Gordon Bonan and William Wieder National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado, USA
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1 Evaluating litter decomposition and soil organic matter dynamics in earth system models: contrasting analysis of long-term litter decomposition and steady-state soil carbon Gordon Bonan and William Wieder National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado, USA with contributions from: Melannie Hartman & William Parton (Colorado State University) Oleksandra Hararuk & Yiqi Luo (University of Oklahoma) 2012 AGU Fall Meeting San Francisco, California 3 December 2012 NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation
2 CESM/CLM4cn 20th century carbon cycle 2 Net atmosphere flux Net land-atmosphere flux Fossil fuel Ocean Land GCP estimate GCP estimate The atmosphere accumulates too much carbon, because the land is mostly a source of carbon. Lindsay et al. (2012) J Climate, submitted
3 Soil carbon biases 3 Harmonized World Soil Database Model CLM4cn has far too little soil carbon Possible causes of soil carbon bias Litterfall and litter chemistry Turnover rates Model structure (pools) Abiotic controls (temperature, moisture, ph, texture, nitrogen)
4 Long-Term Intersite Decomposition Experiment (LIDET) 4 Observations 10-year study of litter dynamics for a variety of litter types placed in different environments 20 sites: 2 tundra, 2 boreal forest, 5 conifer forest, 3 deciduous forest, 3 tropical forest, 2 humid grassland, 3 arid grassland 9 litter types (6 species of leaves, 3 species of root) that vary in chemistry Litter bags sampled once a year for C and N Model simulations CLM4cn, DAYCENT Follow a cohort of litter (100 g C m -2 ) deposited on October 1 Specified climatic decomposition index (CDI) to account for temperature and moisture Soil mineral nitrogen DAYCENT SOM C:N ratios vary with mineral N. Use low and high C:N ratios CLM4cn Soil mineral N reduces decomposition rates, but only for flows with immobilization. Configure simulations so that N does not limit decomposition & immobilization (fpi=1) and so that N is rate limiting (fpi<1) Bonan et al (2012) Global Change Biol, doi: /gcb.12031
5 Leaf litter mass loss conifer forest 5 5 sites & 6 leaf litter types Shown are the site x litter mean and ± 1 SD CLM underestimates carbon mass remaining (overestimates mass loss), especially during first several years. This is common to all sites.
6 Leaf litter mass loss all sites 6
7 Nitrogen dynamics 7 Maple, 0.81 %N Observations are sampled once per year. Shown are data for maple leaf litter at all biomes except arid grassland. Model data are sampled similar to the observations. CLM4cn overestimates immobilization. Larger biases for leaf litter types with lower initial %N
8 CLM4cn nitrogen limitation 8 N limitation reduces decomposition rates in CLM4cn and improves carbon dynamics. Here we use fpi = 0.05 Similar results can be obtained for other biomes using fpi= Decomposition rates in DAYCENT do not need to be similarly reduced Different underlying philosophies for the two models, particularly with respect to the influence of soil mineral N on litter C-N dynamics N limitation
9 CLM4cn nitrogen limitation 9 Conifer forest, maple leaf litter (0.81 %N) N not limiting N limiting N limitation (fpi=0.05) reduces bias. Similar results are obtained for other biomes and litter types using fpi=
10 Is DAYCENT a solution to the soil carbon biases? 10 LIDET (10-year litter decomposition) CLM4cn has too rapid carbon turnover, unless N severely restricts decomposition rates (fpi = ) CESM/CLM4cn global simulations do not show such N limitation (fpi > 0.6 in many regions) DAYCENT has better litter decomposition. Would DAYCENT improve CLM soil carbon? Steady-state analysis (Xia et al. Geosci. Model Dev., 5, , 2012) but forced soil BGC models with litterfall litterfall (Matthews, JGR 102: , 1997) soil temperature and moisture from a control CLM4cn simulation soil texture and ph from HWSD (for DAYCENT)
11 Steady-state analysis 11 Observed litterfall increases soil C compared with CLM4cn litterfall Base DAYCENT (0-20 cm) Deep DAYCENT (0-100 cm) CLM4cn has more soil carbon than DAYCENT, but deep DAYCENT (0-100 cm) accumulates the most carbon
12 Conclusions 12 LIDET (10-year litter decomposition) Steady-state analysis DAYCENT better simulates litter C and N dynamics compared with CLM4cn (20 sites x 9 litter types) Both CLM4cn and DAYCENT significantly underestimate soil carbon, DAYCENT more than CLM4cn CLM4cn has too rapid C loss and to high N immobilization, unless N severely restricts decomposition rates DAYCENT simulation can be improved by adjusting the model to represent cm depth but WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 05, :45 PM - 6:00 PM 2006 (Moscone West)??? William Wieder et al. B34B-08. Integrating Observations to Inform Soil Biogeochemistry in CLM4
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