NEW MATERIALS CREATING OPTIONS FOR OUR FUTURE

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1 NEW MATERIALS CREATING OPTIONS FOR OUR FUTURE SC 208 APRIL 5, 2016 JOHN BUSH

2 OUTLINE OF CLASS CONTENT Introduction to material science/engineering Some materials frontiers Logic of materials development Structural materials Energy storage materials Electronic and optical materials Chemical materials Biological materials Green materials

3 NATHAN MYRHVOLD

4 WHAT IS A NEW MATERIAL? A material is A substance or combination of substances that make up a thing A substance that is intended to be used for certain applications New materials are substances with new combinations of properties New compositions New structures Useful new materials have properties that create new applications or solve known problems

5 THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF NEW MATERIALS

6 MATERIALS SCIENCE

7 EXAMPLES OF SOME KINDS OF PROPERTIES Mechanical strength, elasticity Mass--density Thermal--conductivity Electrical--conductivity Optical-- transparency Chemical reactivity, solubility Surficial adhesivity, wettability Biological biocompatibility Processing--formability Economic cost/value

8 MATERIALS SCIENCE

9 STRUCTURE Molecular structure Nanostructure Microstructure Macrostructure

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11 STRUCTURE Microstructure Crystalline: Metals, ceramics, plastics Non-crystalline Amorphous metals, ceramics, plastics Liquids Glasses and gels Aerogels Macrostructure Bulk solids Films Coatings Textiles

12 SOME MATERIALS FRONTIERS Nanomaterials Framework materials Biomimetic materials Smart materials Green materials Virtual materials Rapid screening of material properties

13 NANOMATERIALS

14 NANOMATERIALS Metals Ceramics Polymers Semiconductors

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16 SOME FORMS OF NANOMATERIALS 2-D Sheets graphene,. Quantum dots dimensions of electron waves Nanowires wires with diameters< 100 nm Nanotubes sheets rolled into tubes 3-D Shapes spherical or ellipsoidal shapes

17 EXAMPLES OF SOME KINDS OF PROPERTIES >Mechanical strength, elasticity >Thermal--conductivity >Electrical conductivity >Magnetic coercivity, remanence >Optical-- transparency >Chemical reactivity, solubility >Surficial adhesivity, wettability >Biological biocompatibility

18 SOME FORMS OF CARBON Bulk material Diamond Graphite natural, pyrolytic Amorphous pyrolitic, char, soot, fiber Nanomaterial Graphene Fullerenes Nanowires, nanotubes Quantum dots

19 GRAPHITE

20 GRAPHENE

21 MAKING CARBON NANOMATERIALS From graphite By chemical vapor deposition From soot

22 SOME PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE Strength Brittleness Flexibility Near transparency Electrical conductivity Magnetic and spintronic properties Biocompatability

23 COMMERCIAL AVAILABILITY

24 COMMERCIAL GRAPHENE

25 SOME APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE

26 SILICA AEROGEL

27 WHY AN INTEREST IN NEW MATERIALS? Basic research : 1)To achieve understanding of the reasons for material properties and performance 2) To devise new ways to create new materials Applied Research : 1)To provide innovation opportunities 2)To solve problems Overall to produce materials that display a new and potentially useful combination of properties and to apply them to useful purposes

28 INNOVATION MODELS Basic science Design and engineering Manufacturing Marketing Applications Market need >Development Manufacturing Applications

29 SOME SILICA AEROGEL PROPERTIES Mechanical strength, elasticity ++ Mass density +++ Thermal conductivity +++ Electrical--conductivity Optical transparency + Chemical catalytic activity Surficial adhesivity, wettability Biological biocompatibility Processing formability --- Economic cost/value -----

30 SOME STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Wooden skyscrapers Lighter weight automobiles and aircraft Self-healing concrete Light transmitting concrete Ceramic glues (Sugru) Self-healing tires 3-D printable ceramics

31 WOOD: CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER Wood has many desirable properties as a building material Greatly strengthened by cross lamination

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34 CONCRETE Self repairing Bendable Translucent

35 THE PROBLEM

36 I-35 COLLAPSE MILWAUKEE 2007

37 SELF HEALING CONCRETE

38 BENDABLE CONCRETE

39 LIGHT TRANSMITTING CONCRETE

40 ADHESIVES Sugru moldable glue Heat-free soldering

41 SUGRU

42 HEAT-FREE SOLDERING

43 MATERIALS TO REDUCE VEHICLE WEIGHT Light weight alloys Carbon fiber composites

44 LIGHT WEIGHT ALLOYS Titanium alloys are the current standard Iron: C Al Ni --matches the best 1/10 the cost Magnesium: Gd, Y, Ag, Zr --strength of steel at half the weight Magnesium: reinforced by SiC nanoparticles Scalmalloy high entropy alloy: Li, Mg, Ti, Al, Sc stronger than titanium alloys Aluminum 7075: Hierarchical nanostructure

45 CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES

46 SELF-HEALING TIRES

47 PRINTABLE CERAMICS Fabricating complex ceramic shapes is laborious, time consuming and expensive Depositing powders and sintering results in multiple structural defects HRL : form the ceramic precursor by conventional 3D printing then pyrolyze it Demonstrated for SiOC and SiOCN ceramic components

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49 ENERGY STORAGE Batteries Supercapacitors Methane/hydrogen storage

50 BATTERIES Anode materials Cathode materials Electrolytes Separators

51 CAPACITORS

52 SUPERCAPACITORS

53 HYDROGEN/METHANE STORAGE Goal: high capacity, low pressure storage Covalent organic framework materials currently lead

54 TEXTILES MATERIALS FOR FUNCTIONAL FABRICS Materials that enable the textile to become a functional device What kinds of functions? Garments that Sense light, sound, mechanical stimulation* Communicate transmit and receive signals Generate light*, sound, electricity* Store electrical energy Adjust garment temperature Monitor wearer s well-being* Change color

55 ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL FABRICS OF AMERICA A consortium To secure US leadership in revolutionary fibers and textiles manufacturing Managed by the Department of Defense Organized by MIT 88 participants from industry, universities and state governments Some similarity to Sematech

56 OUTLINE OF CLASS CONTENT Introduction to material science/engineering Some materials frontiers Logic of materials development Structural materials Energy storage materials Electronic and optical materials Chemical materials Biological materials Green materials