EXPERT PANEL COMBUSTION & INDUSTRY. Small combustion chapter updates Jeroen Kuenen, Carlo Trozzi

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1 EXPERT PANEL COMBUSTION & INDUSTRY Small combustion chapter updates Jeroen Kuenen, Carlo Trozzi

2 WHY SMALL COMBUSTION? 2 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

3 IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PM EFS Preliminary calculation based on Eurostat fuel consumption figures & use of wood in different appliance types (GAINS and TNO information) combined with SP & DT emission factors (Denier van der Gon et al. 2015) for wood and Guidebook emission factors for other fuels Appliance type (a) Fraction of Emission factor (g GJ -1 ) (b) Fuel type EF (g/gj) wood SP DT Solid 398 consumption avg range avg range Liquid 1.2 (d) Fire place 6% Gas Traditional heating stove 52% Single house boiler automatic 9% Single house boiler manual 15% Medium boiler automatic 12% 40 Medium boiler manual 6% Total Europe 100% (c) 45 (d) (c) 3 Reported PM emissions & condensables 16 May 2016 Note: These are preliminary figures based on a relatively simple calculation!

4 IMPLICATIONS FOR EU-28 (2013) Increase much higher than 20% estimated in ACP paper - mostly due to increased wood consumption and increased relative importance of residential combustion +800 kton PM2.5 This is a major impact and needs further investigation and verification! Research is needed both at the emissions side (PM condensables by source type, better activity and appliance types information and emission factors) the model side (PM, NMVOC, SVOC, IVOC and volatility base set 4 Reported PM emissions & condensables 16 May 2016 approach)

5 WHY SMALL COMBUSTION? Small combustion becomes more and more important, given reduction of emissions in most other sectors Discussion around condensables is very relevant for small combustion, in particular for biomass Emission factors may vary significantly depending on fuel type, means of combustion, and stove/boiler characteristics Last years TFEIP meeting showed again lots of discussions around small combustion, both on the emission estimation methods and the condensables discussion 5 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

6 TIERED APPROACH Basic idea: you can never use Tier 1 for a key source However, it turns out that for small combustion many Parties still apply Tier 1 despite it being a key source The main reason is the lack of data to make a proper technology stratification in the activity data 6 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

7 WHAT DO WE NEED? The main goal is to make it easier for Parties to move from Tier 1 to Tier 2 methodologies, by providing default information on how to do it if you don t have any data yourself This should allow (nearly) all Parties to make a Tier 2 approach for small combustion of solid biomass 7 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

8 WHAT WAS CHANGED? Introduction of a specific Tier 2 section introduced for solid biomass Very clear guidance on how to use this Tier 2 including all necessary information Updated emission factors Inclusion of emission factors for PM without condensables and for PM with condensables E i EF j, k i, j, k A j, k, (1) where E i EF, i, j k = annual emission of pollutant i, = default emission factor of pollutant i for appliance type j and fuel k, A j, k = annual consumption of fuel k in appliance type j. 8 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

9 APPLIANCE TYPE SPLIT Default information given for each country on the default split over appliance types, for 3 different years (2000, 2005, 2010), for use when no country specific information is available Interpolation/Extrapolation to be used for other years Example: Year: 2000 FPLACE MB_A MB_M SHB_A SHB_M STOVE Albania 0% 1% 6% 0% 2% 91% Austria 1% 6% 0% 4% 62% 27% Belarus 0% 1% 14% 0% 2% 83% Belgium 8% 0% 0% 4% 4% 85% Bosnia-Herzegovina 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 98% Bulgaria 0% 0% 2% 0% 2% 96% Croatia 6% 0% 0% 0% 25% 69% Cyprus 8% 0% 0% 25% 33% 33% 9 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

10 BASIC ACTIVITY DATA Basic activity data (total solid biomass consumption in small combustion) should be available from national statistics and/or Eurostat In addition, the chapter now includes a table with some default estimates of wood consumption is available as the basic activity data Per capita wood consumption for 2010 estimated by Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) Country Per capita wood use (GJ) Country Per capita wood use (GJ) Albania 2.5 Hungary 3.3 Armenia 2.5 Ireland 0.5 Austria 10.0 Italy 2.5 Azerbaijan 1.5 Lithuania 8.2 Belgium 2.4 Luxembourg 2.0 Bulgaria 4.1 Latvia 16.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.2 Moldova Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

11 CONDENSABLES Last year we had a workshop with TFMM Modellers want to know ideally the total PM, but at least know what is and what is not included The 2016 version of the Guidebook includes information whether or not condensables are included in the EF tables, but for a number of EFs this information could not be retrieved This needed to be improved => all these have been reviewed again, and either this information was added, or the emission factor was replaced EF tables now hold information both on total PM and filterable only PM 11 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

12 HOW TO ADDRESS CONDENSABLES? Tier 2 emission factors for source category 1.A.4.b.i, conventional stoves burning wood and similar wood waste 3) Tier 2 emission factors Code Name NFR source category 1.A.4.b.i Residential plants Fuel Wood and similar wood waste SNAP (if applicable) Residential - Other equipments (stoves, fireplaces, cooking,...) Technologies/Practic Conventional stoves es Pollutant Value Unit 95 % confidence interval Reference Lower Upper TSP (total particles) 800 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) PM 10 (total particles) 760 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) PM 2.5 (total particles) 740 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) BC (based on total particles) 10 % of PM Alves et al. (2011), Goncalves et al. (2011), Fernandes et al. (2011), Bølling et al. (2009), US EPA SPECIATE (2002), Rau (1989) TSP (solid particles only) 200 g/gj Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) PM 10 (solid particles only) 160 g/gj Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) PM 2.5 (solid particles 140 g/gj Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et only) BC (based on solid particles only) 12 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry 53 % of PM 2.5 al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011), Goncalves et al. (2011), Fernandes et al. (2011), Bølling et al. (2009), US EPA SPECIATE (2002), Rau (1989) 4)

13 UPDATED EMISSION FACTORS Overview of the suggested Tier 2 EFs (blue means a new or updated EF) Suggested Tier 2 PM emission factors (g/gj) GAINS appliance Technology / appliance type in Guidebook PM2.5 (SP) PM2.5 (DT) PM PM>10 BC FPLACE Open fireplaces Conventional stoves STOVE_H Energy efficient stoves Advanced / ecolabelled stoves and boilers MB_A Boilers 1-50 MW Automatic boilers 50 kw - 1 MW MB_M Manual boilers 50 kw - 1 MW SHB_A Pellet stoves and boilers SHB_M Conventional boilers Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

14 CHANGES Code TO Name TIER 1 NFR source category Fuel 1.A.4.b.i Residential plants Solid biomass Tier 1 emission factors for residential combustion of solid biomass now equal to the emission factors for a conventional stove from Tier 2, since this is the NO X 50 g/gj Pettersson et al. (2011) CO 4000 g/gj Pettersson et al. (2011) and Goncalves et al. (2012) NMVOC most occurring technology 600 g/gj in most Pettersson countries et al. (2011) SO X 11 g/gj US EPA (1996b) NH 3 70 g/gj Roe et al. (2004) TSP (total particles) 800 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) PM 10 (total particles) 760 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) PM 2.5 (total particles) 740 g/gj Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 1) % of BC (based on total particles) 10 TSP (solid particles only) PM 10 (solid particles only) PM 2.5 (solid particles only) BC (based on solid particles PM g/gj 160 g/gj 140 g/gj % of 14 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry only) 53 PM 2.5 Tier 1 default emission factors Pollutant Value Unit Reference Alves et al. (2011), Goncalves et al. (2011), Fernandes et al. (2011), Bølling et al. (2009), US EPA SPECIATE (2002), Rau (1989) Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011) and Glasius et al. (2005) 4) Denier van der Gon et al. (2015) applied on Alves et al. (2011), Goncalves et al. (2011), Fernandes et al. (2011), Bølling et al. (2009), US EPA SPECIATE (2002), Rau (1989) 4)

15 FURTHER WORK Decision needed on what PM includes (condensables or not) to ensure consistent reporting between countries! Then, the Guidebook needs to be adapted reflecting this decision and country reporting should follow this Until then, we ask everyone to report clearly in your IIR whether or not condensables are included in your PM emissions 15 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

16 CONCLUSIONS Guidebook chapter for residential combustion was updated Improved Tier 2 method for wood combustion with more guidance, which should allow each Party to report according to the Tier 2 approach Decision needed on condensables: include or not? What should be the next steps? Any comments? 16 Expert Panel Combustion & Industry

17 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION