o optical inspection 239 oxygen diffusion baking effect 160 BCS resistance 63, 161 low-field Q-slope 50 weak links 63 oxygen pollution model 166

Transcription

1 443 a absorber, higher order mode (HOM) 298, 311 ALICE, see energy recovery linac ALPI, see heavy-ion accelerator ARC-EN-CIEL, see energy recovery linac ATLAS, see heavy-ion accelerator Atomic Probe Tomography 192 b baking final mild baking 238 H contamination degassing 238 baking benefit, oxygen diffusion 161 baking effect 71, 150, 168, 171, 180 oxygen pollution model 159, 160 barrel polishing 240, 241, 237, 247 BCP, buffered chemical polishing 242 surface roughness due to 242 BCS 4, 4144, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 75, 80, 161, 238 non-linear resistance 46 48, 60, 62, 147 resistance, mean free path dependence, 42 beam pipe HOM coupler 308 absorber 298, 311 BEPC-II, see collider, storage ring BESSY, see storage ring light source c Canadian Light Source, see storage ring light source cavities high-b crab cavity 349 elliptical 9, 10 ICHIRO 14, 16, 17, 89 low-loss 13, 14 re-entrant cavity 4, 13, 14, 16 cavities low-b 9, 19, 26, 231 half-wave resonator (HWR) 29, 30, 92 ladder resonator 9, 25 quarter wave resonator (QWR) 26, 28 30, 221 radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) 4, 30, 371 split ring resonator 26, 369 spoke resonator 9, 22 25, 33, 38, 221 cavities medium-b 9, 18, 22, 26, 33, 35, 38 CEBAF 6, 353 cavity 356 cavity pair 353 electron linac 353 ERL 395 operating experience 354, 355 refurbished cavities 356 upgrade 356 centrifugal barrel polishing, see barrel polishing CESR, see also collider, storage ring cavity 338 operating experience 339 CHESS, see storage ring light source coating, niobium 234 bias sputtering 234 cathodic arc 234 electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) 235 magnetron sputtering 234 collider, storage ring BEPC-II 343 CESR 6, 11, 338, 339, 341, 342 LEP 6, 105, 335, 336 TRISTAN 335 condensed gas couplers 293 field emission 102, 125 multipacting 87, 287, 339 residual resistance, 65 Cooper pairs 41, 42, 73, 196 RF Superconductivity: Science, Technology, and Applications. Hasan Padamsee Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

2 444 crab cavities 348, 351 crab crossing 348, 349 critical magnetic field, H c 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 160 H c1 69, 72, 73, 75, 80, 160, 172, 174, 180 H c2 72, 75, 78, 230 H c3 72, 77, 78 H sh 17, 72, 79, 80, 174 coupler, input coaxial 269 examples 272 conditioning 290, 293 dc bias 287 diagnostics 290 for low-b resonators 280 materials and fabrication 282 rf processing 287, 288 transverse kick 266 waveguide 268, 269, 280 window 270, 271 coupler, higher order mode (HOM) 296 absorber 298, 311 beam pipe absorber 308 coaxial 302 coupler kick 306 heating 305 loop coupler 296 waveguide 296, 306 d dc bias, see input coaxial couplers dc magnetization curves, annealing 256 degassing couplers 266 coupler processing 290 for H 69, 255, 357 DIAMOND, see storage ring light source dry-ice cleaning 259 dust-free assembly 260 e EBSD, see surface analysis eddy current scanning 194, 203, 208, 211 ELBE, see free electron laser electron beam melting 206, 212, 219 electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) 235 electropolishing 241, 242 I V characteristics 246, 248 contamination issues 253 continuous EP 243, 244 current oscillations 243 horizontal method 249 intermittent polishing 243 material removal 250 surface roughness 242 theory 248 ultrasonic cleaning 254 vertical method 251 viscous layer 248 ELETTRA, see storage ring light source elic, see energy recovery linac energy recovery linac (ERL) 7, 300, 309, 360, 389, 390, 392, ALICE, Daresbury 396 ARC-EN-CIEL 391 Cornell 396, 397 Daresbury 396 elic 399 erhic 398 Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) 395 Jefferson Lab 390, 395 KEK 396 RHIC 398, 399 e-p collider 335 HERA 6, 398 erhic, see energy recovery linac ethanol rinsing 251, 254 EURISOL, see heavy ion accelerator f ferrites, HOM absorber 309 field emission 5, 13, 85, 92, 94, 95, 96, 100, 102, 103, 127, 129, 256, 258, 408 coupler 265 dc 95 emissive area 100 emission sites 101 emitter density 98, 99, 103 Fowler-Nordheim 94 helium processing 95, 125, 126, 354, 355, 382 induced quench 96 processing 106, 109, 110, 111 simulation 120, 123 statistical model 103 x-rays 96 field enhancement Fowler-Nordheim 100 geometric 104 grain boundary 157, 198 magnetic 149, 180 FLASH, see free electron laser free electron laser (FEL) 7, , 362, 364, 366,

3 445 Darmstadt 360 ELBE FEL 360 FLASH 6, 10, 361, 362, 364 high-gain-harmonic generation, HGHG 389, 391 JAERI 360 Jefferson Lab (JLab) IR FEL 6, 360 Rossendorf 396 S-DALINAC 360 Tesla Test Facility 362 WIFEL 390 XFEL 6, 366 g GANIL, see heavy-ion accelerator geometric shunt impedance 11, 19, 295 geometry factor 11, 15, 19 Ginsburg-Landau parameter, niobium 172 Ginsburg-Landau theory 75, 80 global thermal instability 55 groove, MP suppression in WG 289 h H contamination degassing 238 EP 245 half-wave resonator (HWR) 29, 30, 92 heavy-ion accelerator 369, 370 ADS 405 ALPI 6, 29, 31, 231, 233, 370 ATLAS 5, 369 EURISOL 7, 29, 376, 400, 401 GANIL 376, 400 Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi 373 ISAC 6, 374 National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) 378 PIAVE, heavy-ion injector 6, 31, 371, 373 Reaccelerator 378 RIA 7, 25, 29, 378, 400, 401 RIB 7, 18, 373, 376, 378, 399 SARAF 379 SPIRAL-II 7, 376, 400 HERA, see e-p collider high-field Q-drop 129, 180 comparison EP/BCP 134 fluxoids 172 grain boundary role 174 Interface Tunneling Exchange 133 large grain cavity 176 large grain Nb 142, 150, 176, 180 magnetic field effect 130 mild baking benefit 138, 142, 144 modified pollution model 162, 166 oxygen pollution model 160 pollution model 171 pollution-roughness model 174 role of hydrogen 171 roughness effect 147, 150 single crystal cavity 174 spatial inhomogeneity 133 surface studies 181 thermal feedback effect 145 high-intensity proton linac 7, 401, 402 JPARC 7, 403 KAERI 405 KOMAK 405 Project X 403 Proton Driver 403 SNS 6, 18, 38, 380, 381, 384, 387, 402, 404 SPL 7, 404 TRASCO 19 XADS 7, 405 high-pressure rinsing (HPR) 256 force calibration 258 system 257 HoBiCaT 391 HOM couplers 296 beam pipe absorbers 308 coaxial HOM couplers 302 coupler kicks 306 heating 305 loop couplers 296 wavgeuide 306 HOM absorber 298, 311 HOM excitation 295 mode trapping 301 HOM propagation, asymmetric cavity 302 HPP 95, 96, 110 HWR 29, 30, 92 hydroforming 5, 204, 222, 226 niobium-copper 226 i ICHIRO 14, 16, 17, 89 Inspection 239 International Linear Collider (ILC) 6, 7, 205, 365, 406, 407, 408 crab cavities for 351 Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi 373 ISAC, see heavy-ion accelerator

4 446 j JAERI, see free electron laser Japan Atomic Energy Agency, see energy recovery linac Jefferson Lab, see also CEBAF ERL 390, 395 FEL 6 IR FEL 360 Josephson fluxons 48, 51, 62 JPARC, see high intensity proton accelerator k KAERI, see high intensity proton accelerator KEK, see TRISTAN, energy recovery linac KEK-B 6, 11, 279, 308, 338, 341, 342, 343, 348, 351 cavity 338 collider e+e- 338 crab cavity 349 operating experience 339 KOMAK, see high intensity proton linac l ladder resonator 9, 25 large grain cavities BCP and EP 215 cavity fabrication 213 maximum gradient 214 medium field Q-slope 56 large grain Nb high field Q-drop 142, 150, 176, 180 niobium material 211, 212, 218 surface smoothness 211 LEP-II 6, 105, 336 e+e-collider 335 operating experience 336 LHC collider p-p 338 crab cavities for 351 loop couplers, HOM 296 Lorentz-force detuning 4, 11, 32, 36, 39, 267, 268, 313, 314, 316, 324, 326, 403 low-b 403 lower order modes, crab cavity 348 low-field Q-slope 4, 48, 50, 129, 161, 168 low-loss cavity 13, 14 low-b 9, 19, 26, 231 low-b resonator fabrication 221 m magnetic field bias, suppresssion in waveguides 289 magnetostrictive actuator, fast tuner 314, 329 magnetron sputtering 234 medium-field Q-slope 4, 48, 50, 51, 54 62, 129, 145, 147, 161 medium-b cavities 9, 18, 22, 26, 33, 35, 38 megasonic cleaning 260 microphonics 5, 12, 18, 19, 32, 35, 267, 268, 313, 324, 326, 331 mode trapping, HOM 301 modified pollution model 162, 166 multipacting 5, 11, 85, 89, 92 rectangular waveguide 287 scaling law 287 simulation coupler 285 simulations waveguide 289 suppression for couplers 287 multipacting trajectories beam pipe 89 in couplers 5 265, 285, 305 low-b resonator 92 scaling laws in coaxial couplers 286 muon collider 408, 410 n National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) 378 niobium material production 205 recrystallization 208 specifications 204 vendors 205 Nb-Cu bonding 226 Nb-Cu resonators, low-b 233 Nb-Cu-sputtered cavities 230 neutrino factory neutron source 380, see also SNS niobium-hydride, 65 o optical inspection 239 oxygen diffusion baking effect 160 BCS resistance 63, 161 low-field Q-slope 50 weak links 63 oxygen pollution model 166

5 447 p peak surface electric field 11 13, 29 peak surface magnetic field 11, 13, 15, 19, 23 phonon peak 52, 55, 60, 134, 196 PIAVE, see heavy-ion accelerator heavy-ion injector 371 piezo elements, fast tuners 314, 326 planar disk window 271 planar rectangular ceramic 271 pollution model 171 postpurification, yield strength 238 power requirement, input coupler 267 Project X, see high intensity proton linac Proton Driver, see high intensity proton linac q Q-disease 65 67, 69, 171, 230, 238 Q-slope, Nb-Cu 234 quality factor, 3 quench 13, 48, 129, 192, 197, 198, 408 at defects 192, 194 at welds 204 baked 184 baking effect 48, 138 BCP baked 155, 165, 171, 198 EP baked 198, 200 grain boundary edge 157, 158 high field Q-drop 200 HPR accident 259 increase with EP 154 large grain 215 phonon peak 196 post-purification 132, 142, 218, 238 single crystal 218 thermal model 196 thermo-currents 87 weld 198 Quarter Wave Resonator (QWR) 26, 28 30, 221 Nb-Cu 371 r reaccelerator 378 recrystallization, niobium 208 re-entrant cavity 4, 13, 14, 16 residual resistance 4, 41, 48, 49, 65, 66, 69 71, 165, 183 rf processing 5, 14, 95, 106, , 127, 128, 382, 383 couplers 287, 288 simulation 116 RFQ 4, 30, 371 RHIC-II, see energy recovery linac RIA 7, 25, 29, 378, 400, 401 RIB 7, 18, 373, 376, 378, 399 Rossendorf, see free electron laser s SARAF, see heavy-ion linac S-DALINAC, see free electron laser seamless cavities 222 self-amplified-spontaneous-emission (SASE) 362 Shanghai Light Source, see storage ring light source SIMS, see surface analysis single-crystal cavity 180, 212, 218 niobium 211, 212, 218 SNS 6, 18, 38, 380, 381, 384, 387, 402, 404 SOLEIL, see storage ring light source spinning 227 SPIRAL-II, see heavy-ion accelerator SPL, see high intensity proton accelerator split ring resonator 26, 369 spoke resonator 9, 22 25, 33, 38, 221 sputtered NbCu, low-b resonators 231 SQUID scanning 210 SRRC (Taiwan), see storage ring light source stiffeners 35, 36 storage ring light source 342 BESSY 391 Canadian Light Source 342 CHESS 6, 338, 339, 342, 396 DIAMOND 342, 343 ELETTRA 348 Shanghai Light Source 342 SLS 348 SOLEIL 343, 346 SRRC (Taiwan Light Source) 342 storage rings 335 sulfur contamination EP 253 surface analysis EBSD 187 dislocations 187 SIMS 188, 189 TEM 192 XPS 46, 66, 72, 163, 181, 182, 184, 253 surface roughness 242

6 448 t Taiwan Light Source, see SRRC Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai 373 TEM, see surface analysis temperature map field emission 93, 96, 106 large grain cavity 178 Q-disease 66, 69 Q-drop 130 trapped flux 69 Tesla Test Facility, see free electron laser thermal breakdown 196 thermal conductivity 52, 55, 57, 196 medium field Q-slope 51, 60 post-purification 132 thermal feedback effect 55, 60, 132, 145, 146 thermal feedback model 51, 52, 57 third harmonic SRF 347 TEM, see surface analysis transverse kick, input coupler 266 trapped dc magnetic flux 65, 69, 87 TRASCO, see high intensity proton linac TRISTAN, e+e-collider 335 TRIUMF 374, see also ISAC-II TTF 6, 361, 362, 364, 365, 391 operating experience 362 tube forming 229 tumbling 237 tuners 5, 29, 35, , 326, 329, 331, 364, 387 fast 313, 324, 326 low-b resonators 329, 330 magnetostrictive actuator, fast tuner 314, 329 two-fluid model 41, 42 two-point MP 87, 88 couplers 285 u ultrafast x-rays, crab cavities for 353 ultrasonic degreasing, EP 251 v variable reactance, tuners 331 viscous layer, EP 248 w warm window 270 input coupler 265 waveguide coupler 268, 269, 280 waveguide couplers, HOM 296 windows 270, 283 antimultipactor coating 283 cold 270 cylindrical 271 planar disk 271 planar rectangular 271 warm 270 x XADS, see high intensity proton linac XFEL, see free electron laser XPS, see surface analysis X-rays, field emission 96 y yield strength of Nb 205