Urbanization, Food Security and Sustainable Development: A Challenge for Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Urbanization, Food Security and Sustainable Development: A Challenge for Bangladesh Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 187 Master thesis in Sustainable Development Sayeed Sanjidaa Urbanization, Food Security and Sustainable Development: A Challenge for Bangladesh Sayeed Sanjidaa Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Master s Thesis E, 30 credits

2 Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 187 Master thesis in Sustainable Development Urbanization, Food Security and Sustainable Development: A Challenge for Bangladesh Sayeed Sanjidaa Master thesis in Supervisor: Cristián Alarcón Ferrari Evaluator: Nadarajah Sriskandarajah Sustainable Development Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences

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4 Contents 1. Introduction Background Theory Method Results Discussions and Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgement References Appendix... 29

5 Urbanization, Food Security and Sustainable Development: A Challenge for Bangladesh Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, Abstract: Keywords: Sanjidaa Sayeed, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE Uppsala, Sweden

6 Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, Summary: Keywords: Sanjidaa Sayeed, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE Uppsala, Sweden

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8 1. Introduction National Food Policy Plan of Action

9 1.1 Problem Formulation 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Objective General Objective Specific Objectives 1.4 Limitations

10 2. Background 2.1 Conceptual Framework Food Security Availability: Access: Utilization: Stability: Figure 1

11 Fig Sustainable Food Security People, Institutions, Knowledge and Environment People Institutions

12 Knowledge Environment Food Sovereignty

13 Food Sovereignty Regime Corporate and Neoliberal Food Regime Sustainable Development

14 Figure Urbanization Figure 2:

15 Fig 3. Fig 3

16 3. Theory 3.1 The Entitlement Approach - - trade- based entitlement production- based entitlement own- labour entitlement - - inheritance and transfer entitlement

17 These social security provisions are essentially supplementations of the processes of market exchange and production, and the two types of opportunities together determine a person's exchange entitlements in a private ownership

18 4. Methods Qualitative research claims to describe life-worlds from the inside out, from the point of view of the people who participate Research Design Methods of Data Collection Semi Standardized Interviews

19 4.2.2 Focused Interview 4.3 Data Analyzing. Transcripts are actually characterized by a considerable reduction of the almost infinitely rich primary and secondary data (Cook 1990) as well as by the fact that timerestricted conversational behaviour is transformed into a time-free visual product. Transcripts, therefore, are always selective constructions, and this selectivity has an impact on the analysis and interpretation of transcripts (Ochs 1979).

20 5. Results 5.1 Summary of Semi Standardized Interviews We have recently completed a survey on national micronutrient status and for the first time we have divided population and urban slum and the result speaks for itself because it shows that the slum population has the worst of allprevious surveys did not make any distinction between urban slum and general urban population. This time there have been added new components and indicators to the survey. This survey shows that children, women and also the general population in slums are sufferer. The government does not have any strong planning for urban food security currently. Some work have been done through advocacy for roof gardening for urban food production and also new technology have been introduced to the slum area such as vertical plantation, multi-layer plantation, high yelled seeds have been distributed to the urban and sub urban areas. Brochures about crop calendar, mushroom cultivation, raring goats and cows etc. have been introduced to the community.

21 we believe that food security can not be achieved without nutrition and food security is a part of nutrition. Urbanization is increasing rapidly and needs to address. The NGOs that are working with urban food security only can assist the government with information and their result of survey of intervention but the government needs to take the lead to tackle this problem. We do not have any plans for the near future to work in urban food security. Our expertise is in rural areas. Also we find it challenging to work in urban areas due to the migration patterns in rural areas especially in slum areas. Eviction of the slum dwellers is the main reason for this migration. When people tend to move around limited resources is the vital factor. It is difficult to work in urban due to migration. Slum dwellers tend to move around and also the slums are evicted every now and then that is why any sustainable project for longer period is nearly impossible. Another problem is that there is not enough land or space to directly grow food. This is the brutal truth of the situation Similarities Differences

22 Everyone Summary of the Focused Interview 5.2 Similarities Differences

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25 5.3 Answer to Research Questions How is the present situation of Food Security in urban slums in Dhaka?

26 5.3.2 What are the initiatives for food security in Dhaka city and what is the view on food security within key actors working with food security in Dhaka? Are there sustainable initiatives for Food Security in Dhaka city?

27 5.3.4 Recommendations for sustainable food security in Dhaka City

28 6. Discussions and Analysis 1. To describe the current status of food security in Urban Dhaka 2. To identify the initiatives for food security in Dhaka city 3. To investigate if initiatives for food security in Urban Dhaka are sustainable 6.1 Current Status of Food Security in Urban Dhaka

29 6.2 Identifying the initiatives for food security in Dhaka city

30 6.3 Identifying if the Food Security initiatives in Dhaka city are sustainable?

31 7. Conclusion

32 8. Acknowledgements

33 9. References International Journal of Health Geographics, An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security, World Urbanization Prospects The 2011 Revision, Urban Poverty: A Global View, Environment & urbanization Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Designing Social Research. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, CIA The World Fact Book. Urbanization and Growth, Sustainability Science, Eminence. Environ Health Perspect, A Companion to QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. Sustainable Food Security, The role of FAO's Sustainable Development Department.

34 Nyéléni. Science, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013, For Hunger-proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems. Suatainable Food Security for All by 2020: Proceedings of an International Conference. Sustainable Food Security. Climate Change Impacts and Emerging Population Trends: A Recipe for Disaster?. Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia. Science, Bangladesh. Bangladesh. The National Food Policy Plan of Action ( ), Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Nature The World Summit on Sustainable Development: reaffirming the centrality of health,

35 Poverty and Famines$ Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Ecological Economics, Att skriva uppsats med akribi. World Urbanization Prospects The 2005 Revision, Our Common Future, Environment and Society: Advances in Research, Food sovereignty: reconnecting food, nature and community. Challenges of the Muslim World (International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics).

36 10. Appendix 10.1Appendix A Interview # 1: Mostafa Faruq Al Banna Associate Research Director Food Planning and Monitoring Unit Ministry of food 1. Do you have any current project related to food security in urban Dhaka? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Particularly in slum areas. 2a. Was there any corruption involve in this programme? 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka? 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka?

37 5. How do you plan to tackle urban food insecurity in Dhaka city? 6. If you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc.? (Choose topic according to your expertise).

38 Interview # 2: Asfia Azim Project Coordinator- Urban Nutrition Programme Concern Worldwide, Bangladesh 1. Do you have any current project related to food security in urban Dhaka? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Especially in slum areas. 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka? 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka? National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening

39 Programme Helen Keller International). 5. How do you plan to tackle urban food insecurity in Dhaka city? 6. If you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc.? (choose topic according to your expertise)

40 Interview # 3: Shirin Afroz Program Coordinator Helen Keller International 1. Do you have any current project related to food security in urban Dhaka? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Especially in slum areas. 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka? 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka? Dushtha Shasthya Kendra DSK 5. How do you planto tackle urban food insecurity in Dhaka city? 6. If you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc.? (choose topic according to your expertise)

41 Interview # 4: Md. Abul Hossain Urban Agriculture Coordinator Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction Programme (UPPRP) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1. Do you have any current project related to food security in urban Dhaka? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Especially in slum areas. 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka?

42 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka? 5. How do you plan to tackle urban food insecurity in Dhaka city? 6. If you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc.? (choose topic according to your expertise)

43 Interview # 5 Md. Abusufian Head of Technical Support Food Security for the Ultra Poor in the Haor region (FSUP-H) Care International 1. Do you have any current project related to food security in urban Dhaka? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Especially in slum areas. 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka?

44 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka? 5. How do you plan to tackle urban food insecurity in Dhaka city? 6. If you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc.? (choose topic according to your expertise)

45 Interview # 6 Md. Nazrul Islam Socio Economic Expert UPPRP, UNDP Dhaka City Corporation 1. Do you have any current project related to food security Urban Dhaka (Cultivation, Roof garden, Slum, food grow)? 2. What kind of planning do you have for urban food security? Especially in slum areas? 3. Where in priority list do you put urban food security in Dhaka? 4. Who are the main actors of urban food security in Dhaka? 5. How do you plan to tackle urban food in security in Dhaka city? Resource Mapping Stake holder identification Context analyze SWOT analyze Joint action plan prepare 6. if you could plan without any resource constrain what would be your suggestion considering urban population increase, climate change, food market, social safety net etc. (choose topic according to your expertise) Strengthening the Social safety net. A large scale Survey with community people to identify the actual beneficiaries

46 A holistic mapping for all service providers in the area and use this mapping to integrate the services to each other Establish a platform for communication with the service providers A complete priority list for vulnerability Opportunity search for IGA/skill training Develop Community Based Organizations (CBO) or mechanism for a sustainable solution.

47 10.2Appendix B Participant 1.

48 Participant 2.

49 Participant 3.

50 Participant 4.

51 Participant 5.

52 Participant 6.

53 Participant 7.