Global Pre breeding Strategy with Focus on Minor Crops

Transcription

1 Global Pre breeding Strategy with Focus on Minor Crops Elcio P. Guimarães Workshop on Nordic PPP on Pre breeding 17 February 2011 With contributors from: Steve Beebe; Hernan Ceballos; Daniel Debouck; Clair Hershey; and Cesar Martinez Eco-Efficient Agriculture for the Poor

2 Content Basic concepts Pre breeding strategies Challenges 2/30

3 Basic concepts A G R I C U L T U R E Population growth Biodiversity loss Urbanization Land degradation Economic growth Less water Diet changes Climate change 3/30

4 Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) Basic concepts PGR = building blocks to develop new varieties Activities related to PGR: High cost and long term return Collection, characterization, evaluation use PGR selection/breeding Can be easily changed in a breeding program The least expensive and the most important for success Traits of interest cannot be found!!!! 4/30

5 Basic concepts Pre breeding Definition all activities designed to identify desirable characteristics/genes from unadapted PGR and to transfer them to an intermediate product that breeders can manipulate 5/30

6 Basic concepts Pre breeding SoW 2 Pre breeding occupies a unique and often crucial step between PGRFA conserved in collections and their use by breeders Gaps and needs Lack of characterization and evaluation data remain a serious constrain to the use of many collections, especially of underutilized crops and CWR Great attention is needed to pre breeding to enhance the use of PGRFA 6/30

7 Basic concepts Pre breeding GPA PA10 A process referred to as pre breeding or genetic enhancement is often necessary to produce material that can be easily used by breeders Recognize the importance of providing long term funding and logistical support to plant breeding and research, pre breeding, genetic enhancement and base broadening activities Encourage the development of public private and other partnerships 7/30

8 Basic concepts Pre breeding A link between PGR (genebank managers) and breeding (breeders) Genebank managers understand the genetic diversity within the collections Breeders introduce new traits in the varieties How? Identification of genes that control traits of interest Moving from unadapted sources into new varieties 8/30

9 Basic concepts Pre breeding Base broadening or genetic enhancement Introgression Genetic nature of the trait Number of genes Heritability G x E 9/30

10 Content Basic concepts Pre breeding strategies Challenges 10/30

11 Pre-breeding strategies Pre breeding Genebank Pre breeding Breeding PGR Seeds Collection Characterization Characterizatio n Parental development Parental development Maintenance Evaluation Varietal improvement Varietal release 11/30

12 Pre-breeding strategies Why Pre-breeding? Reduction of Biodiversity Potato Mais Maiz Rice 4 varieties 75% 6 variety 71% 65% 4 varieties Soybean Soybean Wheat 6 varieties 50% 9 varieties 50% Source: World Conservation Monitoring Center, Global Biodiversity 12/30

13 Pre-breeding strategies Genetic Uniformity/Vulnerability (UG99) IRAN 2008 PAKISTAN /30

14 Pre-breeding strategies Collections Enlarge the collection Understand the content Characterization and evaluation Information dissemination Utilization Network (regional) First message: The importance of characterization and evaluation 14/30

15 Pre-breeding strategies Passiflora in Colombia > 530 species worldwide 165 in Colombia in use 1 predominate (Passiflora edulis) Second message: Knowledge of the genetic diversity 15/30

16 Pre-breeding strategies Three Levels of Diversity Different crops 16/30

17 Pre-breeding strategies Three Levels of Diversity Different crops Different varieties within the same crop 17/30

18 Pre-breeding strategies Three Levels of Diversity Different crops Different varieties within the same crop Heterogeneous varieties 18/30

19 Pre-breeding strategies Third message: Local knowledge and diversity 19/30

20 Pre-breeding strategies Genetic Distances Genetic distance between species Gene pools Primary (same species) Secondary (different species than the cultivated) Tertiary (more distantly related) Forth message: Knowledge of the inter species relationship 20/30

21 Pre-breeding strategies Methods Breeding methods reproductive systems Segregating population size Recurrent selection methods Test crosses and target environment Gene expression candidate gene Apply synteny concept Future environment (climate change) 21/30

22 Pre-breeding strategies Methods Change in the genetic structure Cassava self pollination Discovery of waxy, herbicide R, PPD Use of land races vs related species Special species special breeding techniques Onion, banana, sugar cane.(difficulties in sexual reproduction flowering induction) Breeding methods are similar starting point differ Fifth message: Pre-breeding needs a strong breeding program to operate under 22/30

23 Pre-breeding strategies Similarities major and minor Crops Genetics are the same Limited # of CWR in the collections (SoW 2) Breeding methods (reproductive systems) Multidisciplinary team Sixth message: There are experiences with the major crops that are useful to minor ones 23/30

24 Pre-breeding strategies Differences Between major and minor Crops Knowledge level Genetics, Biology, Pathology. Relationship among species Different focus/management Segregating population size Sterility level (techniques to overcome) Variability level within species (minor = higher) Large distance land races and cultivated (???) 24/30

25 Pre-breeding strategies Differences Between major and minor Crops Application of biotechnology tools Phenotyping before genotyping # of collections Type of characterization # of professionals and financial support Long term results Level of stress (more specific) Seventh message: Strategy for minor crops has to be different from the major ones 25/30

26 Content Basic concepts Pre breeding strategies Challenges 26/30

27 Challenges Challenges Characterization and evaluation Knowledge of the genetic diversity Local knowledge and diversity Inter species relationship Strong breeding program Experiences with the major crops Strategy for minor crops 27/30

28 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) World collections Breeding tools (including biotechnology) Applied experience Rice Beans Cassava Understanding of CC and relationship with PGR Understanding of future challenges 28/30

29 Rice International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Heat tolerance O. latifolia QTL yield O. rufipogon R to diseases several sources Beans Intra specific (two groups) primary gene pool Inter specific (species) secondary gene pool Tolerance to stress secondary gene pool Drought and heat tolerance P. acutifolius 29/20

30 Thank you very much