LT 2.1 Earth Science Three layers of the Earth: What causes tectonic plates to move?

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Molly Sanders
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1 Unit 2 Exam Study Guide and Review Packet Everything presented on in class, everything done during independent and collaborative station is fair game for the exam. These are some of the major topics we covered that you should know. Earth Science: Plate Tectonics o Different types of boundaries, an example of landform for each Atmosphere o Coriolis Effect and how it works o Structure of atmosphere; what makes up the atmosphere (composition) o Difference between climate and weather + examples Soil Science o Components of soil o Main types of soil and where to find them (oxisol, mollisol, aridsol, etc.) o Types of soil erosion (sheet, rill, gully) o Effects of soil erosion (waterlogging, desertification, salinization) o Ways to remediate (fix) soil erosion and problems Agriculture o Strategies! Crop rotation, alley cropping, intercropping, etc (use your notes from group presentations)! Difference between organic and corporate farming o o o LT 2.1 Earth Science Three layers of the Earth: Genetic Engineering and the Green Revolution! Pros/Cons of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Sustainable agriculture characteristics Controlling Pests! Pros/Cons using pesticides! Integrated Pest Management and its methods! Relevant laws: FIFRA 1947, Federal Environmental Pesticides Control Act, FQPA 1996 What causes tectonic plates to move? What are the landforms created by the three different plate boundaries? Most volcanism in the world is associated with: (EXPLAIN your choice!) a. plate boundaries b. midcontinental hot spots c. faulting d. aquifer depletion e. desertification Explanation: LT 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5: Atmosphere The most abundant gas in Earth s atmosphere is: Label the diagram to the left with the different layers of the atmosphere.

2 Which layer would you find satellites? Which layer is the coldest? Which layer would you see the aurora borealis? Which layer has the ozone? Which layer has all of our daily weather? LT 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9: Soil Science and Erosion List the components of soil from smallest to biggest Of the three components listed above, which one is the most porous? Of the three components listed above, which one would create an impermeable layer? (think about what the word permeability means) Draw and label the different layers of the soil horizon: Define soil horizon: Which horizon of soil is known as the subsoil? What are some characteristics of subsoil? Define humus: Which soil horizon(s) would you find humus? Fill in the type of soil you would find in the following biomes: Grassland: Rainforest: Desert: Coniferous Forest: Deciduous Forest: Compare and contrast the three different types of soil erosion. How does salinization occur? What are some ways a farmer could remediate soil that is severely affected by salinization?

3 Define desertification: Draw a diagram of what waterlogging looks like. Be sure to label your diagram! LT 2.10, 2.11, 2.12 Agriculture which can lead to soil erosion, occurs when animals such as cattle and other livestock are allowed to eat excessive amounts of natural vegetation. agriculture is a form of industrialized agriculture in which a large amount of a cash crop such as coffee, bananas, or sugarcane are grown usually in a tropical, third-world nation. Name two negative effects of large scale agriculture. Creating new types of crops by splicing in genes from other organisms is called: What was the Green Revolution? What are two benefits of crop rotation? What is the difference between polyculture and monoculture? Is one more beneficial than the other? Compare and contrast organic farming with corporate/industrial farming. List at least one pro and one con for each.

4 The three grain crops that provide over half the calories for the entire human population are: rice, wheat, and. What is sustainable agriculture? What are the four aspects of sustainable agriculture? LT 2.13, 2.14, 2.15 Pests and Pesticides What is a pesticide? List two costs (negative effects) and two benefits (positive effects) of using pesticides: Which of the following are NOT principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? a. Establishing acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. b. When insects are found, apply pesticides early so that insect biological life cycles are disrupted to the point that they are unable to multiply c. Selecting crop varieties best suited for local growing conditions d. Use mechanical and/or biological controls prior to the application of pesticides e. Regularly observe, monitor, and record crop conditions Name and describe ONE U.S. federal law or ONE international treaty that focuses on the use of pesticides. List some methods associated with Integrated Pest Management.

5 Practice Free Response Question Option A: CHOOSE ONE TO ANSWER As the world s population increases and availability of new arable land decreases, providing sufficient food for the world s human population is becoming increasingly difficult. The table below shows the area of land needed to feed the world s population from 1900 projected to the year *arable = used or suitable for growing crops Year Land Area Needed (billion hectares*) *hectare = 100 acres of land a. On the graph below, plot the data from the table above and draw a smooth curve. b. Assume the maximum arable alnd area on Earth is 4.00 billion hectares. Using the smooth curve that you created above, determine the year in which the human population is likely to run out of arable land for agriculture. c. Soil quality is a critical factor in agriculture. Identify TWO physical and/or chemical properties of soils and describe the role of each property in determining soil quality. d. Describe TWO viable strategies for reducing the amount of land needed for agriculture.

6 Practice Free Response Question Option B: CHOOSE ONE TO ANSWER The major issues in modern agriculture include the use of genetically modified (GM) crops and the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. The following graph shows the increase in the use of GM crops in both developing and industrialized countries from 1995 to A. Describe one environmental advantage and one environmental disadvantage of using GM crops. B. Describe one economic advantage and one economic disadvantage of using GM crops. C. A healthy soil ecosystem is of primary importance in sustainable agriculture. Describe TWO viable agricultural practices that farmers can use to maintain or improve soil quality. D. Identify and describe one environmental advantage and one economic advantage of consuming locally grown produce.

Case Study: Biofuels and Banana Chips: Food Crops vs. Fuel Crops 1: Why do pig farmers have to feed their pigs junk-food?

Botkin & Keller- Earth as a Living Planet: 8th Edition Guided Reading Assignment Chapter #11- Agriculture, Aquaculture and the Environment Name: Case Study: Biofuels and Banana Chips: Food Crops vs. Fuel