TAHM JA TEMA OLULISUS

Transcription

1 TAHM JA TEMA OLULISUS Veljo Kimmel Estonian University of Life Sciences

2 Sisukord 1. Õhusaaste 2.Miks oluline 3. Tahm ja tema roll 4. Tulemuste tähtsus

3 Õhusaaste

4 Õhu koostis N %, O %, Ar 0.9%, tihedus 1,25 kg kuupmeetri kohta Muud osised tühised Enamus olulisi efekti tingitud väikestest koostisosadest

5 Miks õhu kvaliteet oluline 1. AINERINGLUS - ca 20 kg, vaid ca 2 kg of toit ja vedelik!!! 2. Valikuvõimalused!!! 3. Õppeosa 4. ENAMUS ÕHUSAASTEST MEIE IGAPÄEVATEGEVUSTEST

6 ÕHUSAASTEST TINGITUD PROBLEEMID 1) global climate change, ozone layer depletion 2) regional acid rain, elevated levels of ozone and particles, 3) local air quality issues in cities and industrial areas, toxic compounds 4) today different scales more and more mixed

7 VIIMASED MUUTUSED (IPCC, 2007) Increase in GHG ca 1/3 for CO 2, 4/3 for CH 4, 1/5 for N 2 O Levels much higher than during last millenium Changes accelerating during last century

8 ELUEA JA ULATUSE SEOSED

9 TAIMEDE KASV JA ÕHUSAASTE

10 OSAKESTE MÕJU

11 EU limit values - mainly for gases In particles (PM10) also As, Cd, Ni as yearly average, correspondingly 6, 5, 20 ng m -3

12 EMEP protocols, developing from acid rain to more complex issues

13 Formation of pollution Energy demand of mankind increased during last century 10 times Main reasons transport on fossil fuels (oil production increase 100 times), growth of mankind and social pressure When most of particles formed naturally (10 times more than by mankind), then their radiative influence almost equal (due to black carbon)

14 Pollution formation during combustion Non-efficient combustion mainly occurring in smaller engines cars, domestic heating Black carbon formation similar to CO, especially marked in IPCC reports

15 Factors affecting climate (IPCC, most of them highly uncertain )

16 Pollution distribution - houses, trees etc diminish horisontal mixing several times

17 What to measure? List of pollutants measured and measurements frequency related to problem involved Global issues mainly require long-living compounds, exceptions particles remaining in dynamic equilibrium Thus also when we diminish release of particles, influence can be quick

18 Siting of measurements (Sivertsen, 1997) The quicker we measure the less stations The more polluted the more required measurements Important also for making analysis until which area you can say something

19 Monitoring station in cities continuous monitors, usually time step 1h

20 Monitoring in background area mainly sampling and analysis

21 EMEP network for regional problems

22 EMEP particles network, at 6 supersites also BC or EC measurement

23 BC or EC measurements Measurements in few places, usually temporarily during scientific campaigns Not required directly by directives, can help to determine sources and manage air quality Can easily be linked with local human activities driving, domestic heating (but not with natural gas)

24 Energy cycles a lot of natural sources for diminishing bad effects

25 Summary 1. Air pollution creates many environmental problems 2. Particle properties are measured continuously at few places in background Europe, EC or BC only at 6 places 3. Comenius project BC measurements can have a significant additional value