History 12 (IV) Transformation and Tension: Prescribed Learning Outcomes:

Transcription

1 History 12 (IV) Transformation and Tension: Prescribed Learning Outcomes The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes: Assess critical developments of the Cold War, including: division of Germany American policy of containment Soviet sphere of influence Korean War Cuban Missile Crisis Achievement Indicators: o define Cold War and Iron Curtain o identify on a map of Europe countries on either side of the Iron Curtain o identify and describe various forms of superpower competition (e.g. nuclear arms race, space race, spheres of influence) o explain the impact of the following developments: - division of Germany e.g. Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall) - American policy of containment (e.g. NATO, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, domino theory, McCarthyism) - Soviet sphere of influence (e.g. Warsaw Pact, Comecon, Poland and Hungary, Yugoslavia) - Korean War (e.g. division of the Korean peninsula) - U2 incident - Cuban Missile Crisis (e.g. Bay of Pigs, brinkmanship, quarantine, hot line) Assigned Reading: Global Forces pp ; History 12 Student Workbook pp Map History of the Modern World pp Twentieth Century History pp ; ; The World This Century pp ; ; ; History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 1

2 Key Vocabulary: Bay of Pigs, 1961 On April 17 a group of Cuban exiles, sponsored by the American CIA, landed on the south shore of Cuba and attempted to start a rebellion to overthrow the Castro regime. The operation was a complete failure. The insurgents were killed or captured within a few days. The operation, although planned during the Eisenhower administration, was a great embarrassment for the new President, John F. Kennedy. Berlin Airlift, American and British response to the Soviet blockade of the western sectors of Berlin. All necessary supplies were flown in by transport planes. Berlin Blockade, 1948 As retaliation for the introduction of the Deutschmark into the 3 western-occupied zones of Germany, the Soviet Union blockaded all land routes from the west into Berlin. The subsequent airlift of supplies into Berlin by the Americans and British proved successful and the blockade was lifted in May Berlin Wall, 1961 Built by the East Germans in August, the wall surrounded the City of West Berlin, thus making escape to West Germany by East German citizens much more difficult. The wall became the symbol of the Cold War, and its removal, beginning on November 9, 1989 symbolically signalled the end of the Cold War. Bi-polar World A reference to the world power structure in which there were two super-powers: the US and the USSR. Brinkmanship Term used to describe the Cold War policy of American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who in 1956 stated that in dealing with the Soviet Union if you are scared to go to the brink you are lost. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) An intelligence agency of the United States Government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons, and reporting such information to the branches of the Government. Its secondary function is propaganda or public relations, overt and covert information dissemination, both true and false, and influencing others to decide in favour of the United States Government. The third function of the CIA is as the hidden hand of the US government, by engaging in covert operations at the direction of the President.[1] This last function has caused most controversy for the CIA, raising questions about the legality, morality, effectiveness, and intelligence of such operations. (Wikipedia) Cold War From 1945 until 1989 the USA and the USSR engaged in an ideological battle over their competing spheres of influence. Despite serious tensions that occasionally resulted in proxy wars, the US and USSR never engaged in war. COMECON The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CAME), , was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent to but more inclusive than the European Economic Community. The military counterpart to History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 2

3 the Comecon was the Warsaw Pact, though Comecon's membership was significantly wider. (Wikipedia) Its mandate was to coordinate the economics of the Soviet Union and her satellite countries in Eastern Europe. Cominform Communist Information Bureau established in 1947 with the purpose of coordinating communist party activities in both Eastern and Western Europe. The Bureau was dissolved in 1956 by Khrushchev as part of his peaceful co-existence policy. Containment US foreign policy from the Truman Doctrine of 1947; purpose to contain spread of communism throughout the world. Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 President John F. Kennedy responded to the Soviet Union s building of offensive nuclear missile sites in Cuba by a quarantine of the island by the US Navy. The quarantine prevented Soviet ships from reaching Cuba. After considerable negotiating, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles on condition that the US promised never to invade Cuba. Kennedy secretly also agreed to withdraw missiles from Turkey. Kennedy`s handling of this most serious crisis of the Cold War greatly enhanced his prestige as a statesman. de-stalinization When he became leader, Khrushchev declared an amnesty for some serving prison sentences for criminal offences, announced price cuts, and relaxed the restrictions on private agricultural plots. De-Stalinization also spelled an end to the role of large-scale forced labour in the economy. (Wikipedia) Deutschmark A new currency introduced into the three western zones of Germany and Berlin in This move by the British, French and Americans angered the Soviets and led to the Berlin Blockade of Dollar Diplomacy The term used (by those who opposed it)[1]to describe the efforts of the United States particularly under President William Howard Taft to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.[2] The term was originally coined by President Taft, who claimed that US operations in Latin America went from 'warlike and political' to 'peaceful and economic.' The term is also used historically by Latin Americans to show their disapproval of the role that the US government and US corporations have played in using economic, diplomatic, and military power to open up foreign markets. (Wikipedia) Domino Theory Term used by Americans meaning that if a country became communist, then its neighbouring countries would likewise fall to communism, like a row of dominoes; the basis of American involvement in Vietnam. East Germany Term used in English speaking countries for the German Democratic Republic (the former Russian Zone of occupation). The country was established in 1949 with its capital in East Berlin. It was not a democracy. In October of 1990 East Germany re-united with West Germany. History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 3

4 Eisenhower Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957, was the foreign policy of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The doctrine stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. Furthermore, countries that took stances opposed to Communism would be given aid in various forms. The military action provisions of the Doctrine were applied in the Lebanon Crisis the following year, when America intervened in response to a request by that country's president. In the global political context, the Doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened as a result of the Soviet Union's attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt. Coupled with the power vacuum left by the decline of British and French power in the region after their failure in that same war, Eisenhower felt that a strong position needed to better the situation was further complicated by the positions taken by Egypt's Nasser, who was rapidly building a power base and using it to play the Soviets and Americans against each other, taking a position of "positive neutrality" and accepting aid from the Soviets. (Wikipedia)...a heavy handed policy of using USA troops if necessary to intervene in the Middle East to help against communist instigated aggression... Falk, p.141 Hot Line Established in 1963, it was a direct telephone link between the leaders of the USSR and the US. The Cuban Missile Crisis of the previous year prompted the institution of this safeguard. Inchon A city on the western side of South Korea. It was here that United Nations amphibious forces made a successful landing in 1950 in order to outflank North Korean forces that invaded South Korea. Iron Curtain Term used to describe the dividing line between Soviet controlled Eastern Europe and the West. The phrase became popular after Winston Churchill used it in a speech. Junta Junta is a Spanish word meaning committee (specifically a board of directors). A military coup in Latin America would often install a ruling junta, so the term acquired the specific English meaning of military junta. Military dictatorship, a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military. (Wikipedia) Marshall Plan Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall 1947 to offer aid to all war stricken countries in Europe. The Soviets rejected the plan. In 1948 the Organization for European Economic Cooperation was set up to administer a recovery plan for western European nations. The total aid package between 1948 and 1952 amounted to USD 17 billion. Massive Retaliation Keystone of US Cold War foreign policy beginning in 1950s, based on the assumption that any nuclear attack from the Soviet Union would be countered with an equal or greater nuclear weapon response. The policy evolved into MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction). McCarthyism Term describing a period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. The term is named for US Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. During this time many thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies. The primary History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 4

5 targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs was often greatly exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment, destruction of their careers, and even imprisonment. Most of these punishments came about through trial verdicts later overturned,[2] laws that would be declared unconstitutional,[3] dismissals for reasons later declared illegal[4] or actionable,[5] or extra-legal procedures that would come into general disrepute. (Wikipedia) Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and its colonies. However, if these latter types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. (Wikipedia) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance established by ten western European countries plus Canada and the US in 1949 with the purpose of defending western countries from potential Soviet aggression. In 1952 Turkey and Greece joined the alliance, followed by West Germany in 1955 and Spain in It consisted of 19 members in 2001, including former members of Warsaw Pact Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic. Non-alignment Refusing to commit to the sphere of influence of one of the Superpowers (US or USSR) - The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. The purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, apartheid, Zionism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics".[1] They represent nearly 2/3 the United Nations's members and comprise 55% of the world population. (Wikipedia) North American Air Defence (NORAD) A defensive pact signed in 1957 between Canada and the US. Its primary purpose was to provide a system of early detection of a Soviet bomber or rocket attack. Occupation Zones of Germany At the Teheran and Yalta conferences, the Allied powers agreed that after the end of WWII Germany would be split into 3 zones of occupation: British, American and Russian. An amendment was made to include France. Similarly, the city of Berlin was divided into 4 zones. Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Created in 1948 to administer and coordinate the use of aid provided by the Marshall Plan to rebuild war-torn Western Europe. Ost-politik See Willi Brandt Peaceful Coexistence Term used by Khruschev in 1956 to describe how he thought the Soviet Union and the West, despite their ideological differences, could co-exist in a peaceful manner. Chinese communists did History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 5

6 not agree with Khrushchev s approach and consequently this policy helped bring about Soviet-Sino split. Potsdam Conference July-August The last of the conferences of war-time leaders, attended by Stalin, Truman and Churchill who was replaced by newly elected Prime Minister Atlee. Items discussed included Allied control of Germany and reparations. The decision to move the Polish border to west was finalized. Sputnik First unmanned satellite in space, launched by Soviet Union in Soviet initiative prompted the Americans to attempt to catch up and pass the Soviet Union in the space race. Twelve years later the US proved its success by landing on the moon. Test Ban Treaty, 1963 A treaty signed originally by the US, the USSR and Britain agreeing not to test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. France and China refused to sign the treaty. Titoism A communist ideology named after Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily used to describe the specific communist system built in Yugoslavia after its refusal of the 1948 Resolution of the Cominform, when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia refused to take further dictates from Soviet Union. Elements of Titoism are characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country, the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. During Tito s era, this specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of (and often in opposition to) the policies of the USSR. (Wikipedia) Truman Doctrine, 1947 Pledge by President Truman to give American support for free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. This decision to provide military and economic aid was prompted by the threat of the spread of communism into Greece and it formed the cornerstone of US foreign policy for the next forty years. Twentieth Party Congress, 1956 Soviet Party Congress famous because of Khrushchev s condemnation of Stalin s repressive policies. Thirty-eighth Parallel The demarcation line in Korea agreed upon by the Soviet Union and US when they withdrew their forces from the Korean Peninsula in In 1950 North Korean forces crossed this line and invaded South Korea. In 1953 this line again became the demarcation line between the two countries. Trizonia, 1948 A joining together for economic purposes of the French, British and American zones of occupied Germany. This configuration led to the establishment of the state of West Germany in U2 Incident 1940 An American U2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union on May 1, The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was captured and put on trial. Khrushchev demanded an apology from President Eisenhower and when he did not receive one he decided to leave the Paris Summit Conference between the two leaders. History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 6

7 United Nations An organization established after the Second World War to provide collective security to its members. Warsaw Pact Established as a military alliance in 1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and Soviet Union. The treaty was in response to the inclusion of West Germany as a member of NATO. Albania withdrew from the pact in 1968 and the organization formally dissolved in The only joint military action of the pact was the 1968 intervention in Czechoslovakia. West Germany Term used in the English-speaking world for the German Federal Republic, formed in 1949 by a joining together of the occupied zones of Britain, France and the US. The Russian zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). This situation lasted until 1990, when the two states were reunited as the German Federal Republic. Yalu River The river that forms the border between North Korea and China. It became famous during the Korean War because, as UN forces approached, the Chinese decided to enter the war. History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 7

8 Key People: Adenauer, Konrad ( ) Chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to Leader of the country during the economic miracle, the integration of West Germany into NATO and the building of the Berlin Wall in Chiefly responsible for the creation of harmonious relations with Germany s old enemy, France. Batista, Fulgencia ( ) Cuban president who established himself in power after a coup in He ruled as a dictator until he lost support in late 1958 due to the revolution led by Fidel Castro. Castro took power in Brandt, Willi ( ) Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to Brandt was mayor of West Berlin at the time the wall was erected. As Foreign Minister and Chancellor, he worked towards better relations with East Germany and the other Soviet bloc countries. His ost-politik (policy towards the Eastern Bloc) resulted in treaties with the Soviet Union, Poland, and East Germany that recognized the post-1945 borders. Castro, Fidel (1927-) Prime Minister of Cuba since He led a successful guerrilla campaign against the Batista regime from 1956 to After seizing power, he nationalized American companies in Cuba. The subsequent boycott by the US government encouraged Castro to form very strong ties with Soviet Union. He declared himself to be Marxist-Leninist. The decision to allow the Soviet Union to install offensive nuclear missiles on Cuba led to the Cuban Missile Crisis of Dulles, John Foster ( ) US Secretary of State responsible for the creation of SEATO, the strengthening of NATO and the Eisenhower Doctrine in Middle East. His policy toward the Soviet Union included concepts such as brinkmanship and massive retaliation. Kennedy, John F. ( ) Democratic president of the US. His domestic policy aims of civil rights and social reform were mainly not achieved during his short presidency. He is best known for his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the establishment of a partial test ban treaty on nuclear arms in He visited West Berlin in 1963 and reaffirmed US support for the city Ich bin ein Berliner. He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, Khrushchev, Nikita ( ) First Secretary of Communist Party , he was premier of the Soviet Union Some highlights include his denunciation of Stalin at 20 th Party Congress in 1956, his attempt at peaceful coexistence with West during late 1950s, negotiations with Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the growing tensions between USSR and China. MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. ( ) Supreme Allied Commander in Pacific during WWII. He developed a strategy of island hopping which eventually resulted in the US Air Force being able to bomb Japan. He accepted the final surrender of the Japanese on September 2, He was made commander-in-chief of UN forces in Korea in 1950, but publicly objected to Truman s orders regarding not attacking China, so was relieved of his duties. Masaryk, Jan ( ) Czech foreign minister in 1948 during the communist coup. His death from falling out a window may have been a suicide or may have been organized by communist agents. History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 8

9 Nagy, Imre A Hungarian politician, appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later. (Wikipedia) Tito, Josip Broz ( ) Leader of the Yugoslav partisan forces against the Nazi occupation during WWII. He became the communist leader of Yugoslavia in 1945 but pursued a policy independent from the Soviet Union. His strong leadership kept the Yugoslav Federation intact. Truman, Harry ( ) US president He became president on the death of Franklin Roosevelt April 12, The highlights of his time in office include the decision to use atomic bomb, the Truman doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the formation of NATO, and the decision to send troops to Korea in History 12 Unit IV The Early Cold War Prescribed Learning Outcomes and Vocabulary List 9