NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING

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Ferdinand Horn
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1 NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING From the Bottom Up: DNA Focus Todd Nilsen

2 Overview Current Techniques Lithography Mechanical Stamping Advantages/Disadvantages New Technology Bottom Up Approach Using DNA Protein Basics DNA Basics Molecular Recognition DNA Assisted Assembly BioMolecule Cluster Other Applications Advantages/Drawbacks What To Take Away

3 Lithography Sub 50nm range Above 25nm commercially. Cost is exponentially increasing. Cost to scale is becoming greater than research costs. Using Extreme UV Light Electron Beam

5 Mechanical Stamping Can yield feature sizes of 20 40nm. Constructed with Electron Beam Lithography. Cost an issue Very Expensive Molds. Hard to change design.

6 **Solid State Technology Magazine. Sept Electron Beam & Nanoimprint lithography.

7 Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Mature Technologies Allow for Mass Production Small Feature Sizes Wide Variety of Materials Drawbacks Devices can be much smaller physically Limited to 2 Dimensions Reaching Limitations

8 The Bottom up Approach (Self Assembly Approach) Chemical or Physical Forces at nanoscale. Assembles primary pieces into devices. Many techniques exist DNA Spontaneous Formation Clustered Nanocrystals Carbon Nanotube Growth

9 Lets Talk About DNA Protein 101 All Amino Acids derived from same structure. R group defines the amino acid. Amino acid chains create proteins.

11 DNA

12 Real DNA

13 DNA Basics Essentially Intelligent Glue Size 20 Angstroms wide 34 Angstroms for every 360 degrees along axis Composed of Sequences of Base Pairs Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G) A goes with T and C goes with G When all base pairs of strand match Double Helix

14 Hmmmm We can exploit the concept of base pairing to make specific structures. Lets have a computer generate code for specific strands Synthesize strands in solution, and watch them assemble.

15 Molecular Recognition Specific interactions through non covalent bonding (hydrogen, carbon, electrostatic bonds, electromagnetic effects). Consists of Two Modes Static Recognition Dynamic Recognition

16 Static Recognition One spot for one bond Host sites need to be implemented for a specific guest atom. Occurs because system is seeking equilibrium (reduction in free energy). G = U+pV+TS U = internal energy, p = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature, S = entropy.

17 Dynamic Recognition Two phase reaction Second reaction is based on an initial reaction. First reaction could cause an increase in the association constant within a material for a second guest substance. Source of further research

18 DNA Assisted Assembly Method for connecting separate heterogeneous parts into a single device. DNA will be used as a structural material only. Can be used for complex architectures (especially 3D).

19 DNA Structure

20 DNA Array

21 3D group.mcgill.ca/teaching/nanotechnology

23 Other Nano Applications (DNA) DNA Nano Mechanical Devices Bio Applications Stem Loop Controller DNA Logic Gate.

24 Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Easy to produce large amounts of DNA through synthesis DNA is a nanoscale structure Disadvantages Cost Technology isn t there yet DNA Microarrays have 400 printing steps and cost $500 each

26 Future for DNA Production of other DNA like molecules Large 2D and 3D structures DNA nanobots to target specific molecules and locate them accordingly BioApplications Increased device complexity and functions

27 What to Take From Presentation Top down approach is stuck at the 10 25nm range. Integration of these two processes is likely. DNA is a likely candidate for further research. DNA can be built to self assemble devices. Nature is doing these incredibly complex steps all the time, un aided.

28 References Rothemund, Paul W. K. (2006). "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns". Nature 440: doi: /nature ISSN Introduction to Nanoelectronics (2008) Mitin et al. Cambridge Publishing. ISBN Winfree, Erik; Liu, Furong; Wenzler, Lisa A. & Seeman, Nadrian C. (6 August 1998). "Design and self assembly of two dimensional DNA crystals". Nature 394: Mathieu, Frederick; Liao, Shiping; Kopatsch, Jens; Wang, Tong; Mao, Chengde & Seeman, Nadrian C. (April 2005). "Six Helix Bundles Designed from DNA". Nano Letters 5 (4): doi: /nl050084f

Investigating Protein Stability with the Optical Tweezer

Investigating Protein Stability with the Optical Tweezer I. Introduction. Various experimental and computational techniques have been developed to study the process by which proteins go from a linear sequence