Developmental Biology of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

Transcription

1 Developmental Biology of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

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3 Editor Developmental Biology of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

4 Editor University of Pécs Department of Immunology and Biotechnology Szigeti út Pécs Hungary ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface The human immune system is a complex network of tissues and organs dispersed throughout the body. These anatomic formations at definite locations and numbers are populated overwhelmingly with white blood cells (lymphocytes and other leukocytes) that are specialized to recognize invading pathogens and eventually destroy these. The scene for such collaborative work is the set of tissues collectively referred to as peripheral lymphoid tissues and organs, to distinguish from those central/primary lymphoid tissues where the bulk of pathogen-responsive cells develop. Among vertebrates, the mammalians (including humans) possess the broadest range of peripheral lymphoid tissues and organs. Although similar in functions, these territories are remarkably different in the way how they emerge during development, gain functional competence, and what tissue organization they achieve. This interlinked relationship of development structure functionality necessitates a volume dedicated to those developmental events that occur at the site of future immune responses, but take place prior to any encounter with external pathogens, and are crucial for subsequent immunological defense. In this regard, these biological processes strikingly mirror the evolution and advance of human society where, as a result of several thousands of years of history and social development, sophisticated infrastructure suiting highly diverse activities has been created. Buildings for living, education, work, as well as transport routes and rules have been created well before the actual need arises, but in a foreseeable and predictable pattern as a common element in preventing chaos and collapse of the system. These sites are to be filled in by people trained to perform their own individual tasks for the society s benefit as dictated by their individual capacities and conditions. In this regard, lymphocytes (demonstrating a high-degree of individuality through their clonally rearranged antigen receptors) populate and interact within those tissues whose formation had been initiated well before the duty bell rang, in the form of antigens engaging both clonal and nonclonal receptors. This book addresses the formation of peripheral lymphoid organs without the intention of competing with excellent textbooks and other sources that are available on histology and general immunology. The objective of this book s contributors is v

6 vi Preface to provide for the first time a comprehensive source in this field for those students and professionals who endeavor in studying the wonders of peripheral lymphoid organs. It is our hope that this volume will be but the first of many efforts with similar focus, and that some readers will be attracted to have a peek at the blueprint of our urban society within, so the day may come when its failures can be tackled more efficiently. Pécs, Hungary July 2010

7 Contents 1 Introduction: Evolution of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs... 1 Part I Common Themes in Lymphoid Organ Development 2 Cellular Partners in the Embryonic Induction of Lymphoid Territories: Origins and Transcriptional Regulation Lymphotoxin/Tumour Necrosis Factor Family Members as Morphogenic Factors NF-kB Signalling and Lymphoid Tissue Organogenesis Cecile Benezech, Emma Mader, Falk Weih, and Jorge H. Caamaño 5 Homeostatic Chemokines, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Peripheral Lymphoid Organ Development Part II Development of Lymph Nodes in Humans and Rodents 6 Developmental Relationship and Convergence Between the Formation of Lymphoid Organs and Lymphatic Vasculature Development and Structure of Lymph Nodes in Humans and Mice Tom Cupedo, Mark C. Coles, and Henrique Veiga-Fernandes vii

8 viii Contents 8 Development of Lymph Node Circulation and Homing Mechanisms Ann Ager, Mark C. Coles, and Jens V. Stein Part III Programmed and Nascent Gut-Associated Organized Lymphoid Tissues 9 Structure and Development of Peyer s Patches in Humans and Mice Tom Cupedo, Mark C. Coles, and Henrique Veiga-Fernandes 10 Cryptopatches and Isolated Lymphoid Follicles: Aspects of Development, Homeostasis and Function Heike Herbrand and Oliver Pabst Part IV Single Complexity: The Spleen 11 Structural Evolution of the Spleen in Man and Mouse and ÁrpádLábadi 12 Formation and Function of White Pulp Lymphocyte Rich Areas of Spleen Peter J.L. Lane, Fiona M. McConnell, and David Withers Part V Disassembling the Puzzle: Effect of Aging 13 Age-Associated Decline in Peripheral Lymphoid Organ Functions Rania M. El Sayed, John G. Tew, and Andras K. Szakal Index

9 Contributors Ann Ager Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary Cecile Benezech School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Jorge H. Caamaño School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Mark C. Coles Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK Tom Cupedo Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rania M. El Sayed Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA , USA Heike Herbrand Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Árpád Lábadi Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary Peter J.L. Lane MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK ix

10 x Contributors Emma Mader School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Fiona M. McConnell MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK Oliver Pabst Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Jens V. Stein Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Andras K. Szakal Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and The Immunobiology Group, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA , USA John G. Tew Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA , USA Henrique Veiga-Fernandes Immunobiology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Falk Weih Leibniz-Institute for Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany David Withers MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK