Livelihood Profile Oromiya Region, Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Livelihood Profile Oromiya Region, Ethiopia Dedesa-Gibe Wama Valley Sorghum, Maize and Oil Crops (DSM) LZ February 29 1 Zone Description Dedesa-Gibe Wama-Valley Sorghum, Maize and Oil crops (DSM) LZ is located in east Wollega and Illuababora administrative zones of Oromiya region. It encompasses woredas/ districts of Bila Seyo, Leka Dulecha, Wayu Tuka Chewaka, Jimma Arjo, Nunu Kumba, Wama Boneya, Bneya Boshe, Sibu Sire (east Wollega zone) and Bedele, Limu seka, Limu Kosa (Illuababora zone). The agro ecology of the LZ dominantly woina dega/ midland and some part of it is kolla/ lowland receiving the annual rainfall range 8-18mm. The production is rain fed and irrigation is at the level of inception. The topography of area varies from hills, undulating and some part of it is moderate plain land. Moderately dense forest, bush, scrub land and grass land are mostly seen vegetation types of LZ. Other natural resources like mineral (stone, sand, charcoal), timber and wild animals are cited in the LZ. Population of the LZ is moderately dense. Big rivers of (Danana, Dadesa, Damaksa, Gudure, Laga Jarti, Dibayu, Gibe, Tirma, Kolati Cherecha, Nagesso, Leka, Gino ) flowing in and outside of the LZ. Mountains (Konchi, Sorgu, Tulu Wechale) and waterfall (Indris and Baro) is found in the LZ. The main roads from Addis Ababa to Nekemte through Ambo and to Mettu through Jimma cross the LZ. The economy of this zone is mixed farming (crop production complemented by livestock rearing). The soil is moderately fertile. Considering the overall production potential majority of the areas have moderate production potential. The LZ has two rainy season with very important Genna season and short rainy Arfasa season in which long cycle and short cycle crops are grown. Deep well, shallow well, spring are major source of water both in wet and dry season and in most cases human and livestock get water from different sources. The main crops grown for consumption are maize, teff and sorghum while teff, oil crops and maize are crops used for sale. Maize and sorghum is the long cycle crop whereas teff is a short cycle crop. All wealth group use ox plough to prepare agricultural field. Weeding and harvesting demands more labor than the other and are the activity for which the better off and middle households pay for. Both harvesting and weeding is done by men and women. Termite, bacterial blight/ leaf blight and rust or smut crop pest and disease affecting crops in the LZ. Termite affects maize, sorghum, nug and sesame, bacterial blight/ leaf blight affects maize, sorghum and teff and rust or smut affects maize and sorghum. The prevention methods applied in the zone is Durban 2-4d and dissolution of seed for maize and sorghum at large. These medicines were supplied by regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development before some years by cash. The inputs mostly used in the area fertilizer (Urea and Dap) and selected seed variety of maize and sorghum. The livestock reared in the LZ are cattle, shoats and equines. The households feed their animals grass and crop residue in a free grazing and stall feeding way. However there is purchase of crop residue for cattle and equine. Major and minor rivers and shallow well are used for watering the livestock in during wet and dry seasons. Therefore there is no expense for watering the livestock. In the LZ cattle is milked for the purpose of food and sale. On top of this cattle and shoats are usually slaughtered during festivals and New Year. Cattle are usually sold at the stage of calves and heifer while sheep are sold when they got matured. In order to generate more income the wealth groups sale livestock products as well. The household try to maintain the livestock dynamics through purchase and replacing from within the herd and looking after the animals are shared responsibilities of both men and women. Tripanosomiasis, internal & external parasite and black leg are livestock diseases affecting the LZ. Tripanosomiasis affect cattle, equine and shoat, internal & external parasite affects all animals types found in the LZ and black leg affects cattle folk. Of course curative treatment and vaccination are main methods of protecting the livestock which is supplied by 1 Field work for the current profile was undertaken in February 29. The information presented refers to Nov 26 Oct 27 (EC November 1999 to October 2), a normal year by local standards. Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 213). The exchange rate January 26 1USD = 9.19 ETB.

2 regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development either on a free or by cash. Drug most familiar in the area includes diminazen, Albendazole and OTTC, and Pen strop respectively for Tripanosomiasis, internal & external parasite and black leg. The other economic benefit of the LZ comes from honey production which is around homestead and near by forest areas. Men and women do these activities. In this LZ there are different forms of household packages that enable them increases the income. The packages are agricultural input purchase, fattening of livestock and petty trade business initial capital. Given the moderate production potential accompanied by fertile soil and good weather condition the area is food surplus and the level of its food security is food self sufficient. Markets The road access in the LZ is bad especially during wet season and therefore the market condition of the LZ is poor. Maize, sorghum and Nug/ flux are crops sold in the LZ and the trade route is from local market Bako/ Sire/ Nekemte and Jimma outside of the LZ. The peak time for such crop sale is the months of January to April. Cattle sheep and goats are the main livestock available in the market. The trade route and business interaction for cattle and sheep sale is from local markets Sire/ Shobole/ Benja and Limu seka. The peak sale is during the months of December to February when body condition of livestock improved. Sorghum and maize are crops purchased during the hunger season in the months of July to August. Nono kumba, Arjo, Nekemte, Sire, Wama gelo. Nono, Jimma arjo and Bandira are the source market to the local community from which the LZ purchases the staple food. During the reference year under consideration the official exchange rate is 1 US dollar= birr. Seasonal Calendar Genna extends (June to August) the main rainy season, Bira (September to November), Bona (December to February) and Arfasa (March to May) the less rainy season are the four seasons in the LZ. In DSM LZ The agricultural activities begin in the month of April with the preparation of land ready for planting of long cycle crops like maize and sorghum. On the other hand the consumption year runs from October to September according the information available. The Arfasa rain is useful for land preparation and planting of maize and sorghum. Genna rain important for the growth of long cycle crop and planting of short cycle crop as well. The planting and weeding time of maize and sorghum is in the months of April and June to August respectively. The months of November and December respectively are the harvesting period of maize and sorghum. Teff is planted through July to August. The weeding and harvesting time of it is September and November. The planting and weeding of sesame is the months of June and August respectively. Livestock sale get peak in the months of January, April and September when the body condition of livestock improved. Milk production gone through September to December. November is the peak in-heat month of the year. Cattle births take place during the months of July to August during Genna season. Local labor available during the months of November to December in the harvesting time. Food purchase takes place May to July coincides with hunger season which runs from July to September.

3 Wealth Breakdown In DSM livelihoodzone wealth is primarily determined by the ownership of livestock, land holding and crop yield obtained. The above table depicts that the cultivated land increases across the wealth groups. The better off own 2-4 timads of land while the poor have only timads. All wealth groups cultivate maize, sorghum and teff. On top of this better off cultivate millet and sesame. The middle does not harvest sesame. Although the livestock holding differs across the wealth groups all households including very poor owned ox. Households in this LZ posses cattle, goats and sheep. The better off, middle, poor and very poor households posses 7-12, 5-7, 1-3 and -1 cattle respectively. Again the better off, middle, poor and very poor households respectively have 1-2, 5-15, 3-5 and 1-3 beehives which serves as source of income. The household size increases across the wealth group and for that matter the better off have 8-1 family members. The planting of perennial crop like eucalyptus tree is also a major wealth difference in the lz. The better off and middle HHs owned 3-4 and 1-2 heads of tree. Sources of Food Normal Year (26-27) In DSM LZ the food sources are dominantly own crops followed by purchase and livestock product. The crops produced for food source are maize, sorghum and teff. All households receive more than three fourth of their annual food requirement from own field. The food that comes from this source increase across the wealth. The better off and middle groups receive 1-11% of the annual food from own crops. Whereas the poor and very poor HHs respectively covers 8-9% and 75-85%. The annual food need that comes from purchase is significant for the poorer households and of course it decreases across wealth groups. The very poor and poor get 2-- 3% and 15-25% of their food requirement through purchase. This amount goes down to 5-12% for other middle and better off HHs. There is also minor food contribution that comes from livestock products and it is about 5-7% for the better off groups. This LZ generally categorized as the food self sufficient. 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off other food aid purchase payment in kind livestock prod. crops In the graph, food access is expressed as a percentage of minimum food requirements, taken as an average food energy intake of 21 kcals per person per day. Sources of Cash Normal Year (26-27)

4 In DSM LZ the source of income includes crops sale, The graph provides a breakdown of total cash income livestock and its product sale, agricultural labor and selfemployment. The sale of tree and honey contributed to according to income source. 1% other the household annual income. The annual income that generated from livestock product falls in the income 8% 6% petty trade brackets of 4-6ETB for the rich groups. The annual livestock income for the poor and very poor is found in selfemployment The very poor and poor generate annual income ranging the range of 6-8ETB and 35-55ETB respectively. agr.labour 5-7ETB and 4-6ETB from agricultural labor 4% respectively. An annual income from self-employment livestock for sales the poorer wealth group is found in the range of 1-2% 15ETB. l/stock prod. % sales V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off crop sales Annual income (ETB) Expenditure Patterns Normal Year (26-27) In DSM LZ the community by and large expend their money on purchasing of staple, non staple food, HH items, inputs, cloths and on social services. However the better off and middle HHs do not purchase staple food which in other cases decrease across wealth groups. Of the total annual income very poor and poor households expend 1-27% and 5-11% on the purchases of the staple food respectively. With regard to non-staple food all wealth groups purchase but it increases across the wealth groups. Expenses on inputs increase with the wealth. The annual input expenditure for the middle HH is about 9-13ETB. Expenditure on household items positively skewed towards the better off. The very poor HH itself expend 3-5ETB on purchasing of HH items. Expenditure on social services, cloths and other components increases across the wealth group. In the reference year all wealth groups had some left for other expenses additional clothes and other items % 8% 6% 4% 2% % V.Poor Poor Middle Betteroff other clothes social serv. inputs water HH items non-staple food staple food The graph provides a breakdown of total cash expenditure according to category of expenditure. Hazards On one hand termites, stalk borer and tripanosomiasis are chronic hazards that affect the LZ. On the other hand armyworm, bacteria infestation, shoot fly and black leg are periodic hazards that affect crop and livestock production every two years or so. Termite affects maize, sorghum, nug and sesame, bacterial blight/ leaf blight affects maize, sorghum and teff. Tripanosomiasis affect cattle, equine and shoat, internal & external parasite affects all animals types found in the LZ and black leg affects cattle folk. Coping Strategies The pest and disease prevalence in the LZ affects crops and livestock production. The wealth groups try to mitigate or prevent their crop using the available treatment called Durban 2-4D and dissolution of seed for maize and sorghum. These medicines were supplied by regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development before some years by cash. The inputs mostly used in the area fertilizer (Urea and Dap) and selected seed variety of maize and sorghum. Losses of livestock production due to those diseases impose a threat and have damaging effect on the people s

5 livelihood. Of course curative treatment and vaccination are main methods of protecting the livestock. Drug most familiar in the area includes Diminazen, Albendazole and OTTC, and Pen strop respectively for tripanosomiasis, internal & external parasite and black leg. The problem in particular more sever for the poorer households. The other way to cope with the loss is maximizing the income by increasing the volume of sales. There is an increase in sale of animals by all wealth groups. Maximizing honey sale during bad year is still remain an option to which HHs divert. There will be a trend of switching expenditure from household item, clothes and others by all wealth groups to the staple foods purchase. The poorer HHs maximizes their income by increasing sale of firewood in the local towns. Indicators of imminent Crises Late onset of Arfasa season rain Unsustainable / Increased sale of livestock Stocks getting run out Market price fluctuations Increase in the number of people engaged in self-employment/ firewood collection Summary Dedesa-Gibe Wama-Valley Sorghum, Maize and Oil crops (DSM) is located in east Wollega and Illuababora administrative zones of Oromiya region. The agro ecology of the LZ dominantly woina dega/ midland and some part of it is kolla/ lowland. The economy of this zone is mixed farming (crop production complemented by livestock rearing). Considering the overall production potential majority of the areas have moderate production potential. The LZ has two rainy season with very important Genna season and short rainy Arfasa season in which long cycle and short cycle crops are grown. The main crops grown for consumption are maize, teff and sorghum while teff, oil crops and maize are crops used for sale. Maize and sorghum is the long cycle crop whereas teff is a short cycle crop. In DSM LZ the food sources are dominantly own crops followed by purchase and livestock product. All households receive more than three fourth of their annual food requirement from own field. The livestock reared in the LZ are cattle, shoats and equines. The households feed their animals grass and crop residue in a free grazing and stall feeding way. In this economic zone crops sale, livestock and its product sale, agricultural labor and self-employment are the source of income. The community by and large expend their money on purchasing of staple, non staple food, HH items, inputs, cloths and on social services. However the better off and middle HHs do not purchase staple food which in other cases decrease across wealth groups. In this LZ there are different forms of household packages that enable increases the HH income. These packages are agricultural input purchase, fattening of livestock and initial capital petty trade. Maize, sorghum, teff and Noug production quantity and price are key parameters to track the change. Finger millet is the sole crop in the LZ that is considered as key parameters in term of its production level. Cattle, shoats, cows milk and butter, chicken and egg are key parameters both in food side and income side. Given the moderate production potential accompanied by fertile soil and good weather condition the area is food surplus and definitely is a food self sufficient.