FISH: CGIAR Research Program on fish agrifood systems

Transcription

1 FISH: CGIAR Research Program on fish agrifood systems Proposal 31 March 2016

2 31 March 2016 Dear colleagues: I am pleased to submit the full proposal for FISH, the CGIAR research program on fish agri-food systems. I do so on behalf of the program s five managing partners: the International Water Management Institute, James Cook University, The Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, Wageningen University, and WorldFish. We have welcomed the opportunity to develop a new CRP focused on enhancing the contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce poverty and improve food security and nutrition. By pursuing the research agenda described through a network of multi-stakeholder partnerships, we believe that FISH will make a unique contribution to doing so. Specifically, we aim to make the following quantified contributions to the system-level outcomes targets of the CGIAR by 2022: Providing improved breeds, aquafeeds, fish health and aquaculture and fisheries management practices that are adopted by 4.9m producer households; Assisting 3.5m people, with at least 50% women, to exit poverty through gender-inclusive livelihood improvements; Reducing the number of people suffering from deficiencies in essential micronutrients by 2.4m, with at least 50% of them women; Assisting 4.7m more women of reproductive age to consume an adequate number of food groups; Decreasing greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, and increasing water and nutrient use efficiency by 10%, in 4.8m metric tons of annual farmed fish production; Restoring 3.3m ha of ecosystems through more productive and equitable management of smallscale fishery resources and rehabilitation of degraded aquaculture ponds. In preparing the proposal we have drawn on the very helpful commentary of the ISPC. We have responded in particular by: placing an overarching impact pathway and theory of change at the center of program design, supported by nested impact pathways and theories of change at flagship and cluster levels; focusing our research in six countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia) where all flagships aim to contribute over time, and from where we will scale through dissemination of international public goods generated through our research; and strengthening our explanation of the comparative advantage of the program, the role of partnerships, and our cross-crp collaborations. An explanation of this response to ISPC commentary is provided as Annex We look forward to receiving feedback on our submission and to moving ahead with the research agenda to enhance sustainability, productivity and access to fish by those most in need. Kind regards, Nigel Preston Director General WorldFish HQ.Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, Penang, MALAYSIA. T: (+60 4) F: (+60 4) E: worldfishcenter@cgiar.org M: P.O. Box 500, GPO 10670, Penang, MALAYSIA Legal Name: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM).

3 Section 1: Overview 1.1 Rationale and scope Fisheries and aquaculture contribute to livelihoods for 800 million people and provide 3.1 billion people with 20% of their animal protein (FAO 2015), as well as micronutrients and essential fatty acids critical to cognitive and physical development (HLPE 2014). Three-quarters of the countries where fish contributes more than one-third of animal protein in the diet are low-income food-deficit countries (Kawarazuka and Béné 2011), where fish is often the cheapest and most accessible animal-source food (Belton and Thilsted 2014). To meet future demand for fish, particularly in developing countries, production will need to double by 2030 (FAO 2014). The scale of this challenge requires research innovations across the whole spectrum of aquaculture and fisheries production systems and associated value chains. Citing the crucial role of fisheries and aquaculture in global strategies to reduce poverty and improve food security and nutrition, and noting the underinvestment in research and development (R&D), the United Nations (UN) Committee on World Food Security's expert panel specifically calls on CGIAR to lead research that will enhance sustainability, productivity and access to fish by those most in need (HLPE 2014). Responding to this need, the new CGIAR research program (CRP) on fish agri-food systems (FISH) will focus on the three interlinked challenges of sustainable aquaculture, small-scale fisheries (SSF), and enhancing the contribution of fish to nutrition and health of the poor in priority geographies of Africa and Asia-Pacific. Challenges Aquaculture. The rapid growth of aquaculture has highlighted many challenges to sustainable development. Aquaculture enterprises, particularly in developing countries, often have low production efficiency, experience episodic production crashes due to fish diseases (Walker and Winton 2010), and contribute to pollution and the loss of mangroves (Phillips et al. 1993; Naylor et al. 1998). Much aquaculture depends on wild stocks, precluding production gains by selective breeding and increasing disease risk. Every year, million metric tons of fish, one-third of the global catch, are used to produce feeds for aquaculture. Moreover, gender inequities limit income generation and assetbuilding for women in particular poor women who face multiple barriers, including limited access to technology, infrastructure and credit. Efforts to sustain or accelerate aquaculture growth in developing countries must address breed improvements, fish health, sustainable feeds and environmental management, together with the need for gender- and socially equitable distribution of economic and nutritional benefits. Small-scale fisheries. Capture fisheries are projected to be the dominant supply of fish for many least developed countries for decades (World Bank 2013). However, most face severe pressure from overfishing, particularly SSF in resource-poor regions where fish is an important source of food and income (FAO 2014). The most recent analysis of global marine fisheries catches clearly demonstrates that the importance of small-scale fishing for the food security of developing countries, particularly in the tropical Indo-Pacific, cannot be overemphasized (Pauly and Zellar 2016). SSF operate in highly complex ecological, social and institutional environments (Jentoft and Chuenpagdee 2009). Productivity and sustainability are often undermined by underperforming governance, which also reinforces gender and social inequities. Thus the central challenge is to improve SSF governance in ways that ensure ecological sustainability, build the resilience of fishery-dependent communities, and improve equity in access rights and the flow of benefits in ways that increase livelihood opportunities for poverty reduction and food security. Nutrition. The lack of diversity in the cereal-based diets of the poor, particularly of women and children, has important consequences for health and development. Despite being a major source of key nutrients, fish consumption has not been fully integrated into strategies to combat undernutrition, nor are nutritional considerations well integrated into aquaculture and fisheries strategies (Thilsted et al. 2016). Fish is also subject to considerable postharvest losses, with 27% 39% of all caught fish going to waste (FAO 2011). These losses disproportionately impact women because of women s concentration in postharvest parts of fish value chains. Poor storage, handling and processing also contribute to lost value and pose a risk of foodborne infections and mycotoxins (Gram and Huss 1996). Key challenges are to (1) enable fish production systems to reach their full potential to deliver nutrients and healthy foods; (2) reduce inefficiencies in value chains, including waste, nutrient losses and restricted access of poor consumers, while protecting or enhancing gender-equitable returns for poor women and men value chain actors; and (3) address barriers that divert fish from the diets of mothers, infants and young children, where it can have the greatest impact.

4 Strategic and scientific rationale FISH is a new, integrated, multidisciplinary research program addressing these challenges. Designed in collaboration with beneficiaries, research partners and multiple stakeholders within and beyond CGIAR, the program will develop and implement research innovations that optimize the individual and joint contributions of aquaculture and SSF to reducing poverty, improving food and nutrition security for health, and sustaining the underlying natural resources systems and ecosystems services on which both depend. In so doing, it will address critical gaps in research that need to be addressed to build evidence on the most promising pathways to impact (Béné et al. 2016). The program design benefits from constructive inputs from external reviewers and, as a component of the broader CGIAR portfolio, responds explicitly to feedback of the Independent Science and Partnerships Council (ISPC, see Annex 3.12). For aquaculture, our focus is on enabling enterprises to progressively enhance production efficiency and sustainability via the use of domesticated, selectively bred, high-health fish reared on sustainable feeds in gender-inclusive production systems that have low carbon footprints with no adverse environmental impacts. Focus on these areas will have the highest probability of achieving productivity gains while avoiding adverse economic, social or environmental impacts (Hall et al. 2011). For SSF, evidence shows that sustaining production through policy research and stakeholder engagement to enhance governance arrangements can deliver greater, more inclusive economic benefits and improved safety nets for marginalized groups and build resilience to external shocks (Gutiérrez et al. 2011; Allison et al. 2012; Ratner et al. 2014). Thus, our focus is on resilience-based analyses and multi-stakeholder interventions to support improved and more inclusive governance and natural resource management. This focus will be augmented by analysis and synthesis of national and regional SSF trends in the context of global food systems and work to give stakeholders a stronger voice in contested landscapes where alternative uses of water, land and aquatic resources threaten production. To address nutrition outcomes, we will analyze value chains, with a focus on market channels supplying poor consumers to understand barriers that constrain access or lead to high prices. We will determine the extent of and factors shaping postharvest losses, nutritional degradation, food safety hazards and risks, and gendered barriers and opportunities in fish value chains. We will also explore the potential to sustainably and inclusively increase the production of small indigenous fish to grow this source of nutrition for poor consumers. These analyses will inform aquaculture and SSF strategies with better-integrated nutritional considerations and the development of scalable, gender-responsive actions to address value chain bottlenecks, postharvest losses and food safety hazards, leading to an increase in the supply of safe fish for consumers. A core concept for FISH is that strengthening the integration between R&D activities in aquaculture, SSF, nutrition and value chains will have multiple, synergistic impacts. For example, we will examine the co-existence of wild, highly nutritious indigenous fish species with improved tilapia and carp strains in rice-fish ponds. We will build on work to enhance the performance of these strains via selective breeding, disease control, improved aquafeeds, and environmental management of the ponds and adjacent ecosystems, with priorities for technology development designed to address the distinct needs of men and women producers where relevant. Research on value chain innovations will then seek to translate the combined increases in productivity into gender-equitable livelihood and nutritional gains. The program also aims to capitalize on priority synergies across the broader CGIAR portfolio. In addition to incorporating genetics and feeds research from the previous Livestock and Fish (L&F) CRP and market analyses from the Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) CRP, the FISH CRP establishes new collaborations with other agri-food system CRPs and the four global integrating programs. As one example, in collaboration with the RICE CRP, we will introduce new technology to enable the bioconversion of rice waste into bioactive fish feed ingredients and investigate the potential of producing this feed as an area of women-led, green enterprise. Our work in rice-fish systems will be further strengthened via efforts to improve the productivity of two of the most important food sources in the developing world. (Cross-CRP linkages are detailed in Annex 3.7).

5 Geographic scope Fish production and consumption are characterized by very significant regional disparities (Figure 1). In Southeast Asia, while many countries have significant SSF, aquaculture is becoming increasingly important (Figure 1a). By contrast, production in Africa from both SSF and aquaculture is relatively low, with the notable exceptions of Egypt and, to a lesser degree, Nigeria. Over the past decade, per capita fish consumption has increased in most developing countries in East and Southeast Asia, whereas in India and in most of Africa it has remained low (Figure 1b). Bangladesh* Philippines* Pakistan Egypt* Mauritania* Myanmar Mali* Senegal* Guinea* Nigeria* Sierra Ghana* Cameroon* Leone* Uganda* DR Congo* Laos* Thailand Vietnam* Cambodia* India* Kenya* Indonesia* Tanzania* Angola Zambia*Malawi* Mozambique* inland Namibia Rest of the World Europe & Central Asia Other South Asia Middle East & North Africa China Japan India Southeast Asia Sub-SaharanAfrica (b) > Figure 1. (a) Total fish production in selected developing countries from SSF and aquaculture in 2013 and (b) estimated fish consumption per capita by region in 2010 (kg/year). North and South America not shown. Sources: (a) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Fisheries Global Information System. Only selected developing countries shown for comparison. Data for small-scale marine capture fisheries estimated at 50% of total reported catch; for inland capture fisheries, 100%. Data for aquaculture production excludes aquatic plants. (b) World Bank (2014).

6 The geographic focus of FISH is based on several factors, notably (1) the current status and projected future potential for aquaculture and SSF in developing countries, (2) the probability that the program and its partners can effectively respond to demands for research and deliver impacts at scale, and (3) the need to strike a balance between the needs of producers and consumers in regions where the poor already have good access to fish and regions where the potential to increase supplies of fish and improve livelihoods is yet to be realized. The program will pursue an integrated body of research in six focal countries. Three are in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia and Myanmar) and three in Africa (Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia). In these countries, we can most coherently integrate our multidisciplinary strengths in sustainable aquaculture, SSF and enhancing the contribution of fish to nutrition and health of the poor. Two additional countries will constitute a focus for particular areas of research: Egypt as a research hub and training center for our aquaculture capacity development in Africa, and Solomon Islands as a hub for our learning networks on SSF governance in the Pacific. Rationale for country selection. To select program focus and scaling countries, we applied a series of metrics tailored to each of the three overarching challenges. In the aquaculture sector, we applied FAO projections to identify countries with the largest shortfalls in fish supply (>100,000 metric tons) and where aquaculture is projected to grow at >5% per annum. From these we selected countries with established partnerships and the ability to co-develop and deliver research outputs and impacts that contribute to reducing the supply gap. We also identified countries where growth in aquaculture production is projected to exceed 1 million metric tons per annum by 2030 and generate a significant surplus of supply over domestic demand. In addition to the six focal countries, these criteria point to the inclusion of Ghana, India, Indonesia and Vietnam as scaling countries. A final key factor in our selection was the strength of research infrastructure in countries that have historically supported the development of genetically improved varieties of the two highest-priority species, tilapia and carp. In the SSF sector, we selected a small number of countries where the largest number of poor people depend on fish sourced from SSF for food and nutrition security, which exemplify the range of key challenges facing the sector, and where the enabling environment is strong enough for FISH to have impacts of national significance. For inland systems in Asia, the focus is therefore on the mega-deltas of the Ganges/Brahmaputra (Bangladesh), Irrawaddy (Myanmar) and Mekong (Cambodia). For coastal systems in Asia-Pacific, Solomon Islands was selected for its potential to yield lessons of regional significance on resilience in the face of multiple drivers of change, including climate change. In Africa, we will focus initially on inland fisheries with Zambia as a case study of land-use and governance in inland fisheries, and at regional level on the small fish value chain in East Africa s Great Lakes. Country selection for research on enhancing fish value chains to improve nutrition and health was prioritized to realize synergies with our aquaculture and SSF research, and to capitalize on particular opportunities to elucidate and address nutrition-focused innovations. This underpins a focus on two value chains in Bangladesh, one from aquaculture and one from fisheries, plus a dried fish value chain with high waste originating in Tanzania. Research to boost indigenous fish production will complement research in the same locations on enhancing the production of tilapia and carp, and will build on private sector and nongovernmental organization (NGO) partnerships to develop and disseminate locally produced fish-based products to improve childhood nutrition in the first 1000 days of life. Staging and scaling. With fish production and associated value chain development in sub-saharan Africa markedly lower than in Asia, we will progressively build multidisciplinary research activities, leveraging lessons from our focal countries and taking into account the successes and challenges confronted during the much longer history of R&D investment in Asia-Pacific. In Nigeria our initial focus will be on aquaculture, progressively expanding to include freshwater SSF and enhancing the impact of fish for nutrition and health. In Zambia we will build on current activities across all three research domains. In Tanzania our initial focus will be on the small fish value chain from Lake Victoria, progressively expanding to include aquaculture and coastal SSF. FISH breeding programs and improved strains of tilapia and carp complement the CGIAR-supported seedbanks in the plant agri-business sector, in the sense that they both have important, ongoing roles for providing improved germplasm to the developing world to enhance the livelihoods of poor women and men fish farmers (ADB 2005). Thus a key scaling activity will be to continue engaging with countries where prior collaborations have established national fish genetic improvement programs that disseminate improved strains and assess the genetic performance of stocks. These are in India, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.

7 1.2 Goals, objectives and targets The goal of FISH is to achieve sustainable increases in the gender- and socially inclusive production and equitable distribution of nutritious fish to improve the livelihoods and nutrition of poor households in priority geographies. The objectives of FISH are the following: 1. Enable sustainable increases in, and gender- and socially equitable livelihood returns from, aquaculture production without creating adverse socio-economic or environmental impacts. 2. Secure and enhance the contribution of SSF to gender-equitable poverty reduction and food security in priority geographies. 3. Increase the availability and consumption of safe and nutrient-dense fish, primarily for women of reproductive age, infants and young children. By 2022, FISH and its partners aim to contribute to seven system-level outcome (SLO) targets outlined in the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF), as summarized in Table 1. Contributions to these targets were calculated using multiple inputs, including data from outcomes of prior aquaculture and SSF research in focal geographies, recent WorldFish analyses of future aquaculture and SSF growth, other published studies, and the domain knowledge of FISH researchers and partners in aquaculture, SSF and fish value chains. SLO 1: Reduced poverty Sustainable increases in fish production directly increase the income of small-scale producers, provide opportunities for value chain innovations and reduce the cost of fish to consumers (Toufique et al. 2014). In the aquaculture sector, our focus is on enabling farmers to improve their livelihoods via transformational gains in productivity and profitability in farmed fish. We will develop and implement new gender-responsive knowledge and technology in improved breeds, fish health, aquafeeds and management practices, enabling both women and men farmers to boost the productivity of farmed fish, with benefits to 3.9 million producer households by 2022 (SLO target 1.1). In combination with genderinclusive and women-targeted value chain innovations, this has significant potential to directly benefit livelihoods from the consumption, processing and sale of farmed fish, assisting 2.3 million people, at least 50% women, to exit poverty by 2022 (SLO target 1.2). Genetic gains of 7% 10% growth per generation have been maintained for over two decades in WorldFish tilapia programs (Gjedrem et al. 2012; Khaw 2015), with high adoption rates in several poor countries (ADB 2005). We anticipate further genetic gains in growth rates of 5% 10% per generation over the next decade. By 2022, we aim to sustainably double the production of safe, nutritious farmed fish in climate-resilient production systems in our selected countries. We are confident the level of contributions that the program will make to yield increases in these countries and the return on investment in aquaculture enterprises will be as high, or higher than, any other food sector. In the SSF sector, FISH and partners innovations for more effective and inclusive governance and management will catalyze improved fisheries and enhance equity and diversity of livelihood opportunities for fisheries-dependent women, men and youth, with benefits to an additional 1 million producer households (SLO target 1.1) and assisting a further 1.2 million people, at least 50%, women to exit poverty by 2022 (SLO target 1.2). SLO 2: Improved food and nutrition security for health The value of fish consumption for nutrition and health goes beyond basic dietary diversity. Fish is a vital, nutrient-dense animal-source food for many nutritionally vulnerable people, including children and pregnant and lactating women. Fish is one of the few animal-source foods with robust evidence of positive health benefits (Ezzati and Ribboli 2013; Zhao et al. 2015). Fish-based diets reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases more than conventional diets (Tilman and Clark 2014). Aquaculture has great potential to supply more fish to enhance nutrition and food security in developing countries (World Bank 2013). Predicted growth rates for aquaculture are greater than for any land-based animal food (FAOSTAT 2014). We will specifically address the reduced micronutrient deficiency target (SLO 2.3) by increasing polyculture of micronutrient-rich small indigenous fish species, using improved feeds to enhance the nutritional value of fish, and increasing productivity and reducing waste and loss in fish value chains important to poor consumers. We aim to reduce micronutrient deficiency in 2.4 million people, of which 50% are women, by 2022 (SLO target 2.3). We will focus on geographical areas in which fish is an important animal-source food and where opportunities exist to influence dietary diversity through greater availability, lower prices and shifts in the distribution of fish consumption. The program target is 4.7 million more women of reproductive age consuming an adequate number of food groups (SLO target 2.4).

8 Table 1. The contribution of FISH to SLO targets by country. Six countries are a focus for FISH R&D, linking the three research domains. Two countries (Egypt and Solomon Islands) are a focus for a particular flagship project (FP). CGIAR priority countries for site integration are indicated as high (+) and highest (++) priority. SLO target Contribution to SLO target by country (in millions) FISH CRP R&D focus FP1 R&D FP2 R&D Scaling Bangladesh++ Myanmar Cambodia Nigeria++ Tanzania million producer households adopted improved breeds, aquafeeds, fish health, and aquaculture and fisheries management practices Zambia+ Egypt Solomon Is. Asia Africa Totals Units Households million people, of which at least 50% are women, assisted to exit poverty through livelihood improvements related to fisheries and aquaculture value chains million people, of which 50% are women, without deficiencies of one or more of the following essential micronutrients: iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A, folate and B million more women of reproductive age consuming adequate number of food groups People People People & % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 10% increase in water- and nutrient-use efficiency in 4.8 million metric tons of annual farmed fish production million ha of ecosystems restored through more productive and equitable management of SSF resources and restoration of degraded aquaculture ponds Metric tons of fish per annum Ha. of restored ecosystems SLO 3: Improved natural resource systems and ecosystem services There are dramatic national and regional differences in environmental footprints of aquaculture for the same species and production methods (Hall et al. 2011). Lifecycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of aquaculture production will be used to identify and promote the development of genderresponsive aquaculture systems with low environmental impact. Contributing to climate resilience, we target a 20% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions (SLO target 3.1) and 10% increase in water- and nutrient-use efficiency (SLO target 3.2) compared to 2012 levels, for 4.8 million metric tons of farmed fish (10% of projected global aquaculture production in 2022). Improved practices will also enable the restoration of 1.2 million hectares of degraded aquaculture ponds and the landscapes in which they are embedded (SLO target 3.3). The majority of SSF are collectively owned and operate within landscapes and coastal zones with complex layers of tenure and jurisdiction, characterized by social inequities and unsustainable use. The millions of marginalized people dependent on fish for income and food security (notably poor women and young adults) are often unable to fully participate in the governance of their resources. FISH is uniquely placed to integrate local-scale action research on tenure systems for SSF with analysis of broader institutions and policies for governance, contributing to equitable resource use and restoration of 2.1 million hectares of agroecosystems in both inland and coastal environments (SLO target 3.3).

9 A summary of FISH contributions to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and CGIAR sub-intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs) that support these goals is provided in Table 2. The program contributes directly to SDGs 1 (no poverty) and 2 (zero hunger) by increasing productivity of fisheries and aquaculture to provide poor and marginalized women, men and youth with more food, nutrition and income. The program also addresses a range of related goals targeting improved human health, gender equality, sustainable ecosystems, reduced disease, reduced food waste, climate adaptation, and effective institutions and development policies. Within the CGIAR portfolio, the FISH CRP makes unique contributions to address SDGs on protecting and restoring water-related, marine and coastal ecosystems (6.6, 14.2, 14.5) and encouraging economic growth of Small Island Developing States (8.1, 14.7). Flagshipspecific outcomes, including contributions to each of the SLO targets, are detailed for each flagship project in Section 2. In Annex 3.6, outcome indicators and means of measurement are detailed as part of the program s commitment to results-based management.

10 Table 2. Contributions of FISH flagships to SDGs and sub-idos. Note only primary sub-ido contributions are shown. Numbering follows the order presented in the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework. XC is used to designate crosscutting sub-idos. SDGs SLO IDO Sub-IDOs FP1 FP2 FP3 1. Reduced poverty 2. Improved food and nutrition security for health 3. Improved natural resource systems and ecosystem services 1.3 Increased incomes and employment 1.4/2.1 Increased productivity 2.2 Improved diets for poor and vulnerable people 2.3 Improved food safety 2.4 Improved human and animal health through better agricultural practices Diversified enterprise opportunities Increased livelihood opportunities More efficient use of inputs 1.4.1/2.1.1 Reduced pre- and postharvest losses, including those caused by climate change 1.4.2/2.1.2 Closed yield gaps through improved agronomic and animal husbandry practices 1.4.3/2.1.3 Enhanced genetic gain 1.4.5/2.1.5 Increased access to productive assets, including natural resources Increased availability of diverse nutrient-rich foods Increased access to diversified nutrient-rich foods Optimized consumption of diverse nutrientrich food Reduced biological and chemical hazards in the food system Reduced livestock and fish disease risks associated with intensification and climate change 3.2 Enhanced More productive and equitable management benefits from of natural resources ecosystem goods and services 3.3 More sustainably managed agroecosystems Increased resilience of agro-ecosystems and communities, especially those including smallholders Reduced net greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, forests and other forms of land use Cross cutting Climate change Gender and youth Policies and institutions XC Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic risks and extremes XC Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources XC Improved capacity of women and young people to participate in decision-making XC Increased capacity of beneficiaries to adopt research outputs XC Conducive agricultural policy environment XC Enhanced individual capacity in partner research organizations through training and exchange

11 1.3 Impact pathways and theory of change The FISH theory of change (ToC) centers on the role of multidisciplinary research addressing the challenges outlined for the priority geographies, in response to clearly identified needs of poor producers and consumers of fish along with those women and men whose livelihoods depend upon aquaculture and SSF value chains. Impact pathways for the delivery of outcomes stem from research in three closely integrated flagships: (1) sustainable aquaculture, (2) sustainable small-scale fisheries, and (3) enhancing the contribution of fish to nutrition and health of the poor. Targeted, gender-responsive research in each of these domains aims to influence change through four mechanisms, combining (a) innovation and spread of technologies and management practices with supportive actions by the (b) private sector, (c) public sector, and (d) civil society and development agencies. The resulting outcomes address gender and social equity, climate resilience, and institutional capacity, as well as policies and investment patterns. The outcomes target all three of the SRF SLOs, with a focus on increased productivity, increased incomes and employment, improved diets for poor and vulnerable people, and enhanced benefits from ecosystem goods and services. Figure 2 provides a summary view of the CRP-level impact pathways and ToC. The program research structure reflects the interlinked subsectors of fish production and the associated value chains, which together impact food security and nutrition. Flagship 1 on sustainable aquaculture (FP1) develops and delivers gender-responsive and inclusive innovations in aquaculture breeding and genetics, fish health and nutrition, aquafeeds, and aquaculture systems. Whole-system analysis of aquaculture enterprises has shown that these areas will have the highest probability of achieving productivity gains while avoiding adverse economic, social or environmental impacts (Hall et al. 2011). We will ensure that breeding takes into account the nutritional needs of both fishers and consumers, changes in aquafeeds, production environments, management practices, and options to maximize contributions to livelihoods, including the capacities required. FP1 interacts with activities in the other two flagships via the ecosystem interactions of aquaculture and fisheries in landscapes, technologies and management practices that integrate aquaculture and wild capture systems, joint attention on income and employment opportunities for women and youth, and the contribution of aquaculture towards nutrition strategies. For SSF, there is ample evidence that sustaining fisheries production through socially and gender-responsive and inclusive policy research, stakeholder engagement, and capacity development to enhance governance arrangements can deliver more equitable and increased economic benefits, improved safety nets for marginalized groups and increased resilience to external shocks (Gutiérrez et al. 2011; Allison et al. 2012; Ratner et al. 2014). Flagship 2 on sustaining SSF (FP2) pursues these innovations in inland fisheries, multifunctional landscapes (lake, river and mega-delta systems) and coastal marine systems. Cross-flagship interactions include gender-integrated analysis and scenario development of regional fish food systems that consider the role of trade and ecosystem change as drivers of change affecting food security and nutrition goals, as well as the contribution of aquaculture to alternative livelihoods among coastal fishing communities. The program s contributions to food security and nutrition rely on improving the productivity and sustainability of both farmed and capture fish production. Thus, flagship 3 (FP3) helps improve nutrition by building on the outcomes of FP1 and FP2 through improving innovations in fish value chains, including gender-equitable and inclusive income generation, employment and entrepreneurship, and reducing postharvest losses to improve access to affordable fish. FP3 research also feeds back into priority-setting for FP1 and FP2, for example by studying nutritional outcomes to identify opportunities to improve the nutritional value of farmed fish through changes in feed composition or species selection in polyculture systems. The ToC incorporates four change mechanisms, through which the program aims to realize progress from research outputs to research outcomes, and ultimately to development impacts: (a) Local adoption and dissemination of technologies and management practices comprises the initial application of gender-responsive innovations and technologies, such as improved breeds, feeds and disease management practices in aquaculture; equity- and effectiveness-enhancing governance innovations in fisheries management; and new processing technologies to reduce postharvest waste and loss and produce fish-based products for women and children. These are achieved through implementation partnerships and capacity development in selected sites within our focal geographies, including government and NGO partnerships. The mechanism also includes the spread of these technologies and practices through research innovation platforms at subnational or national levels, and their exchange through regional networks.

12 Figure 2. CRP-level impact pathways and theory of change overview. Research flagships and outputs Change mechanisms Cross-cu:ng development outcomes Target SLOs and IDOs FP1. SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE Improved and more resilient elite breeds of fish (Ilapia and carp) Improved feeds, disease screening and management pracices for fish health Improved fish farming pracices and farming systems; business and enterprise models for smallholders and value chain actors (a) Local adopion and disseminaion of technologies and management pracices Gender-equitable resource access, control of assets, and paricipaion in decision-making REDUCED POVERTY Increased producivity Increased incomes and employment FP2. SUSTAINABLE SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES Localized coastal fisheries management and broader-scale governance improvements AdaptaIon and miigaion acions to minimize and reverse ecological impacts and negoiate tradeoffs between fish producion and alternaive landscape uses Analysis and scenario development at regional scales to accelerate adopion of appropriate policy and insituional innovaions FP3. ENHANCING CONTRIBUTION OF FISH TO NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF THE POOR NutriIon-sensiIve aquaculture producion innovaions IntervenIons to reduce postharvest waste and loss in fish value chains Improvements in nutriion educaion and behavioral change communicaion to increase fish consumpion by infants, young children and reproducive-age women (b) Private sector investment and replicaion of innovaive business models in fish producion, processing and trade (c) Public sector policy improvement and insituional strengthening (d) Influence on policies and prioriies of civil society and development agencies Improved climate resilience in aquaculture producion systems and fisheries livelihoods Enhanced insituional capacity in public sector and partner research organizaions Improved enabling environment for efficient value chains and equitable livelihoods ShiZs in investment pa[erns to enable fish-based development soluions IMPROVED FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY FOR HEALTH Improved diets for poor and vulnerable people IMPROVED NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Enhanced benefits from ecosystem goods and services CRP-level learning processes Foresight analysis addressing global, regional and naional policy and economic drivers; climate change; prioriies and opportuniies for technology and insituional innovaions Outcome evaluaion to consolidate program-level learning on impact pathways and refine theories of change Impact assessment addressing progress in program-level contribuions to SLOs and IDOs at scale Key risks and assumpions associated with change mechanisms: Corresponding strategies and risk management acions: (a) IdenIficaIon of best-bet technologies and pracices appropriate for scaling (b) EffecIve engagement of private enterprises and industry associaions in support of equity and sustainability goals (c) Public sector partnerships with the potenial to catalyze changes at scale (d) Sustained interest of civil society and development partners (a) EffecIve applicaion of foresight analysis and ex ante paricipatory assessment (b) Screening of private sector partnerships on social, economic and environmental metrics (c) Geographic prioriizaion considering policy environment and scaling potenial (d) Quality muli-stakeholder dialogue processes to target research intervenions

13 (b) Private sector investment and replication of innovative and gender-inclusive business models includes actions by small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs, reached directly through our capacity development partnerships, as well as large-scale aquaculture enterprises that we partner with to demonstrate the feasibility of a package of investments at scale. It also includes subsequent scaling aided by robust evaluation of the financial returns and broader social, economic and ecological sustainability of new business models, and communication of these through industry associations and regional networks. (c) Public sector policy improvement and institutional strengthening comprises improvements in the policy and regulatory measures that affect the viability, scalability and equity implications of technologies, management practices and organizational innovations. These include, for example, regulations addressing land use and agricultural intensification, allocation of fishing rights, and approval of new fish-based products by food and health regulatory bodies. Recognizing that the design of appropriate policies does not in itself ensure effective implementation, this mechanism takes into account the institutional capacity development that is often required for public sector agencies to fulfill their roles in these technical domains. (d) Influence on policies and priorities of civil society and development agencies includes actions such as NGO partners incorporating gender-responsive and inclusive aquaculture technology packages, fisheries management and livelihood development strategies, or behavioral change communication tools for early childhood nutrition as part of their broader programming in our focal countries and beyond. It also includes influence on the priority-setting of bilateral and multilateral development agencies operating in the fields of agricultural innovation, rural livelihoods and food security in coastal and aquatic landscapes, reflected in higher levels of investment in the solutions validated by program research. These four overarching change mechanisms are interdependent, and a premise of the CRP-level ToC is that the interaction of these mechanisms can contribute to the high-level outcomes in Figure 2. Combinations of these mechanisms are also required to realize program objectives within individual clusters of activity. In section 2, these mechanisms and their interactions are detailed for each flagship, including risks and assumptions for each change mechanism and corresponding strategies and risk management actions. Cross-cutting development outcomes identified in Figure 2 represent a summary of development outcomes detailed in the ToC for each FP. At the CRP level, key risks and assumptions, as well as corresponding strategies and risk management actions, have been incorporated into program design. These strategies include the use of foresight analysis and participatory assessment to help identify best-bet technologies and practices for scaling; careful selection of private sector partnerships on the basis of social, economic and environmental metrics; geographic prioritization considering the policy environment and scaling potential through public sector partnerships; and multi-stakeholder dialogue engaging civil society and development partners to aid in targeting of research and scaling. Foresight analysis is embedded across the whole program, testing assumptions and providing guidance about the future risks and opportunities within and across the key impact pathways. This includes mapping of fish production and consumption patterns under future climatic conditions, specifying efficiency gaps and production limitations, and the potential impacts of targeted aquaculture, fisheries and value chain, and nutrition innovations. Combined with multistakeholder dialogue, this analysis is used to evaluate the feasibility, costs, benefits and risks associated with different innovations. For each flagship, we have identified potential barriers and hypotheses concerning impact pathways through consultation with multiple stakeholders, combined with analysis of previous research and the probability of success for specific research innovations. On this basis, we have chosen to pursue research under each flagship in locations where the need is high, where the barriers are amenable to applied research solutions, where the enabling policy environment is judged to be favorable, and where there is potential to generate international public goods (IPGs) that can achieve outcomes at significant scale. Outcome evaluation and impact assessment will be pursued in an integrated fashion to test and improve our ability to achieve results at both the CRP and flagship levels. Outcome evaluation will track our assumptions and risks regarding mechanisms of change and our effectiveness in addressing them. We will use this learning to continuously refine the targeting and design of research interventions, capacity development, partnerships and communication activities. Impact assessment will measure quantitative progress towards achievement of our SLO and flagship outcome targets, disaggregated to track benefits for men, women and youth. Outcome evaluation and impact assessment will drive program-level learning and adaptation, and we will periodically adjust investment in our research areas and geographies as we gather evidence on results.

14 We test the assumption that careful selection of partners in target countries and collaboration with policy stakeholders and regional institutions will influence favorable policy and institutional changes to promote adoption of innovations at scale. The ToC also assumes synergies realized with other elements of the overall CGIAR portfolio through site integration and joint research on cross-cutting challenges, such as natural resource governance (PIM), climate change impacts (CCAFS), food and nutrition strategies (A4NH), and landscape-level resource competition (WLE). Just as at the CRP level, flagship-level theories of change are used to define the priority research areas by geography and domain, key risks and measures to address these, and flagship-level monitoring and evaluation (M&E) strategies. This includes quantitative analyses of the probability of success in achieving the impact targets and consideration of the counterfactuals. Program- and flagship-level impact pathways and theories of change will be regularly assessed in program performance management and learning activities and commissioned external reviews. 1.4 Gender Gender analysis applied from design through implementation and evaluation enables the FISH CRP to reach its overall aims. It does so by effectively identifying and addressing the gender dimensions of barriers and mechanisms of change identified in the program s ToC. By doing so, the program will both redress identified gender inequalities in fisheries and aquaculture systems and associated value chains and increase development impacts of its research. Specifically, combining research with capacity development, as well as scaling through targeted partnerships, the FISH gender strategy contributes to gender inclusion, equity and equality in critical innovation and development processes. This will enable lasting shifts towards reducing poverty, increasing food and nutritional security, and safeguarding fish resources with and for women, men, girls and boys in target countries. The gender strategy builds on learning from the L&F and AAS gender strategies and analysis of findings from gender research in those programs, and integrates lessons from other CRPs and beyond. This gender analysis has informed the CRP-level outcome targets and ToC, and the associated flagship objectives, theories of change, and derived research questions and activities. This subsection elaborates the pathways to achieving gender outcomes within the ToC and specifies how these will be monitored in FISH. Annex 3.4 presents a synthesis of the analysis that helped identify the program s gender priorities and the operationalization of gender research in the program. Outcomes FISH has targeted contributions to two gender-related sub-idos under the inclusion and equity achieved IDO: genderequitable control of productive assets and resources (XC 2.1.1) and improved capacity of women and young people to participate in decision-making (XC 2.1.3). Additionally, through its research on aquaculture technologies and fish processing, the program will contribute to the sub-ido technologies that reduce women s labor and energy expenditure. Gender equity and equality in these areas are central to achieving other key program outcomes, in particular increased productivity, improved diets for poor and vulnerable people, and enhanced benefits from ecosystem goods and services. As noted by the CGIAR Gender Network (2016), closing the gender gap is good for women and for agriculture. Our gender strategy aims to realize these dual gains in fish agri-food systems. The key outcomes of the program s gender research will be the following: Fish breeding and feed development programs and enterprises more effectively address and respond to women s needs in their technology development processes. Aquaculture extension applies innovations and capacity development that address barriers preventing women s equitable engagement. SSF management and governance policies, processes and capacities better address barriers to and enable women s effective participation and equitable benefits. Investment in and extension of nutrition-sensitive aquaculture and integrated fish-agriculture systems reflect and respond to women s needs in terms of technologies and practices, including innovations that can reduce their workloads. Government, private sector and development organizations engagement in fish value chains is informed by gendered insights and prioritizes strategies that protect and expand women s safe and just engagement, enabling them to build assets and generate more substantial returns. Nutrition programming increases equity in intra-household food sharing and expands women s empowerment through integrated strategies. Researchers and government, civil and private partners have strengthened commitment and enhanced capacity to address gender inequities in these domains.

15 To achieve these outcomes, the program must address gendered barriers and opportunities in aquaculture and fisheries (highlights are presented in Annex 3.4). These include the following: constraining and enabling factors to enhance women s access to and control over productive assets and natural resources; barriers to and opportunities for women s successful wealth generation through entrepreneurship and employment in fish value chains; factors in and strategies to enhance women s equitable participation in household and community decisions about SSF and food distribution; fit of aquaculture technologies with women s needs and preferences; strategies to influence the formal and informal gender rules, norms and behaviors that shape all the above towards gender equality, including the effective engagement of men and boys together with women and girls in gendertransformative strategies. Gender research in FISH addresses these priorities through strategic research questions that are integrated within flagship research and also enable cross-flagship synthesis of lessons (Table 3). Table 3. Strategic gender research questions. Priority areas Cross-cutting Research questions How and for whom do formal and informal gender rules, norms and practices shape development processes and outcomes in aquaculture and fisheries, and what factors, strategies and tools can enable constructive shifts in these so that they catalyze greater gender equality and equity? Access to and control over productive assets and resources Opportunities for enhancing women s wealth generation through income, employment and entrepreneurship Participation in household and community decisions What are the implications for how R&D interventions can most effectively engage women, men, girls and boys? Aquaculture 1. What factors underlie gender imbalances in control of key assets (land, ponds, credit, inputs and technologies, and income), and what strategies enable the equitable engagement of poor women in small-scale aquaculture production? With what effects on income, food security and women s empowerment? Small-scale fisheries 2. Which assets and resources most benefit fisheries-dependent women, what factors underlie their gender-imbalanced access and control, and what strategies protect or enable greater gender equality in assets? With what effects on income, food security and women s empowerment? Aquaculture 3. What are the most significant differences between women s and men s aspirations in aquaculture value chains, and what are the enabling and constraining factors and most significant strategies to enhance women s wealth generation through fish-based entrepreneurial or employment opportunities? With what effects on income, food security and women s empowerment? Small-scale fisheries 4. What are the enabling factors and strategies for women to enhance their livelihoods in fisheries-dependent communities, and can any of these be win-win in terms of returns for women and sustaining ecological integrity in coastal and inland fisheries? With what effects on income, food security and women s empowerment? Community scale 5. Which scalable gender-transformative governance strategies enhance effective participation of women in natural resource and fisheries management and governance? To what extent for different women and how? What are the effects of gender equality in SSF decisions on environmental and social priorities, and on income, food security and women s empowerment? Household scale 6. What scalable strategies constructively shift both gender norms and intra-household food distribution towards gender equity? How and with what effects on women s empowerment and household nutrition?

16 Fit of innovations with women s needs and preferences; women s labor and time burdens Fish breeds, feeds and health innovations 7. How do women s and men s preferences, needs and experiences with improved carp and tilapia strains differ? How do their needs and capacities in relation to fish nutrition and disease prevention differ? What are the implications for effective priority setting in breeding programs and fish feed and disease and innovation development? Nutrition-sensitive innovations and fish in multifunctional landscapes 8. How do women s and men s needs, preferences, capacities and experiences differ in terms of technological and practical innovations in nutrient-rich, polyculture fish production systems, and what are the implications for research and extension? How can these innovations positively influence women s nutrition and time and labor expenditure? Gender research in the FISH ToC Gender research in FISH seeks to overcome identified gendered barriers limiting women s access to and control over key assets and resources, effective participation in decisions, and equitable and substantive wealth generation and livelihood benefits from fish value chains (see Annex 3.4). The program addresses gender and these barriers as intersectional; i.e. they involve cross-cutting factors such as age, wealth, ethnicity and caste. Our overarching ToC is that to successfully address these barriers, evidence-based, gender-focused innovations and interventions must be undertaken by research, government, civil society and development agencies, and other actors and most importantly by women, men, girls and boys themselves. Moreover, both formal and informal barriers need to be addressed to effect lasting change. Such interventions range from gender-sensitive technologies and innovation processes to women-targeted opportunities and gender-transformative strategies embedded in extension, nutrition and capacity development programming. We hypothesize that together these will lead to increases in women s agency and empowerment, as well as a more level playing field in aquaculture and fisheries systems. This will enable greater gender equality in access to, control over and benefit from aquaculture and fisheries assets and resources; effective participation of women in fisheries resource management and governance; and more successful and lucrative engagement in fish value chains, including in arenas from which they were previously marginalized. As well as improving women s income and livelihood opportunities, these outcomes will enhance benefits from ecosystems and positively influence fish production and equitable distribution, leading to reduced poverty and enhanced food and nutrition security for women, men and children. Flagship 1 will identify, develop and test strategies and models to overcome the constraints that limit poor women s engagement in small-scale aquaculture production. First, it will address the identified constraint that fish breeding and feed innovations do not reflect or respond to the needs and opportunities of women. We hypothesize that more gender-sensitive and women-targeted breeding, feed and disease innovations will make small-scale aquaculture production more accessible to women and enable them to realize productivity and livelihood gains. Second, it will address the identified constraints of gender-inequitable norms and practices that limit women s ability to engage in and benefit from aquaculture extension. Based on preliminary investigations in focal countries under AAS, we hypothesize that integrating gender-transformative strategies with technical aquaculture capacity development in extension services can significantly contribute to overcoming these barriers, and thus enable women to better engage in and contribute to fish production. Flagship 2 gender research will focus on overcoming barriers that have led to widespread underrepresentation of women in decision-making regarding SSF management. The research will identify underlying formal and informal factors, as well as governance and management models and strategies to address the barriers and build capacity of both women and men for gender-equitable engagement in governance and management. We hypothesize that enhancing women s engagement in decision-making will constructively influence both SSF management implementation and livelihood outcomes for women and men. Scaling the research products to NGOs and government through partnerships, networks, gender capacity development processes, and policy dialogues and input, the research will enable these actors to catalyze, support and engage in more equitable governance and management processes. Flagship 3 addresses factors that limit women s opportunities for and nutritional benefits from small-fish, nutritionoriented fish production systems. First, it will address the identified barrier that existing homestead aquaculture harvesting technologies are a poor fit with women s needs and other factors such as multiple burdens on women s time. We hypothesize that better-fit harvesting technologies and associated women-targeted strategies, such as pond location and gender-responsive rice field system practices, will give women greater control of small-fish harvest, leading to increases in availability and consumption of small, nutritious fish in poor households. Second, it will address the

17 inequitable gender norms identified as contributing to intra-household food-sharing patterns that prevent women particularly pregnant and lactating women from meeting their nutritional needs. We hypothesize that nutrition programming that integrates gender-transformative strategies with nutritional messaging around fish will empower women to improve gender-equitable food allocation within households. Finally, all three flagships address the barriers that relegate women to lower returns and the lower value nodes of fish value chains, and build on enabling factors and strategies that can enhance women s engagement and returns. Our ex ante analysis indicates the need for the program to address three issues: 1. Access to information. There is a need for information regarding the most significant assets underpinning women s livelihoods and potential for successful and substantive entrepreneurial activities from aquaculture and fisheries (such as credit, storage, skills, or access to social networks or service organizations), and how various factors limit or enable women s access to and control over these assets (FP1 & FP2). We recognize potential risks and tradeoffs, such as safeguarding assets and resources for women versus protecting fish stocks in SSF management interventions (FP2), or consumer-oriented value chain interventions to lower fish prices, which may also affect incomes of women producers and traders (FP3). Hypothesizing that win-win options are possible and feasible, the program will identify, prioritize and test best-bet intervention options. 2. Access to assets and power relations. Gender-inequitable access to and/or control over credit, land, storage, and other key assets and resources, as well as gender barriers such as women s limited mobility and bargaining power, constrain women s share of and returns from value chains. In response, the research will identify and test strategies to increase women s access to and control over these assets and resources and expand the strategic capabilities needed for gender-equitable success in value chains, including mobility, networks and social organization. This will include building on successful AAS-piloted gender-transformative approaches integrated into microcredit models (FP1 & FP2). In conjunction, it will build on and test strategies from preliminary research conducted under L&F addressing gender power relations that limit women s returns, including strategies for collective empowerment of women retailers (FP1). 3. Market, social and gender barriers. These barriers limit women entering higher-return value chain opportunities. We hypothesize that, in conjunction with addressing these barriers, the identification and development of novel entrepreneurial entry points may increase accessibility of wealth-generating opportunities and leadership roles for women, rather than competing for existing male-dominated nodes. FP1 and FP3 will identify and empirically test two such novel areas: locally sourced fish feed development and sales (FP1), and the production and retailing of fish products, including for infants and children (FP3). Programmatic integration of gender research in FISH The flagships will test the above hypotheses through empirical quantitative and qualitative studies, including pre- and post-assessments and action research. These findings will be synthesized into technical, organizational and policy recommendations, and will be scaled through proactive partnerships and capacity development activities. Targeted research products reflecting these findings include field-based videos and manuals, solicited policy advice, and peerreviewed journal articles to support broader exchange of lessons beyond our focal geographies. M&E for gender research will include three aspects, each of which will be carried out in connection with the overall program M&E strategy as appropriate: development and testing of needed methods, tools and (survey) instruments for assessing gender-transformative change and women s empowerment; M&E for gender learning and program improvement; and, M&E of gender integration and outputs in FISH research, as well as of selected research and development outcomes (see Annex 3.4). 1.5 Youth The FISH CRP adopts a youth-responsive research agenda that targets young men and women, focused on two key aspects. First, we seek to promote and increase opportunities for socially just, safe and rewarding youth employment and entrepreneurship in aquaculture and SSF value chains, particularly through FP1 and FP2 in the FISH focal countries. This includes proof of concept for approaches that enable youth to develop technical and organizational capacities in aquaculture production and input supply, as well as processing and trade within various elements of the aquaculture and capture fisheries value chains. Second, research on governance, management and technological innovations will purposefully engage young people and determine the factors and processes that enable or hinder youth participation and representation in decisionmaking, as well as access to training, credit and other enablers of employment and entrepreneurship. This will enable us to better determine the most appropriate entry points and opportunities to pursue with regard to youth in aquaculture

18 and SSF under FP1 and FP2. In FP3, adolescents will be key in influencing behavior change through school curricula and other channels to raise awareness on the importance of fish to improve nutrition for pregnant and lactating women and for infants and young children. Through earlier experiences, we have found that where youth have been involved in research and management of research initiatives, there has been greater success; for example, through higher quality and sustainability of resource monitoring. We will engage more fully in understanding youth aspirations and support them to have a voice in programrelated decisions, particularly in on-site research interventions. The program strategy for delivering benefits to youth is detailed in Annex Program structure and flagship projects The overarching research question for the program is: how can we optimize the joint contributions of aquaculture, small-scale fisheries and fish value chains in select geographies to reduce poverty and improve food and nutrition security, while enhancing environmental sustainability? A simplified illustration of some of the main linkages among flagships and clusters is provided in Figure 3. Figure 3. FISH program internal linkages: Integrated research on fish agri-food systems. Selected linkages shown for illustrative purposes only. Linkages among flagships and clusters are detailed in section 2. Flagship 1: Sustainable aquaculture FP1 focuses on the key research question: How can productivity-improving technologies and management practices enable aquaculture to achieve its fullest contribution to equitable livelihoods and food and nutrition security while delivering environmental benefits?