Livelihood Profile Oromiya Region, Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Livelihood Profile Oromiya Region, Ethiopia Zone Description Oct Sodo Highland Wheat, Barley and Enset (SHE) livelihood zone is geographically located in west Shoa administrative zone of Oromiya region. Saden-Sodo, Waliso, Bacho, Kersa-Malima and Sodo-Dachi are woreads found in the LZ. The LZ shares a border in south with Guraghe zone of SNNPR. Agro ecology of the LZ is mainly characterised by dega/ high land. The topographic feature of the livelihood zone predominantly undulating. The highway from Addis Ababa to Jimma crosses part of the LZ. Common vegetation types observed in the area are bush shrub and ruminant indigenous trees and eucalyptus trees. The Awash river one of the big rivers in the country flows and crosses the LZ. Waliso, Tulu-Bolo, Harbu Chulule, Leman and Tare are major towns located in the LZ. Other natural resources found in the zone include wild life (birds), hot spring and construction stones. The population density of the livelihood zone is known as moderately populated. Sandy-loam and clay soils are dominating soil types. June to September is the major rainy season and March to April is short rainy season and the zone receives sufficient amount of rainfall.. Mixed farming is it main category hence the economy is based on crop production supplemented by livestock production. Agriculture is rain fed and depends on two rainy seasons Genna the most important one and Arfasa. The major crops grown in the area are barley, wheat and enset/ false banana are used for consumption while barely, wheat and pulses are for sale. Oxen are used as traction power. Weeding and harvesting are the most laborious agricultural activities and they are activities which the rich groups pay for. The households hire local labor for weeding and harvesting. Bacterial wilt affects enset. Currently there is no treatment for Bacterial wilt and for Aphids Diazinon is available to to the households from the market. The inputs utilized in this zone are Fertilizer (DAP and Urea), manure and pesticides type Diazinon. Cattle, sheep and equines are the main types of livestock mostly found in the LZ. They feed their animals grasses from free grazing and crop residues. There are major rivers and temporary ponds in dry and wet seasons that are used as water source for the animals. In some instances human and livestock share water from the sources and of course expenses are attached to water when they using from reservoir. In this LZ cattle sold at about the age of three to four years and shoats at the age nine months, the sales include egg, skins, butter and milk as well. The sold cattle are replaced from within the herd. During festival and holidays the better off and middle households slaughtered shoats. Taking care of livestock left to boys and girls. Blackleg, pasteurellosis and Internal parasite are the main disease affects livestock in the LZ. Black leg and pasteurellosis affects cattle and Internal parasite affects cattle and shoats. The medicine used to prevent black leg and pasteurellosis is Penstrep, ox T.T.C and 1 Penstrep, ox T.T.C 7 and 1 respectively and for internal parasite they use Ivermectin, Albendazole that are available to the households by cash. The important economic activities in the LZ include local labor (weeding and harvesting), brewery ( Tela ) making and hand craft work. Brewery and hand craft work is done by women through out the whole year. Generally given the crop production level, livestock production and opportunities of market outlet the LZ is referred to be food self-sufficient. 1 Field work for the current profile was undertaken in Oct The information presented refers to Nov Oct 2007 (EC Nov 1999 to Oct 2000), a normal year by local standards. Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 2013). The exchange rate January USD = 9.19 ETB.

2 Markets The market access in the LZ are said to be good because it is near to roads and to urban centers. The Addis Ababa to Jimma highways crosses the LZ. Main crops sold in the zone are barley, wheat and pulses. The business route begins from local market Tulu Bolo/ Woliso (woreda towns) the finally to Addis Ababa. The peak sale is during the harvest period in the months of December and January. Sheep and cattle are main types of livestock sold in the LZ for local consumption only. Mostly the sale months are during holidays in (September, December and April). In SHE LZ maize and barley are staple cereal purchased by the households during the hunger period and beyond that to fill the gap. The official exchange rate during the reference year 1USD is equivalent to ETB. Seasonal Calendar In the seasonal calendar above there are four seasons in the LZ. These are Genna is a main rainy season extending from June to September, Bona is the period that extends from October to February, Arfasa the period in the months of March and April and Chamsa the sort dry season in the month of May. In SHE LZ the agricultural year is started with preparing and clearing the land for planting of barley and wheat in the month of May. However the consumption year begins in the month of November when green harvest is available extending to October. The LZ has benefited from Genna rains for short cycle crop planting and Arfasa rain for land preparation. Barley, wheat and field pea are grown from May/ June to December. The weeding and harvesting period for barley and wheat is the month of July to August and December respectively. Wheat is planted in the month of June. Cattle and shoats sale runs get peak in January, September and in the month of April during holidays and during New Year. It is this time when physical condition of livestock relatively improved due to availability of water and crop residuals. October and November is the in-heat periods. Milk production runs from July to December and birth in the months of July to August during wet season. Local labor (weeding and harvesting) is available from July to August and from October to December. The hunger season runs from months of June through August is when they households run out of stocks.

3 Wealth Breakdown From the wealth breakdown table above the land owned, livestock holding size and types is major source of wealth difference. All wealth groups posses less than a hectare of land and land holding of the better off is about double of the very poor households. The better off owned 2-3 timads of land. Wealth is also linked to the amount of livestock size. The ownership of loverstocks increases across the wealth group. All wealth groups cultivate barley, wheat, field pea, enset and Irish potato, however receive different amount of yield. The better off and the middle households owned 3-5 and oxen respectively that help them to get more production. The better off, middle and poor owned 7-8, 4-5 and 1-3 cattle respectively. Very poor household do not own ox, cattle and shoats. The household size increasing across the wealth group and it is found in the range of 7-9 for the better off. On top of having more labor better off and middle households hire labor on their fields. All households also own eucalyptus trees: the very poor 60-80, poor , middle , better-off trees. Sources of Food Normal Year ( ) In SHE LZ crops cultivated includes barley, wheat, field pea and enset. In this food economy zone all wealth groups cultivate the same crops but expected to receive different production levels. In general all wealth groups produce more than half of their annual food requirement from their fields. The annual food need coverage from own crops runs from 80-94% and 75-85%, 55-65% and 50- for the better off, middle, poor and very poor households respectively. The annual food need covered from livestock product is insignificant and found in the range of 0-4% for better off and middle households. In SHE LZ wealth groups largely depend on the market in order to fill the gap they left with. Of course the annual food purchased decreases across the wealth groups. The range goes from 40-5, 35-45% and 15-25% for the very poor, poor and middle households respectively. It is observed that in this LZ wealth group s purchase maize as staple food. 1 V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off food aid purchase payment in kind livestock prod. crops In the graph, food access is expressed as a percentage of minimum food requirements, taken as an average food energy intake of 2100 kcals per person per day.

4 Sources of Cash Normal Year ( ) V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off petty trade selfemployment agr.labour livestock sales l/stock prod. sales crop sales The graph provides a breakdown of total cash income according to income source. In the SHE LZ the sources of income are own crop sale, livestock and its product sale, agricultural labor and self employment. The income from crop and livestock sale increase across the wealth groups. The better off received annual income of ETB and ETB from own crop and livestock sales respectively. Whereas the middle households receives ETB and ETB annual income from own crop and livestock sales respectively. The annual income of the poor from own crop and livestock sale is found in the range of ETB. Very poor household also received annual income of ETB from crop sale. The annual agricultural labor income for the very poor and poor households is found in the range of ETB and ETB. Other is important source of income for all wealth groups as well. Annual income (ETB) Expenditure Patterns - Normal Year ( ) All wealth groups purchase the staple food (maize), non staple food, HH items, inputs, social services and cloths. The richer groups also purchase teff while the poorer groups purchase barley and enset. Of the total income they got very poor and poor households respectively spent 34-44% and 28-38% on purchasing of staple food while better off and middle households spent only 10-16% and 5-9% respectively. Better off and middle households respectively annually spent ETB and ETB on non-staple food items. This expense for the poor households goes to ETB. The better off and middle spent more of their income on purchasing inputs which could be considered as sustaining and improving the livelihood. The annual expenditure of better off and middle groups on inputs goes to ETB and ETB respectively. The graph provides a breakdown of total cash expenditure according to category of expenditure. Expenditure on household items, social services like health care, education and cloths for the family members increases across the wealth group. The better of for instance annually spent ETB on clothing. In the reference year under consideration all wealth group save some amount of money. Hazards V.Poor Poor Middle Betteroff Bacterial wilt affects enset. On top of this frost and hailstorm hazards affect the crop production every two or three years. Blackleg, pasteurellosis and Internal parasite are the main disease affects livestock in the LZ. Black leg and Pasturelosis affects cattle and Internal parasite affects cattle and shoats. clothes social serv. inputs water HH items non-staple food staple food

5 Coping Strategies The pest and disease occurred in the LZ pose a threat and have damaging effect on the people s livelihood. The households try to prevent the impacts of crop loss by using Diazinon for Aphids that affects different pulses.the medicine used to prevent black leg Pasturelosis and are Penstrep, ox T.T.C and 1 and Penstrep, ox T.T.C 7 and 1 respectively and for internal parasite they use Ivermectin, Albendazole which are available in the market.. The way of withstanding those threats is using inputs so as boost production and this has again has an impact on households demanding their income to purchase drugs. To over come all wealth groups adopt the strategies of maximizing income by increasing the volume of sales, switch and/ or minimize the expenditure. There is an increase in sale of animals by all wealth groups. Very poor and poor household tend to migrate to places like Guraghe and east Shoa zones. There will be a trend of switching expenditure from household item, clothes and s by all wealth groups to the staple foods. Indicators of imminent Crises Patterns of heavy rains and excessive rain Unsustainable / Increased sale of livestock at low prices Stocks getting run out The over all price trends show upward Increase in the number of people engaged migration and hand crafts Summary Sodo Highland Wheat, Barley and Enset (SHE) food economy zone is geographically located in west Shoa administrative zone of Oromiya region. Saden-Sodo, Waliso, Bacho, Kersa-Malima and Sodo-Dachi are woreads located in the LZ. The LZ shares a border in south with Guraghe zone of SNNPR. Agro ecology of the LZ is mainly characterised by dega/ high land and its topography predominantly undulating. The highway from Addis Ababa to Jimma crosses part of the LZ. The Awash river one of the big rivers in the country flows and crosses the LZ and Waliso, Tulu-Bolo, Harbu Chulule, Leman and Tare are towns of the LZ. The population density of the livelihood zone is known as moderately populated. Sandy-loam and clay soils are dominating soil types. Mixed farming, hence the main economy category is based on crop production supplemented by livestock production. Agriculture is rain fed and depends on two rainy seasons Genna and Arfasa. There are four season, these are Genna is a main rainy season extending from June to September, Bona is the period that extends from October to February, Arfasa the period in the months of March and April and Chamsa the sort dry season in the month of May. The agricultural year is started with preparing and clearing the land for planting of barley and wheat in the month of May. The major crops grown in the area are barley, wheat and enset/ false banana while barely, wheat and pulses are for sale. Oxen are used as traction power. Weeding and harvesting are the most laborious agricultural activities and they are activities for which the rich groups pay. The households hire local labor for weeding and harvesting as well. Bacterial wilt affects enset. Currently there is no treatment for Bacterial wilt and for Aphids Diazinon is available in the market. The inputs utilized in this zone are Fertilizer (DAP and Urea), manure and pesticides type Diazinon. Cattle, sheep and equines are the main types of livestock mostly found in the LZ. They feed their animals grasses from free grazing and crop residues. In some instances human and livestock share water from the same sources and of course expenses are attached to water when they using from reservoir. In this LZ cattle sold at about the age of three to four years and shoats at the age nine months. The sold cattle are replaced from within the herd. During festival and holidays the better off and middle households slaughtered shoats. Taking care of livestock left to boys and girls. Blackleg, pasteurellosis and Internal parasite are the main disease affects livestock in the LZ. Black leg and pasteurellosis affects cattle and Internal parasite affects cattle and shoats. The medicine used to prevent black leg and Pasturelosis is Penstrep, ox T.T.C and 1 Penstrep, ox T.T.C 7 and 1 respectively and for internal parasite they use Ivermectin, Albendazole. Other important economic activities in the LZ include local labor (weeding and harvesting), brewery ( Tela ) and hand craft work. Brewery and hand craft work is done by women through out the whole year. The market access in the LZ are said to be good because it is near to roads and to urban centers. Generally given the crop production level, livestock production and opportunities of market outlet the LZ is referred to be food self-sufficient.