Fundamentals of Immunology

Transcription

1

2 Otto G. Bier Wilmar Dias da Silva Dietrich Gotze Ivan Mota Fundamentals of Immunology Completely Revised Second Edition With a Contribution by Reinhard Burger With 173 Figures Springer -Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo

3 DR. OTTO G. BIER t Laborat6rio Especial de Imunologia Aplicada Instituto Butantan, Sao Pau1o, SP., Brazil Dr. WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA Instituto de Biociencias, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Cidade Universitaria, Sao Pau1o, SP., Brazil Formerly Center for Blood Research, Boston, MA, USA Dr. med. habil. DIETRICH GOTZE University Medical School, Heidelberg, FRG Formerly Associate Professor of Immunology The Wistar Institute - The University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, P A, USA Dr. IVAN MOTA Centro de Imunologia da OMSjOPS, Instituto Butantan CPo 65, Sao Pau1o, SP., Brazil Contributor: Dr. med. habil. REINHARD BURGER University Medical School Heidelberg Institut fiir Immunologie und Serologie 1m Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, FRG Cover page figure: schematic representation of the T cell antigen receptor (TAR) C( and f3 chains in the cell membrane associated with the CD3 ("I, f>, 8) molecule ISBN -13: e-isbn -13: DOl: / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Fundamentals of immunology. Includes bibliographies and indexes. 1. Immunology. I. Bier, Otto, QRI81.F ' ISBN-13: (U.S.) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. 1981by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 2127/

4 Preface to the Second Edition The good acceptance of this textbook is an indication that it has served its purpose. The present edition has been prepared in order to cover the main progress achieved in the five years that have elapsed since the first edition. The structure of the book remains essentially the same but a considerable amount of new material has been introduced, particularly in certain areas such as the genetics of immunoglobulins and T cell receptor, the regulation of the immune response, hypersensitivity reactions, and cellular immunology. Today, immunology is essential for biologists in general and in particular for physicians, veterinarians, and pathologists. The great progress and diversification that has taken place in the last few years is due to its enormous value both for the understanding of theoretical biology and for the practical resolution of biochemical, genetic, pathological, and biological problems. Greatly contributing to this progress have been relatively sophisticated techniques, such as immunofluorescence, radioimmune assay, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, isoelectric focusing, quantitative cytofluorimetry, affinity chromatography, and techniques that allow separation of the different lymphocyte subpopulations. A potentially fabulous field was recently opened with the development of techniques for obtaining monoclonal antibodies by fusion of immunologically active lymphocytes with myeloma cells. These hybrid cells produce large amounts of monoclonal antibodies or other lymphocyte factors. The establishment of this hybridoma technology, that is already routine in most laboratories, is being used in the resolution of general biology problems, particularly in the study of the various cell surface molecules. The production of monoclonal antibodies against cancer cell antigens, parasite antigens, virus antigens, or numerous clinically important antigens, like interferon, will have a large application in the near future. As a consequence of all these advances, immunology is today a science developing at the speed of a jet, or to be more accurate, at the speed of a rocket. All this makes it very hard to write an up-to-date immunology book. In the latent period between handing the manuscript to the editors and the selling of the book, symptoms of thymic involution already start appearing, as is particularly true for subjects like cellular immunology, where the acquisition of new knowledge is extremely fast.

5 VI Preface to the Second Edition This book is particularly dedicated to the young students, and we will be satisfied if it helps them in their way to immunocompetence. June 1986 WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA DIETRICH GOTZE IVAN MOTA

6 Preface to the First Edition This textbook of basic and clinical immunology has been written primarily for medical and biology students who are receiving their first introduction to this fascinating field. Although we have presumed some knowledge of basic biology (particularly physiology and biochemistry), our primary intent has not been to cover in depth the latest research findings. Rather, we have sought to lay a firm foundation for subsequent reading in the laboratory and clinical sciences: internal medicine, pediatrics, microbiology, serology, physiology, cell biology, and genetics. Hence the first part of the text presents the various components of basic immunology, while the second shows how these elements interact under both normal physiologic and pathologic conditions. To facilitate comprehension of the relationship between basic and clinical immunology, we have introduced cross-references throughout the book. A glossary of important terms has also been included. Selected references are provided with each chapter to guide the student to additional information on topics of special interest. Throughout the book we have attempted to convey to new students of immunology some of the excitement which the subject has long held for us. If we have succeeded, the task of writing will have been worthwhile. December 1980 OTTO G. BIER WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA DIETRICH GOTZE IVAN MOTA

7 Contents Chapter 1 Tissue and Cells of the Immune System IVAN MOTA. With 18 Figures.... Chapter 2 Activity of Immune Cells IVAN MOTA. With 9 Figures Chapter 3 Antigens IVAN MOTA. With 4 Figures Chapter 4 Antibodies OTTO G. BIER. With 23 Figures Chapter 5 Complement WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA. With 9 Figures Chapter 6 The Major Histocompatibility Complex DIETRICH GOTZE and REINHARD BURGER. With 16 Figures Chapter 7 Antigen-Antibody Interaction OTTO G. BIER. With 37 Figures Chapter 8 Blood Groups OTTO G. BIER. With 5 Figures Chapter 9 Hypersensitivity IVAN MOTA. With 19 Figures Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Transplantation DIETRICH GOTZE and IVAN MOTA. With 4 Figures Immunity DIETRICH GOTZE and WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA With 9 Figures Immunodeficiencies WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA and DIETRICH GOTZE. With 5 Figures

8 x Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Contents Autoimmunity WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA and DIETRICH GOTZE. With 11 Figures Immunomodulation WILMAR DIAS DA SILVA. With 4 Figures Brief History of Important Immunologic Discoveries and Developments Glossary of Immunologic Terms. Subject and Author Index