DNA and DNA Replication

Transcription

1 Name Period PreAP Biology QCA 2 Review Your EOS exam is approximately 70 MC questions. This review, coupled with your QCA 1 review you received in October should lead you back through the important concepts for success on the end of semester test. The topics on the EOS include: TEKS: 2ABCD, 3A, 4AB, 6 ABCDEF, 9ABC Topics: Safety & Scientific Processes, Biochemistry (Inorganic & Organic), DNA (Replication), Cell Division, Cell Structure & Function, Cell Transport & Communication, Meiosis, Chromosomes, Karyotypes, RNA (gene expression/protein synthesis Transcription & Translation); Genetics (Variations, Punnett squares, Pedigrees); embedded in this material you have also learned about mutations, cancer, and some aspects of biotechnology. DNA and DNA Replication 1. DNA stands for ; RNA stands for 2. All living things contain DNA. Where is the DNA found in eukaryotes? 3. The sequence of DNA determines what in living organisms? 4. 3 Differences between DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape DNA RNA Single Stranded 5. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts:,, and Draw and label one. 6. If one side of a DNA strand reads: 5 ACGTCGAAGCCA3 What would the complimentary strand read? 7. Describe the shape of DNA. 8. In DNA, purines bond with pyrimidines. Fill in the chart. Purines Adenine Bonds with Bonds with Pyrimidines 9. The bonds that hold the nitrogen bases are bonds 10. Those bonds are broken by what enzyme during the unzipping process of DNA during replication? 1

2 11. Which enzyme adds back nucleotides to form two new strands of DNA? 12. Define DNA replication. (DNA 2DNA) 13. List the steps of DNA replication, starting with 1. DNA unwinds. 1. Draw a chromosome: Chromosomes and Mitosis 2. Label the sister chromatids and centromere in the chromosome you just drew 3. What is chromatin? 4. Where would you find chromosomes inside of the cell? 5. Label the Cell Cycle diagram below 6. What happens in the G1, S and G2 stages within interphase? 7. Which phase does DNA replication take place? 8. What are the 4 stages of mitosis? 9. Where do our cells spend 90% of the time? 2

3 10. a. Draw and label a cell in interphase and a cell in EACH stage of mitosis. b. Using the diagram above identify a cell in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 11. What are spindle fibers and what do they do during mitosis? 12. What is the difference between plant and animal cells when they are in cytokinesis? 13. Why is mitosis important (what 3 things does it help do in your body)? 14. Mitosis can be a form of reproduction. 15. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans? in the daughter cells while there were in the parent cells 16. What type of cells does mitosis produce? 17. Uncontrolled cell division is more commonly known as? 18. Which stage of cell division produces two nuclei? (Interphase, Mitosis or Cytokinesis) 19. Which stage of cell division produces two cells? (Interphase, Mitosis or Cytokinesis) 3

4 DNA, RNA, & Genetics ( pictures from Web Cat) 14. DNA stands for ; RNA stands for Differences between DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape Base-pairing DNA RNA 16. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts:,, and Draw and label one. 17. Fill in the chart regarding RNA types. Type of RNA Name of RNA Type Location Function mrna trna rrna 18. Three nucleotides of mrna is called a and codes for one. 19. Proteins (polypeptides) are made up of smaller molecules called and are held together by bonds processes involved in protein synthesis: 1. and Why is DNA important in protein synthesis (the making of proteins)? 22. Transcription (DNA mrna) Transcription occurs in the. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a template/pattern to make mrna. The mrna leaves through the and goes to the in the of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up. 23. Translation (mrna amino acid sequence = protein) Translation occurs in the. Describe translation. (Questions are adapted from ESC Region 10 Web Cat) 24. a. The linear molecule labeled 1 represents. b. The molecule labeled 2 represents. c. The molecule labeled 3 represents. 25. Where in the cell did molecule 2 get molecule 3? 26. What molecule is being made when a chain of #3s are linked? 4

5 27. Given: DNA template strand: T A C C A T G A G Complementary DNA strand: Use the DNA template strand to determine the mrna. mrna Strand (codons): trna Strand (anticodons): amino acid Sequence: Describe the difference between deletion, insertion, and substitution mutations that can occur in DNA and explain the potential effects on the protein that is needed to be produced. 5

6 Meiosis & Karyotypes 1. Use this chart above to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Circle the correct terms in the paragraph that follows In mitosis, one diploid/haploid cell produces two/four identical/unique cells. There is (are) one/two replications of the DNA followed by one/two divisions of the nucleus producing haploid/diploid cells. The result is growth or repair/ gamete production for the organism. In meiosis, one diploid/haploid cell produces two/four identical/unique cells. There is (are) one/two replications of the DNA followed by one/two divisions of the nucleus producing haploid/diploid cells. The result is growth or repair/ gamete production for the organism. 2. The genetic variation that produces unique individuals results from: - during prophase I of meiosis I, - during anaphase, and - fertilization. 3. Mitosis can be a form of reproduction. 4. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans? in the daughter cells while there were in the parent cells 5. What type of cells does mitosis produce? 6. The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced by this plant? 7. Distinguish among these terms by completing the following: Word Bank: somatic cell, gamete, autosome, sex chromosome, haploid, diploid, egg, sperm Cells that contain 46 chromosomes in humans are called. They are (2n). Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 (22 pairs) are and 2 (1 pair) are. Cells that contain 23 chromosomes in humans are called. They are (n). Of these 23 chromosomes, 22 are and 1 is a. There are two types of gametes, produced in the ovaries in females, and produced in the testes in males. 6

7 8. A rabbit has 44 chromosomes (or 22 pair). Answer the following questions based on this information. A. What is the diploid number of chromosomes? B. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? C. How many autosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? D. How many sex chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? E. What is the haploid number of chromosomes? F. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? G. How many autosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? H. How many sex chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? I. Mathematically show how the egg and sperm would form a zygote after fertilization takes place. 9. Analyze the karyotype. Total # Chromosomes = # autosomes = #sex chromosomes = Is this person male or female? What disorder (if any) do they have? How can you tell? 10. Analyze the karyotype. Total # Chromosomes = # autosomes = #sex chromosomes = Is this person male or female? What disorder (if any) do they have? How can you tell? 7

8 11. Explain how the karyotype would different if the person had: A. Klinefelter s B. Turner s C. Patau D. Edward s 12. Chromosomal trisomy and monosomy disorders occur because of the process called which is when the chromosomes fail to separate properly during Anaphase I or II of meiosis. For the next 4 questions, use your knowledge of chromosomal mutations, the original chromosome below, and the word bank to help you answer the questions. Word Bank: deletion duplication inversion translocation 13. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome. Define this type of mutation. 14. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome. Define this type of mutation. 15. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome. Define this type of mutation. 16. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome. Define this type of mutation. 8

9 Matching. 1. autosomes 2. chromosome 3. gene 4. pedigrees 5. sex chromosomes 6. karyotype 7. trisomy 8. monosomy 9. deletion 10. duplication 11. substitution 12. insertion Mendelian Genetics A. nucleotide or DNA segment is lost B. one extra chromosome C. phenotypic history of a family D. section of a chromosome that controls traits E. chromosome contains an extra copy of a gene F. rod-shaped structure that contains a cell s genetic information G. a photograph of an organism s chromosomes H. addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene I. non-sex chromosomes; in normal cells there are 22 pairs J. the X and the Y chromosome (pair 23) K. only one copy of the chromosome instead of two L. one nucleotide is replaced with another 13. Define the following and give an example illustrating this type of inheritance. a. Incomplete dominance inheritance b. Codominance inheritance c. Sex-linked inheritance d. Multiple allele inheritance Review of Meiosis & Mendelian Inheritance: Should This Kitten Be Called Stripes? Imagine this microscopic drama. A sperm cell from a male cat fuses with an egg cell from a female cat. Each cat s gamete carries 16 chromosomes. The zygote that results from the fusion of the gametes contains chromosomes - one set of 16 chromosomes from each parent. One pair of the zygote s (kitten s) chromosomes are shown below. Each chromosome of the homologous pair contains alleles for the same traits. But one chromosome may have a dominant allele and the other a recessive allele. Use the drawings and the table to answer the questions. Trait Dominant Gene Recessive Gene Hair Length Short (H) Long (h) Eye Color Gold (G) Green (g) Tail length Long (L) Bob (l) Coat pattern Striped (A) Solid (a) 9

10 1. Will the new kitten have a striped coat? Explain. 2. Does the female cat have a striped coat? Explain. 3. Does the male cat have a striped coat? Explain. 4. What will the length of the kitten s coat? Explain. 5. Will the eye color of the kitten resemble that of either of its parents? Explain. 6. Will the kitten have a long tail or a bob tail? 7. Does the female cat have a long tail? 8. a. Define the term heterozygous. b. For which traits is the kitten heterozygous? 9. a. Define the term homozygous. b. For which traits is the kitten homozygous? 10. Explain why you cannot completely describe the kitten s parents even though you can accurately describe the kitten. 11. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the egg and sperm of cats? 12. In one cat, do all the cells contain the exact same chromosomes? Explain. 13. Do all the cells contain the same genes? Questions Show all work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Traits and alleles: Y= Yellow seed, y=green seed R=round, r= wrinkled 14. Cross two plants heterozygous for seed color. 15. Cross two heterozygous plants that have yellow, round seeds. (only give phenotypic ratios for #15) 10

11 17. Multiple Alleles/Codominance: Blood Typing. a. Fill in the genotypes for the blood type phenotypes below. Type A = Type B = Type AB = Type O = b. If a woman who is homozygous B marries a man who is type AB, what is the percent chance of them having a child with type A blood? Show your work with a Punnett square. c. If a woman who is heterozygous for A marries a man who is heterozygous for B, what are the possible blood types of their future offspring? Show your work with a Punnett square. 18. Sex-Linked Inheritance. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Use N for normal vision and n for colorblindness. Don t forget your XX and XY! Show all work with a Punnett square. a. If a woman who is colorblind marries a man who has normal vision, what are their chances of having a child who is colorblind? b. If a woman who is homozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind, what percent chance do they have of having a son who is colorblind? 19. In a pedigree, draw or describe how each of the following are represented. Female Male affected female--- affected male Carrier Marriage Children Generations 11

12 20. Use the pedigree for Trait A to determine the genetic basis of this trait. LABEL THE PEDIGREE WITH THE GENOTYPES OF ALL INDIVIDUALS. a. Does a dominant or recessive allele produce the trait? Explain. b. The pedigree is for an autosomal trait. Explain how you can tell from the pedigree that this is not a sex-linked inheritance pattern. c. What is the genotype of individual IV-2? Explain how you know. d. What is the genotype of individual IV-6? Explain. e. What is the genotype of individual I-1? Explain. 12

13 Biotechnology Review the following terms by matching them with the correct description Gel electrophoresis DNA fingerprint PCR Restriction enzyme A. Separates molecules based on characteristics such as molecular size, weight or charge; used to create a DNA fingerprint B. Protein used to cut DNA at specific sites; many applications, including gel electrophoresis C. Method used to rapidly duplicate DNA segments by mimicking DNA replication; important for use by scientists when there is little DNA available D. The result of the process of gel electrophoresis; gel with bands of DNA reflecting the unique sites at which a person s DNA can be cut by a specific restriction enzyme 13

14 1. What is a clone? 2. Which cell division process, which is also a form of asexual reproduction is involved in cloning? ( mitosis / meiosis ) circle one. 14

15 A short overview of some key points from semester 1: We are genetically programmed to store fat. This tendency saved our ancestors from starvation during the winter or other times of famine. Compare the fat molecule below left to the carbohydrate molecule on the right. Which 2 atoms (elements) are there significantly more of in the fat molecule? How does that relate to the amount of energy stored in each molecule? You have learned that results from a loss of control of the cell cycle. What are some things that can lead to the mutations that ultimately cause the loss of control? In the lab this quarter you viewed the results of varying solution concentrations on the mass of cells due to the loss or gain of water. Use the data below to calculate the percent change in mass. Then, graph & ans ques. Contents in beaker Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change in Mass* Class Average percent change in mass 0.0 M distilled water 3.3 g 4.1 g 24.3 % 0.2 M sucrose 3.6 g 3.8 g 4.81% 0.4 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.9 g -12.7% 0.6 M sucrose 3.4 g 2.4 g -25.6% 0.8 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.2 g -30.3% 1.0 M sucrose 3.5 g 2.3 g -38.1% *Percent change in mass = (final mass initial mass) X 100 initial mass What is the independent variable? Which axis does this data go on? What is the dependent variable? Which axis does this data go on? 1. What is the percent change in mass when the solution is isotonic to the cell? Why? 2. When the solution is hypertonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? Why? 3. When the solution is hypotonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? Why? 15