Pest Recert Info. The First Lines of Defense Sanitation & Scouting

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9/21/2014 Pest Recert Info Session: The First Lines of Defense - Sanitation & Scouting States recognizing the session: Alabama Florida Georgia North Carolina Ohio South Carolina Texas Virginia The

1 9/21/2014 Pest Recert Info Session: The First Lines of Defense - Sanitation & Scouting States recognizing the session: Alabama Florida Georgia North Carolina Ohio South Carolina Texas Virginia The First Lines of Defense Sanitation & Scouting Carlos E. Bográn, PhD Technical Manager, OHP Inc. cbogran@ohp.com #TK132 Where can pathogens survive? Soil-media Insects Plants Old crop Contaminated water Contaminated water Sanitation & Scouting are part of IPM IPM: Strategy to avoid or prevent pest damage with minimum adverse impact to human health, environment and non target organisms Focuses on tactics to avoid or minimize damage before it occurs, integrating previous knowledge with pest monitoring information and the expertise of the practitioner Soil from outside Under benches Integrated Pest Management, a Science Based Approach Ecosystem science, community ecology, population and organismal biology and ecology, genetics Of plants, herbivores and their predators, opportunistic and invasive species, etc. General principles apply to all species including noxious common pests and pathogens Used in developing appropriate pest/disease/weed management tools Key scientific concepts in IPM Crop yields are often limited by herbivores, plant pathogens, weeds Most plants tolerate a minimum level of injury before damage occurs; this level varies greatly Populations are affected by environmental conditions and by the populations of other species, natural enemies and competitors Impact of mortality factors often varies with pest/pathogen population density (# per area) Pesticides are essential management tools and should be used to prevent or minimize damage

2 Number of insects Typical Population Growth Curve No Damage Damage Treatment at low pest density is more effective and prevents damage Time (weeks) Disease Epidemiology Types of epidemics: monocyclic and polycyclic Monocyclic: Polycyclic: x = QRt x = X 0 e rt Q = initial inoculum, R = rate of infection, t = time X 0 = initial disease incidence, r = rate of infection, t = time x Modeling Disease Progress Monocyclic Epidemic Polycyclic Epidemic x = QRt x = X 0 e rt t x X 0 t Epidemiology & Disease Management Objective is to reduce: 1. Initial inoculum 2. Infection rate 3. Duration of epidemic Success involves combination of tactics: avoidance, exclusion, eradication (aka sanitation) protection, resistance and therapy (aka good cultural practices) Sources of Inoculum Scouting for trouble The watch kept plants and pest populations with the purpose of making a decision A pest survey is a detailed collection of population/plant injury information at a given time in a given area Done via quantitative sampling

Crop Monitoring (Scouting) Regular, systematic inspection of each crop and growing area Crop uniformity Symptoms of (disease) plant stress, abnormal growth, coloration Presence of insects and mites

diagnose crop issues; use good information to make good treatment decisions Use only effective (proven) tools Common Sanitation Oversights 1.

3 Crop Monitoring (Scouting) Regular, systematic inspection of each crop and growing area Crop uniformity Symptoms of (disease) plant stress, abnormal growth, coloration Presence of insects and mites Pattern of infection/infestation (mapping) Sanitation is a Key IPM Component Prevent development of pest/disease/weed problems Regularly check plant health status: detection and monitoring Accurately diagnose crop issues; use good information to make good treatment decisions Use only effective (proven) tools Common Sanitation Oversights 1. Lack of good water management practices, irrigation, drainage, contamination 2. Weeds in and around the greenhouse/nursery 3. Lack of inspection of incoming/young plant material 4. Taking cuttings from infested/infected mother plants 5. Pet plants, left behind in the nursery or greenhouse Water management practices affect crop susceptibility Water quantity: Volume Frequency Water quality: Biological contaminants ph and alkalinity Dissolved minerals Suspended soil particles Water Impacts cont: Plant growth and health Growth rate/ vigorous new growth Water stress Insect, weed and pathogen abundance and distribution Habitat, mortality and survivorship Pest/disease/weed control efficiency Physical/mechanical control of organisms Chemical control (water ph) Eliminate algae growing under benches or in water tanks

Extremes of moisture Too little water: Stunting, wilt, leaf scorch,

roots, inhibits oxygen uptake Extremes of moisture cont.

metabolites Problem is worse at elevated temperatures (increased

epidermis Adventitious roots Edema and adventitious roots are

Lack of good water management practices, drainage 2.

Lack of inspection of incoming/young plant material 4.

Pet plants, left behind in the nursery or greenhouse Cleaning and

and surrounding areas free of weeds Discard residual plants (those

4 Extremes of moisture Too little water: Stunting, wilt, leaf scorch, senescence, death Too much water: Similar symptoms Suffocates roots, inhibits oxygen uptake Extremes of moisture cont. Excess water promotes Growth of anaerobic microbes and their toxic metabolites Problem is worse at elevated temperatures (increased oxygen demands) Other symptoms: Edema: callus like cells on epidermis Adventitious roots Edema and adventitious roots are symptoms of excess moisture Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes 1. Lack of good water management practices, drainage 2. Weeds in and around the greenhouse/nursery 3. Lack of inspection of incoming/young plant material 4. Taking cuttings from infested/infected mother plants 5. Pet plants, left behind in the nursery or greenhouse Cleaning and Maintenance Elimination of alternate hosts (plants) Keep greenhouse and surrounding areas free of weeds Discard residual plants (those that will not be sold) and those from a previous crop free_trade/images/greenhouse_weeds.jpg

5 Bark Pile Contamination C. Gilliam, Auburn University C. Gilliam, Auburn University Insect Screening To avoid entry of flying insects INSECT TO EXCLUDE SELECTING THE TYPE OF SCREEN TO INSTALL INSECT SIZE IN. (microns) SCREEN TYPE HOLE SIZE IN. (microns) 1.Screening reduces air flow and may damage fans 2.General rule: area of screened box should be at least twice the area to cover Leaf miner Aphids Whitefly (640) (340) (462) Vector virus Vector virus Vector virus x (266 x 818) x (266 x 818) x (266 x 818) National Greenhouse Manufacturers Association: Thrips (192) No thrips x (150 x 150) Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes 1. Lack of good water management practices, drainage 2. Weeds in and around the greenhouse/nursery 3. Lack of inspection of incoming/young plant material 4. Taking cuttings from infested/infected mother plants 5. Pet plants, left behind in the nursery or greenhouse Plug/seeding inspection at arrival Open boxes immediately and carefully check plants Symptoms? Return, dispose or treat plants immediately

Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes 1. Lack of good water management practices, drainage 2.

Taking cuttings from infested/infected mother plants 5.

out Start program on mother crop Minimize handling stress May treat during propagation to increase

Chemical Control? 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7.

6 Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes 1. Lack of good water management practices, drainage 2. Weeds in and around the greenhouse/nursery 3. Lack of inspection of incoming/young plant material 4. Taking cuttings from infested/infected mother plants 5. Pet plants, left behind in the nursery or greenhouse Mother plant/cuttings health Garbage in, garbage out Start program on mother crop Minimize handling stress May treat during propagation to increase cutting survival Quality control before production Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. Chemical Control? 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7. Lack of tool/equipment disinfection 8. Contaminated irrigation water 9. Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10. Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation

Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7.

Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10.

residues Dip tools in disinfectant solution Hang or store in clean container Steam or dry heat; 85 95 ºC 30 min.

Triathlon); dip Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation Water treatment to remove pathogens www.ch2o.

7 Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7. Lack of tool/equipment disinfection 8. Contaminated irrigation water 9. Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10. Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation Tool cleaning and disinfection Wash with water and soap to loosen residues Dip tools in disinfectant solution Hang or store in clean container Steam or dry heat; ºC 30 min. Ethanol 70%; dip and air dry Hydrogen Dioxide (Zerotol); dip, brush Quaternary Ammonium (Green shield, Physan 20, Triathlon); dip Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7. Lack of tool/equipment disinfection 8. Contaminated irrigation water 9. Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10. Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation Water treatment to remove pathogens

Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation Too late for control Sanitation practices cont.

and water tanks covered to avoid contamination Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation

8 Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7. Lack of tool/equipment disinfection 8. Contaminated irrigation water 9. Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10. Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation Too late for control Sanitation practices cont. Do not accumulate plant debris in the greenhouse/nursery Dispose of old plants that will not sale, leftover or pet plants Keep dumpsters and water tanks covered to avoid contamination Avoiding the Top Ten Mistakes cont. 6. Continuous cropping of the same species in the same range 7. Lack of tool/equipment disinfection 8. Contaminated irrigation water 9. Handling of shrinkage (left over, unsalable plant material) and plant debris 10. Lack of employee awareness on impact of sanitation

Personal hygiene, tobacco use, etc. http://carrolltonac.

Early detection facilitates control and reduces costs Determine

action Evaluate control effectiveness Learn from success and failure

pathogens thrive and reproduce within populations All populations have

age structure Understanding the characteristics of pest populations

per area/volume (absolute; high cost) Number of individuals per sample

9 Personal hygiene, tobacco use, etc. TMV (Cymbidium hybrid) M.Erasmus Why Monitor? Early detection facilitates control and reduces costs Determine severity (abundance and distribution) ID areas requiring immediate action Evaluate control effectiveness Learn from success and failure 43% 30% 25% 57% Scientific Basis: Insect Ecology Insects, mites, pathogens thrive and reproduce within populations All populations have unique characteristics: population density, dispersion, growth rate, age structure Understanding the characteristics of pest populations facilitates pest management Population Density Number of individuals per area/volume (absolute; high cost) Number of individuals per sample (relative; lower cost; for decision making) Population density index: % damage, % defoliation, (sometimes more practical)

10 Population Dispersion Spatial arrangement of individuals in area Depends on insect behavior and species reproductive strategy (i.e. eagles vs. wolves) Three basic types of dispersion: uniform (not common), random (by chance) and patchy (aggregated; most common) random patchy uniform Dispersion example A B C X = 4.0 S 2 = X = 4.0 S 2 = X = 4.0 S 2 = Estimating Pest Density Mean or average = sum of counts in all samples divided by the total number of samples Variance describes variability of samples relative to the mean or average Developing a Monitoring Program Start simple (an easy crop or small area) Plan ahead: what, how, who will perform Designate sampling units areas of observation Careful inspection; use sampling tools Adjust scouting frequency based on growing season, crop value and pest risk Learn how and where to find key pests and disease symptoms Keep records; modify program as needed Sampling and Sampling Units Estimate population density in the crop: counts or other relative measures Identify sampling unit: proportion of crop from which counts will be taken Pest density usually expressed in area of crop (i.e. number of pests per block or bench) Resulting pest density estimate used to compare numbers in time and between areas

Turning leaves Sticky traps Beat sheet Many pests only in underside 3-10 minutes / 1,000 ft 2?

bucket time can be used At least one Compare # s trap / 10,000 ft 2 between Placement sampling dates important Selecting

combine random and target selection of plants to sample Need to be consistent and systematic (to minimize risk of missing

infested Compare infestation rates among sampling areas or sampling dates Most useful when presence absence sampling is

collect pest/disease data Most critical are estimates of infestation levels during the growing season Include specific

11 Turning leaves Sticky traps Beat sheet Many pests only in underside 3-10 minutes / 1,000 ft 2? Stratified for most pests Flying insects To dislodge Regular pattern insects for specific 5 gal. bucket time can be used At least one Compare # s trap / 10,000 ft 2 between Placement sampling dates important Selecting plants for inspection: Randomly select plants, for unexpected problems Target sample for anticipated problems IPM approach: combine random and target selection of plants to sample Need to be consistent and systematic (to minimize risk of missing something important) Presence absence sampling: Alternative to insect counts (infested: yes/no) Percentage of samples infested Compare infestation rates among sampling areas or sampling dates Most useful when presence absence sampling is correlated with average pest density Economic thresholds for pest management Records: data: information It is critical to collect pest/disease data Most critical are estimates of infestation levels during the growing season Include specific information on crops, weather conditions, pest control history including products used Map growing areas, note key features of terrain that may influence pest (doors, water sources, wind direction)

12 Thank you

Advance Integrated Pest Management. DSS-5000 Instructor Jacob A. Price

Advance Integrated Pest Management DSS-5000 Instructor Jacob A. Price Things to keep in mind Agriculture affected by Variety of different organisms Different from a natural ecological system Monoculture