Consider the relationships in the development maps above as well as this series of maps and relate the trends to gender equity.

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1 p. 314 p What is the relationship in the information portrayed on the maps on page 314 and 315? (Make a mental note of regional patterns and outliers within the region!) 2. How is development a part of understanding the relationship between them?

2 p Describe the inverse relationship between the information portrayed on the maps on pages 314 and 279. What does this say about the efficiency of farmers in various regions? 4. Can these maps be used to mark the boundary between commercial and subsistence farming? (Explain) Watch this video: Consider the relationships in the development maps above as well as this series of maps and relate the trends to gender equity.

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4 5. The regions where the largest numbers of people farm also have the fewest tractors and highest percentages of undernourishment. Do you think the percentage of women workers in this region is high or low? Why? 6. What is the gender equity like in these countries? (refer to the GDI and education maps) Food security: is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food. There are many statistics that serve as measures of food security. Original definition: a state of being food secure when there was sufficient food to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices. Food and Agricultural organization (FAO) 1996 definition: food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. Hunger vulnerability: The likelihood of current or future exposure of a group to undernourishment (not getting enough calories) and undernutrition (not recovering or poorly absorbing nutrients in the diet). The following three issues lead to higher vulnerability and food insecurity: Insufficient food supply High poverty, which decreases household access to food Low nutrition among household farmers

5 7. What is the connection between food security and hunger vulnerability? Issues leading to vulnerability Insufficient food supply High poverty, which decreases household access to food Low nutrition among household farmers Possible explanation of How Women play a role Lack of opportunity for women Cultural restrictions for women Lack of time for women to do other activities Lack of access to mechanical equipment, fertilizers or seed Men (against the wishes of women) are growing export crops rather than staples (what is a staple crop?) Women may not be engaged in paid work and contributing income to the family Women may not be able to use the money available to the family for choices that would bring food to the home Men may restrict money for food Women may be in charge of preparing and cooking foods and may make poor choices May not have access to foods that provide a balance of vitamins, minerals, protein, fat and carbohydrates Pictured here are women thinning rice plants by hand while a machine plow operated by a man till the earth along the Mekong River, Vietnam. It is not unusual to find women having different access to technology whether it is agricultural or information, than men in both the core and periphery. Differential access to technology, training, and jobs helps to constitute a gender division of labor in workplaces as well as the home. (Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context Knox p. 303) John Frasor Hart, who dedicated most of his academic career to studying agriculture, found that:

6 I should also express my deep admiration of and appreciation for the farm wife. She has always managed the household, raised the family, milked the cow, fed the chickens, tended the garden, kept the books, and had a hot meal waiting whenever the farmer came in from the field. More recently she has taken the place of the hired man as mechanization has reduced the need for brute strength and increased importance of intelligence and skill. She is so quietly efficient that it is easy to underestimate her contribution, but the farm could not function without her. (John Frasor Hart, 2003, p How do these statements shed light on how improvements in gender equity in LDC s might reduce food insecurity? Important definitions to be familiar with: Gender is not another word for women. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles and socially learned behaviors and expectations associated with males and females. It is about women and men, their socially defined roles, responsibilities, and the power and other relations between them. Being male or female shapes individuals opportunities to participate in the economy and society, as does race, ethnicity, and social standing. Gender equality refers to equality under the law, equality of opportunity (rewards for work and access to human capital and other productive resources), and of voice (ability to influence and contribute to the development process). Empowerment refers to change in relationships among individuals and groups. It is a process of enhancing the capacity of an individual or group to make strategic choices and to transform them into desired actions and outcomes. This involves improving their assets and capabilities so they can become agents of positive social change on their own behalf. Social inclusion refers to change in institutions, to the development of inclusive institutional policies, social norms, and behaviors that provide an opportunity for previously marginalized groups to increase their voice and access to assets. Ch. 9 Development Gender Map Activity Part 1: Global Gender Gap Index Click on the View the top 10 tab at the top of the page, map these countries. Write a sentence that describes the spatial pattern of the top ten. What ideas do you have that explain this pattern? What questions do you have? 2. Click on the United States using the interactive map below. A screen should pop up in the bottom right corner of the webpage. a. Where does the U.S. rank when it comes to Educational Attainment? b. Where does the U.S. rank when it comes to Political Empowerment? c. Why do you think there is such a disparity between educational attainment and political empowerment? (Your Opinion) 3. Select two countries on the map from the Most (dark brown) category. Click on the country using the interactive map. A screen should pop up in the bottom corner of the webpage. a. Record each countries rank/score. Which do you believe has the greatest influence over gender inequality? Why?

7 4. Select two countries on the map from the Least (dark green) category, PLUS UGANDA. Label these countries on your world map. Click on the country using the interactive map. A screen should pop up in the bottom corner of the webpage. a. Record their rank/scores. Which do you believe has the greatest influence over gender equality? Why? 5. Think back to MDC vs LDC countries. Do you see a correlation between gender equality/inequality and HDI? Explain. Part 2: Women s Stats Project Website *** In order to get a better view of the map click on the Static map for copying map under each map that you choose to look at. This will allow you to zoom in or out. 1. Find the map Government Participation by Women, scaled 2010, compare the United States to other Western European MDC s and even some South American LDC s, and UGANDA. a. Why do you think the U.S. has a much smaller percentage of governmental participation by women? b. Do you think the percentage of government participation by women should be higher or do you believe the current percentage of government participation by women meets the needs of the U.S.? Explain. 2. Go back to the Maps homepage. Select three maps. For EACH MAP do the following: a. Give a short summary of what the map portrays b. List three observations or inferences/questions you notice/have about the map (regions of the world, specific countries, trends, etc.). You can relate this back to MDC vs LDC (core/periphery), HDI, culture, characteristics of development.. use your prior knowledge