Power and Energy Research and Post-graduate Education. By Professor Saifur Rahman

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1 Power and Energy Research and Post-graduate Education By Professor Saifur Rahman Advanced Research Institute Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State University, U.S.A. 1 Confucius What I hear, I forget What I see, I remember What I do, I understand 2 1

2 Power & Energy Research Traditional Power Systems Stability Transients Voltage collapse Load flow Load forecasting Reliability Power system planning 3 Power & Energy Research, contd. Emerging disciplines Power markets Distributed generation Smart grids Critical infrastructure protection 4 2

3 The Challenge of the Old Grid The US power grid is aging, developed in 1950s or earlier. Recent changes in the electricity sector, such as deregulation, may be adding to the security problem. The power grid is increasingly operating at its limit, facing shortcomings in capacity, reliability, security and power quality. Power interruptions and disturbances cost the US electricity consumer at least $79 billion per year (LBL) 5 U.S. Northeast Blackout, Aug 2003 Pre-Blackout 3

4 U.S. Northeast Blackout, Aug 2003 During the Blackout Cascading outages could have been prevented if the first power-line failure could be detected. Italian & Swiss Blackout - Sequence of Events (28 September 2003) Loss of 28,000 MW Recovery in Southern Italy after 20 hours Source: 8 4

5 Italian & Swiss Blackout - Causes (28 September 2003) Lack of co-ordination between bordering TSOs Inappropriate evaluation of the situation after the first line outage (Swiss-Italy) Source: China Snowstorm 10 5

6 2008 China Snowstorm 11 Hunan Chenzhou fallen trees 12 6

7 Guangzhou Train Station 13 Waiting for the Train 14 7

8 Evolving Philosophy in Power System Operation Efficiency 15 A Vision for the Smart Grid The following seven characteristics make the grid more resilient and distributed, more intelligent and more controllable than today s grid. Self-heals Motivates & includes the consumer Resists attack Provides power quality for 21st century needs Accommodates all generation and storage options Enables markets Optimizes assets and operate efficiently Source: the NREL Modern Grid Initiative 16 8

9 Definition & Technologies of a Smart Grid A smart grid uses advanced sensing, communication, computing and control strategies to generate and distribute electricity more effectively, economically and securely. Technologies of a smart grid: Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) Demand-side participation Integrated communications Decision support units Microgrid 17 Microgrid A microgrid is an islandable part of a power delivery system that: DER DER DER Serves one or more consumers Incorporates DERs and/or includes one or more points of connection to a large power system DER May range in size from a single house to small city DER Source: California Distributed Energy Resource Guide (picture - left) EPRI - Electricity Technology Roadmap: 2003 Summary & Synthesis (MG definition) 9

10 1. Generation Candidate for a Microgrid: Renewable & Non-Renewable DERs Solar cells Microturbines Geothermal IC engines Wind turbines Plug-in hybrid Biomass Fuel cells Marine energy Battery Demand Aspect of a Microgrid: Consumer Participation and Demand Response In a smart grid, consumers will be an integral part of the grid. The following consumer portals offer demand response, real-time pricing, outage detection, remote connect/disconnect and improved customer information. Smart appliances Intelligent circuit breakers Washer & dryer HVAC Oven 20 10

11 3. Communication Aspect of a Microgrid: Integrated Communications There are a variety of communication media in used for electric power application. Power line carrier Broadband over power line LAN/WAN/Internet Wireless radio system WiFi b (range a few 100 meters; speed 5-10 Mbps) WiMAX (range miles; speed 75 Mbps) ZigBee/IEEE (for automated metering system) 21 Key technologies may include: 4. Control of a Microgrid: Sensing, metering and measurement Wireless & intelligent sensors (including AMR) Advanced control method Agent and multi-agent systems Substation automation Distribution automation Decision support and human interfaces Visualization tools 22 11

12 IDAPS Intelligent Distributed Autonomous Power Systems IDAPS is a specialized microgrid for coordinating customer-owned DERs (including both residential and commercial customers) Generation Transmission kv Switchyard Sub-Transmission kv Switchyard IDAPS Microgrid 23 IDAPS Characteristics IDAPS Characteristics Intelligent Distributed Autonomous Potential benefits IDAPS performs demand-side management Uses based on price signals. generating sources more IDAPS secures critical loads, sheds low efficiently priority loads and allows excess power to be shared within a community. Distributed generation sources (DERs) are dispersed in nature. IDAPS connects various DERs through the integration of the IP-based local control model. IDAPS disconnects itself from the local distribution utility and operates autonomously when the integrity of the system cannot be maintained. Provides more resiliency Prevents cascading failures

13 Post-graduate Engineering Education An Evolving Discipline Technical subjects Multi-disciplinarity Team work (some times international) Communication skills 25 Role of the Teaching Community Innovation Creativity Interactivity across traditional disciplines Linkage with industry and society Interactions with students (eg, online forums) 26 13

14 Industry Interaction Interaction with industry also helps both professors and students to be exposed to the engineering practices in the globally competitive workforce. 27 How to be Responsive to Industry Needs Internship or co-op programs Industry advisory committees Supplementary lectures on campus Practice-oriented masters degree (POMD) 28 14

15 Conflicting Long-term Interests What is good for the industry now? What is good for the engineer s long term future? 29 Pressures of Globalization Production on demand Diversity of designs New hires be productive upon graduation New hires must understand basic operations of manufacturing, software design, industrial production, construction, etc

16 Developing Country Students Have Unique Needs Curriculum at the undergraduate level must prepare them for further studies abroad Curriculum must prepare them to meet needs of the domestic industry Post-graduate curriculum must conform to international standards for transferrability 31 Contact Information Name: Prof. Saifur Rahman Affiliation: Virginia Tech, USA Phone: (703) Web site: Questions or Comments? 32 16