Load? If just Yellow? If Just Blue? If Both? 2013 Waters Corporation 102 JCA2013

103 Breakthrough Study 0 2 BOTH 2013 Waters Corporation 103 JCA2013

104 Breakthrough Study What would you do if you still needed to process a 2mL sample for both yellow and blue?? 2013 Waters Corporation 104 JCA2013

105 Breakthrough Study What would you do if you needed to process a 2mL sample for both yellow and blue?? You would need a Larger Cartridge with MORE of this Sorbent or, A DIFFERENT Sorbent/Solvent System with more capacity (k) for Yellow 2013 Waters Corporation 105 JCA2013

106 Breakthrough Study Very important in SPE Methods Development to insure the most efficient performance of the method and its robustness 2013 Waters Corporation 106 JCA2013

107 Most Common Problem in SPE: Poor or Inconsistent Recovery TOP SPE Trouble SOURCES Flow Rate Control De-wetting in Reversed Phase Devices Cation Exchange with Silica Sorbents (D ph) MS Matrix Effects Lack of Breakthrough Study in Method Development Lack of Mass Balance Study in Method Development 2013 Waters Corporation 107 JCA2013

108 Root Causes 1) Variations in accurately determining the mass Loaded and mass recovered values, for example Mass Recovered measured TOO Low Mass Loaded measured TOO High 2) Calculation Method 50%?? 140%?? Mass Recovered measured TOO High Mass Loaded measured TOO Low 3) Not knowing where your analyte is at each step of the protocol 2013 Waters Corporation 108 JCA2013

109 Mass Balance Study Methods Development Tracks where your analyte is at each step of the SPE Protocol You analyze for the presence/amount of the analyte in what comes out of the device during each step 2013 Waters Corporation 109 JCA2013

110 Need to Know the Hold-Up Volume 2013 Waters Corporation 110 JCA2013

111 Collect and Test for How Much Analyte Analyte is a Purple Compound Collect and test for the presence, and mass of your analyte, at each step 2013 Waters Corporation 111 JCA2013

112 Strategy 1 Pass Through Test that No Analyte has passed through 2013 Waters Corporation 112 JCA2013

113 Strategy 1 Pass Through Due Mass Balance How Much Loaded How Much Eluted Should Match 2013 Waters Corporation 113 JCA2013

114 Strategy 2 Capture, Wash, Elute 2013 Waters Corporation 114 JCA2013

115 Wash Step Due Mass Balance for Yellow How Much Loaded How Much Eluted Should Match The Yellow Interference is Completely Washed Away 2013 Waters Corporation 115 JCA2013

116 Incomplete Wash Step The Yellow Interference is NOT completely Washed Away Due Mass Balance for Yellow How Much Loaded How Much Eluted DO NOT Match 2013 Waters Corporation 116 JCA2013

117 Incomplete Wash Step How to Fix The Yellow Interference is NOT Completely Washed Away 1) Wash with MORE Volume of THIS solvent 2) Wash with SAME Volume of a STRONGER Solvent 2013 Waters Corporation 117 JCA2013

118 Strategy 2 Capture, Wash, Elute 2013 Waters Corporation 118 JCA2013

119 Incomplete Elute Step Blue Analyte is NOT Completely Eluted How to Fix 1) Elute with MORE Volume of THIS solvent 2) Elute with SAME Volume of a STRONGER Solvent 2013 Waters Corporation 119 JCA2013

120 Stronger Solvent Requires LESS Volume than Weaker Solvent Check for Complete Elution of Analyte 2013 Waters Corporation 120 JCA2013

121 Solid Phase Extraction SPE Summary Powerful technique Chromatographic principles Highly selective Very Robust when done properly Waters provides excellent Applications Support - Technical Support - Applications Library - Methods Development Information - Educational Seminars/Workshops - Literature 2013 Waters Corporation 121 JCA2013

122 Technology Capability Literature Primers 2013 Waters Corporation 122 JCA2013

123 Thank You! Questions? Landing Page 30% Promotional Offer on SPE Products Free Beginners Guide to SPE Text Book with SPE Purchase PDF Slide Deck Full Webinar Recording of Today s Session Compilation of Literature, White Papers, Brochures General Questions mychemrep@waters.com 2013 Waters Corporation 123 JCA2013