The Noah Multi-Physics Land Surface Model: Description and Performance
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1 The Noah Multi-Physics Land Surface Model: Description and Performance Michael Barlage Research Applications Laboratory (RAL) National Center for Atmospheric Research Crop-Climate Workshop Ames, IA 7 November 2011 Fei Chen National Center for Atmospheric Research Guo-Yue Niu Biosphere 2 at The University of Arizona Zong-Liang Yang The University of Texas-Austin Michael Ek NCEP/EMC Gonzalo Miguez-Macho Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
2 What is Noah-MP? Noah-MP is an extended version of the Noah LSM with enhanced Multi-Physics options to address shortcomings in the Noah LSM 2!
3 Noah LSM in NCEP Eta, MM5 and WRF Models (Pan and Mahrt 1987, Chen et al. 1996, Chen and Dudhia 2001, Ek et al., 2003) Precipitation Transpiration Canopy Water Evaporation Turbulent Heat Flux to/from Snowpack/Soil/Plant Canopy Condensation on vegetation Direct Soil Evaporation Deposition/ Sublimation to/from snowpack Runoff Soil Moisture Flux on bare soil Evaporation from Open Water Snowmelt Δ Ζ = 10 cm Δ Ζ = 30 cm Soil Heat Flux Interflow Internal Soil Moisture Flux Δ Ζ = 60 cm Internal Soil Heat Flux Δ Ζ = 100 cm Gravitational Flow 3!
4 Noah LSM in NCEP Eta, MM5 and WRF Models (Pan and Mahrt 1987, Chen et al. 1996, Chen and Dudhia 2001, Ek et al., 2003) Precipitation Transpiration Canopy Water Evaporation Turbulent Heat Flux to/from Snowpack/Soil/Plant Canopy Condensation on vegetation Direct Soil Evaporation Deposition/ Sublimation to/from snowpack Runoff Soil Moisture Flux on bare soil Evaporation from Open Water Snowmelt Δ Ζ = 10 cm Δ Ζ = 30 cm Soil Heat Flux Interflow Internal Soil Moisture Flux Δ Ζ = 60 cm Internal Soil Heat Flux Δ Ζ = 100 cm Gravitational Flow 4!
5 What is Noah-MP? Noah-MP is an extended version of the Noah LSM with enhanced Multi-Physics options to address critical shortcomings in Noah SW dn! Canopy radiative transfer with shading geometry Separate vegetation canopy Dynamic vegetation Ball-Berry canopy resistance Multi-layer snowpack Snowpack liquid water retention Interaction with aquifer Snow albedo treatment New frozen soil scheme New snow cover shaded fraction! 5!
6 What is Noah-MP? Noah-MP is an extended version of the Noah LSM with enhanced Multi-Physics options to address critical shortcomings in Noah θ atm! θ atm! SH veg! SH bare! Canopy radiative transfer with shading geometry Separate vegetation canopy Dynamic vegetation Ball-Berry canopy resistance Multi-layer snowpack Snowpack liquid water retention Interaction with aquifer Snow albedo treatment New frozen soil scheme New snow cover θ leaf! θ canopy! θ gv! θ gb! 6!
7 What is Noah-MP? Noah-MP is an extended version of the Noah LSM with enhanced Multi-Physics options to address critical shortcomings in Noah snow on! canopy! Canopy radiative transfer with shading geometry Separate vegetation canopy Dynamic vegetation Ball-Berry canopy resistance Multi-layer snowpack Snowpack liquid water retention Interaction with aquifer Snow albedo treatment New frozen soil scheme New snow cover 4-layer soil! 3-layer snow! aquifer! 7!
8 What is Noah-MP? Noah-MP contains several options for land surface processes: 1. Dynamic vegetation/vegetation coverage (4 options default: off) 2. Canopy stomatal resistance (2 options default: Ball-Berry) 3. Canopy radiation geometry (3 options default: shadows f(sun)) 4. Soil moisture factor for stomatal resistance (3 options default: Noah) 5. Runoff and groundwater (5 options default: TOPMODEL) 6. Surface layer exchange coefficients (4 options default: MP M-O) 7. Supercooled soil liquid water/ice fraction (2 options default: no iter) 8. Frozen soil permeability options (2 options default: linear effects) 9. Snow surface albedo (2 options default: CLASS) 10. Rain/snow partitioning (3 options default: Jordan f(t) ) 11. Lower soil boundary condition (2 options default: fixed bottom T) 12. Snow/soil diffusion solution (2 options default: flux boundary) An increasingly large number of permutations can be used as multi-physics ensemble members (>10,000) 8!
9 Why is it named Noah-MP? Originally, the concept behind Noah-MP was that one set of options would reproduce Noah results exactly Became increasingly difficult from a structural point of view Eventually, the separate canopy approach was used as the only canopy structure (no bulk surface option as in Noah) Instead, many of the physical processes of Noah are included as options in Noah-MP (e.g., Jarvis resistance, soil moisture factor β, free drainage runoff) 9!
10 Multiple Land Surface Temperatures Noah-MP contains Canopy air temperature Leaf surface temperature Soil/snow surface temperature both below and between canopy Noah considers only one bulk surface skin temperature Implications for snow and nearsurface air temperature Noah surface temperatures are limited to near freezing when snow present; can lead to low temperature bias in winter Noah-MP canopy temperature, distinct from snow temperature, can be above freezing More surface energy is removed as sensible heat instead of high albedo required in Noah to maintain snow θ leaf! θ atm! θ atm! θ canopy! θ gv! SH veg! θ gb! SH bare! 10!
11 Surface Hydrology: Snow Treatment When compared to other LSMs in offline tests, Noah-MP does very well compared to observed tower fluxes at Niwot Ridge forest site Noah albedo is too high Noah-MP! Noah! Noah-MP! Noah! Noah-MP is also properly partitioning absorbed radiation into sensible heat flux at Niwot Ridge in spring Noah incoming energy is reflected resulting in less energy to the atmosphere 11!
12 Surface Hydrology: Snow Treatment and Aquifer Noah-MP contains Three-layer snow model with liquid water retention Canopy snow interception Options with water table depth Noah considers only one snow/ soil layer and free water drainage Implications for snow and soil hydrology Better treatment of heat flux through snow pack Allows for sublimation from canopy intercepted snow Liquid water retention (not present in Noah) maintains snow during melt periods Soil layers can recharge via aquifer water in dry periods (may be vital for regional climate simulations) snow on! canopy! 4-layer soil! aquifer! 3-layer snow! 12!
13 Miguez-Macho & Fan water table dynamics in Noah-MP Equations: Mass balance in groundwater storage: Darcy s Law for groundwater river exchange: Darcy s Law for lateral groundwater flow: R Cell ij! Qr Water table depth (wtd)! Q ds g = ΔxΔyR + 8 Qn Q dt r 1 Q r = rc wtd riverbed n = w wtd Kn dz + wtd K dz n width of flow cross section! ( ) conductivity! 2 Transmisivity! h n h s Head difference divided by distance (water table slope)! S g Cross section view! Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 h i,j Q 8 Q 4 Plan view! Q 8 i, j Q 4 i,j w Mean sea level Q 7 Q 6 Q 5 Fan et al, JGR 2007! Miguez-Macho et al., JGR 2007! 13!
14 Depth to Water Table MMF input The following results focus on locations with shallow water table (green) Performed sixmonth coupled WRF simulations from March August 14!
15 Analysis Regions Based on NCDC Regional Climate Zones Observations: METAR/SYNOP stations, NCDC daily gridded precip 15!
16 Regional Groundwater Recharge: 2010 Noah Noah-MP R3 Noah-MP R5 16!
17 Regional Groundwater Recharge: 2010 Noah Noah-MP R3 Noah-MP R5 17!
18 Regional Groundwater Recharge: 2002 Noah Noah-MP R3 Noah-MP R5 18!
19 Regional Deep Soil Moisture: 2002 Noah Noah-MP R3 Noah-MP R5 19!
20 Regional Root Soil Moisture: 2010 Noah Noah-MP R3 Noah-MP R5 20!
21 Temperature and Dewpoint Verification Coupled model results for CONUS domain Noah-MP improves cold/dry bias in Noah surface fields Inclusion of interactive aquifer also improves results compared to free drainage option 21!
22 Noah-MP water storage change compares well with GRACE Niu et al. (2011) Yang et al. (2011) Improved biophysical realism: a multi-layer snowpack an unconfined aquifer model for groundwater dynamics an interactive vegetation canopy layer 12
23 Interactive Vegetation Canopy The model includes a set of carbon mass (g C/m 2 ) balance equations for: 1. Leaf mass 2. Stem mass 3. Wood mass 4. Root mass 5. Soil carbon pool (fast) 6. Soil carbon pool (slow) Processes include: 1. Photosynthesis (S, T, θ, e air, CO 2,O 2, N ) 2. Carbon allocation to carbon pools 3. Respiration of each carbon pool (T v,θ, T root ) M t leaf Carbon gain rate: Carbon loss rate: LAI = M leaf * C area R gain R loss Dickinson et al. (1998), photosythesis * fraction of carbon partition to leaf Yang and Niu (2003) leaf turnover (proportional to leaf mass) respiration: maintenance & growth (proportional to leaf mass) death: temperature & soil moisture 10 where C area is area per leaf mass (m 2 /g).
24 Stomatal Resistance Options and Dynamic Vegetation Noah-MP contains Photosynthesis model with Ball-Berry stomatal resistance Jarvis resistance option Dynamic vegetation model that allocates photosynthesis carbon to vegetation (leaves, stems, root, wood) and soil (fast/slow pools) Noah uses Jarvis scheme and prescribed horizontal and vertical vegetation (f veg and LAI) Implications for regional climate simulations Two distinct vegetation treatments for multi-physics ensembles Interaction between climate and vegetation condition 24!
25 Global Climatology/Real-time MODIS Products: LAI and fpar! Original Pixel Data Final Smooth Climatology Marks -Individual value of year Remove suspect data! Fill missing data! Smooth! Lines -black: median -yellow: tile climo (Savanna)
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