Advances in Soil Science

Transcription

1 Advances in Soil Science

2 Advances in Soil Science B.A. Stewart, Editor Editorial Board R. Lal C.W. Rose U. Schwertmann B.A. Stewart P.B. Tinker R.J. Wagenet B.Yaron

3 Advances in Soil Science Volume 17 Soil Restoration Edited by R. Lal and B.A. Stewart With Contributions by J.K. Cronk, J.P. Curry, D. Dent, W.T. Frankenberger, J.A. Good, N.N. Goswami, F.M. Hons, L.R. Hossner, R. Lal, T.J. Logan, W.J. Mitsch, T.J. Nimlos, R. Prasad, W.E. Sopper, B.A. Stewart, and E.T. Thompson-Eagle With 97 lllustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

4 RattanLal Department of Agronomy Ohio State University Room Coffey Road Columbus, OH USA B.A. Stewart USDA Conservation and Production Research Lab Bushland, TX USA ISSN: Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 Copyright is not claimed for works by U.S. Government employees. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Spr.nger-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NT 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbiden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Karen Phillips Typeset by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong ISBN-J3: DOl: / e-isbn-13:

5 Preface Soil degradation is clearly one of the most pressing problems facing mankind. A continuation of soil degradation will eventually lead to a loss in crop productivity even though fertilizers and other inputs often result in increased yields in the short term. Soil degradation also leads to environmental pollution. A decrease in soil quality invariably leads to a decrease in water quality, and often in air quality. While there is a clear consensus that soil degradation is a major problem, the literature on this subject leaves numerous baffling questions. If statistics on land degradation are correct, there is a definite cause for concern, and present a mammoth challenge for agricultural scientists. There are those that say the scientific community has over dramatized this issue, and created a credibility problem. Consequently; Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was organized by Dr. Rattan Lal who is recognized as a leading authority on the subject. The objective of Volume 11 was to assess the types and processes of soil degradation and establish some of the major cause-effect relationships. Volume II documented the seriousness of soil degradation in many parts of the world. Therefore, it seemed immediately important to devote a volume to the principles and technologies for restoring degraded soils to a productive status. While the land resources are limited, world population is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. Dr. Rattan Lal has again assumed the leadership in selecting leading authorities to address these critical issues. The scientific principles for restoring many degraded soils are known and practical technologies are available in many cases. This Volume will analyze and summarize the scientific information on this important topic, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs. I want to thank Dr. Lal for his leadership in developing this Volume, the authors for their excellent contributions, and the Springer-Verlag staff for their kind assistance and counsel. Finally, and most importantly, I thank the readers for their acceptance and use of Advances in Soil Science. Fuv

6 vi Preface ture volumes will continue to include a mix of single topic volumes with guest editors and volumes covering a wide array of soil science topics. B.A. Stewart

7 Contents Preface... Contributors... v xi Need for Land Restoration... 1 R. Lal and B.A. Stewart I. Introduction... 1 II. Basic Concepts of Land Restoration... 2 III. Global Extent of Soil Degradation IV. Land Hunger... 6 V. Need for Soil Restoration VI. Conclusion References... 9 Reclamation of Chemically Degraded Soils T.J. Logan I. Introduction II. Principles of Soil Reclamation III. Conclusions References Soil Fertility Restoration and Management for Sustainable Agriculture in South Asia R. Prasad and N.N. Goswami I: Introduction II. Soils, Climate, and Crops of South Asia III. Soils Under Shifting Cultivation IV. Soils Under Intensive Cultivation V. Soils Under Salinity or Sodicity VI. Summary and Conclusions References vii

8 viii Contents Reclamation of Acid Sulphate Soils D. Dent I. Introduction II. Previous Reviews and Major Sources III. Formation and Characteristics of Acid Sulphate Soils IV. Alternative Strategies for Reclamation V. Minimum-Disturbance Strategies VI. Reclamation by Leaching and Liming VII. Summary and Conclusions References Restoring Land Degraded by Gully Erosion in the Tropics R. Lal I. Introduction II. Mechanisms of Gully Formation and Advance III. Factors Affecting Gully Erosion IV. Anthropogenic Causes Responsible for Gully Erosion V: Watershed Factors in Gully Erosion VI. Measurement and Evaluation of Gully Erosion VII. Gully Erosion Control VIII. Conclusions References Reclamation ofindurated, Volcanic-Ash Materials in Latin America 153 T.J. Nimlos I. Introduction II. Nomenclature III. Genesis ofindurated, Volcanic-Ash Materials IV. Classification of Indurated Materials V. Properties ofindurated Materials VI. Distribution and Extent of Indurated Materials VII. Soil Erosion on Indurated Materials VIII. Reclamation of Exposed Indurated Materials IX. Summary References Soil Faunal Degradation and Restoration J.P. Curry andj.a. Good I. Introduction II. The Composition of the Fauna III. Influence of Fauna on Soil Fertility IV. Land Disturbance and Faunal Degradation

9 Contents ix V. Restoring Soil Fauna VI. Faunal Indicators and Biological Monitoring of Soil Quality 194 VII. Conclusion References Creation and Restoration of Wetlands: Some Design Considerations for Ecological Engineering W.J. Mitsch and J. K. Cronk I. Introduction II. Wetland Design III. Summary References Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Selenium E. T. Thompson-Eagle and W. T. Frankenberger, Jr. I. Introduction II. Geochemistry III. Deficiencies and Toxicity of Selenium IV. Vegetation Uptake V. Microbial Transformations VI. Bioremediation of Selenium Contaminated Soils: San Joaquin Valley, California-A Case History VII. Remediation of Seleniferous Sediments and Water VIII. Conclusions... ' References Reclamation of Mine Tailings L.R. Rossner and F.M. Rons I. Introduction II. Distribution of Tailings III. Environmental Consequences IV. Limitations to Tailings Reclamation V. Mine Tailings Reclamation VI. Summary References Reclamation of Mine Land Using Municipal Sludge W.E. Sopper I. Introduction II. Review of Land Reclamation Projects Using Municipal Sludge

10 x Contents III. Summary Appendix References Researcher and Development Priorities for Soil Restoration R. Lal and B.A. Stewart I. Introduction II. Approaches to Soil Restoration III. Strategies and Policies IV. Conclusions References Index

11 Contributors J.K. CRONK, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science Program, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A. J.P. CURRY,. Department of Environmental Resources Management, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. D. DENT, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich N4R 7TJ, U.K. W.T. FRANKENBERGER, Jr., Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A. J.A. GOOD, Department of Environmental Resources Management, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. N.N. GOSWAMI, Department of Agronomy, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, , India. F.M. HONS, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U.S.A. L.R. HOSSNER, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U.S.A. R. LAL, Department of Agronomy, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A. T.J. LOGAN, Department of Agronomy, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A. W.J. MITSCH, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A. T.J. NIMLOS, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, U.S.A. R. PRASAD, C-41, IARI Campus, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi , India W.E. SOPPER, Institute for Research on Land and Water, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. B.A. STEWART, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, Texas 79106, U.S.A. xi

12 xii Contributors E.T. THOMPSON-EAGLE, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A.