Wheat Diseases and Their Management

Transcription

1 Wheat Diseases and Their Management

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3 Yeshwant Ramchandra Mehta Wheat Diseases and Their Management

4 Yeshwant Ramchandra Mehta Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR Londrina, Paraná, Brazil ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface While it is true that excellent progress has been made in developing new and widely adopted wheat cultivars, diseases still pose a big challenge for sustainable production of this cereal. The first book on wheat diseases in Brazil, entitled, Doenças do Trigo e seu Controle, was published in Portuguese by Editora CERES, São Paulo, in Fifteen years later, the second updated edition of the book entitled, Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades del Trigo, was published in Spanish, under the patronage of World Bank, by Imprenta Landivar, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, in The first book was well received especially in Brazil, whereas the second book had a wide readership in a number of Latin-American countries since it was written in Spanish. In a few years both the books were out of print. Later, after almost 20 years, several people from the wheat community expressed the need for a book in English with updated information including re-occurrence of old diseases and emergence of new diseases as well as new races of pathogens, and their impact on global wheat production. By and large, the severity of some diseases caused by necrotrophic pathogens is directly related to change in the tillage system. In the modern era of precision agriculture, the conservation tillage system is fast expanding and demands adequate changes which are also addressed in this book. The objective of this book was to offer necessary information on biotic and abiotic stresses that adversely affect the wheat production, descriptions of the most important diseases including necessary illustrations to help the reader the correct diagnosis of diseases and comprehend their epidemiological aspects. The book also deals with pillars of integrated disease management which would be eco-friendly and reduce severity of diseases and yield losses. It encompasses different tools of disease management and their implications especially for the tropical and subtropical areas of the world with acquired Latin-American experiences of over 40 years. The book neither deals with descriptions and recommendations of different fungicides nor with the various wheat cultivars because they are considered outside the scope of the present objective. Nonetheless, it offers a comprehensive list of references for each chapter to enable the reader to look for specific details on a v

6 vi Preface given aspect including fungicides and wheat cultivars. It is hoped that this will serve as one of the reference books for students, young scientists, extension workers, and progressive farmers dealing with wheat and wheat production. Undoubtedly, it is a timely, and much needed publication considering the present world food crisis. Londrina, Paraná, Brazil Y.R. Mehta

7 Acknowledgements The author wants to thank Drs. A.S. Prabhu and José Mauricio Fernandes, Plant Pathologists, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz e Feijão and Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, Embrapa, respectively, for their dedication in critically reviewing the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mariane A. Vieira, Mariana S. Marangoni, and Jessica N. Volponi for their help in some line drawings. Computer version of line drawings was provided by Maria Giovana Y. Sonomura. Alisson Neri s help in organizing the illustrations of the book is very much appreciated. Special thanks are also to Dr. Alka Mehta and my wife Shobhana for their patience in going through the manuscript and making critical suggestions. vii

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9 Contents 1 Wheat and Wheat Production Constraints Wheat and Wheat Production Constraints Natural Limitations for Wheat Cultivation The Wheat Plant Types of Diseases Factors that Affect the Development of Diseases Economic Importance of Diseases Selected References Pillars of Integrated Disease Management Genetic Resistance Cultivars with Specific Resistance Gene-for-Gene Theory Fitoalexins Specific Resistance Use of Multilines Cultivar Mixture Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Resistance Cultivars with Partial Resistance Controversies About the Genes That Govern the Partial Resistance Cultivars with Generalized Resistance Production of Dihaploid Through Wheat Maize Hybrids General Considerations Fungicides and Their Application in the Field Selection of Fungicides Fungicide Spraying Schedule Management of Systemic Fungicides Fungicide Application Techniques ix

10 x Contents 2.3 Disease Forecast Modeling Seed Transmitted Pathogens Seed Health Testing Level of Seed Infection Epidemiological Aspects of the Disease Time of Seed Treatment General Considerations Cultural Practices Fertilizers Soil Conservation and Tillage Crop Rotations and Their Role in Disease Management Crop Residue Diversification of Sowing Dates and Cultivars Alternative Methods for Disease Control Precision Agriculture and General Considerations Selected References Spike Diseases Caused by Fungi Bunts Common Bunt and Dwarf Bunt Karnal Bunt Ergot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Pyricularia Blast Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Scab The Fusarium Head Blight Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Smuts Flag Smut Loose Smut Selected References Spike Diseases Caused by Bacteria Bacterial Leaf Streak and Chaff Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Pink Seed Symptoms Causal Organism Epidemiology and Control

11 Contents xi 4.3 Pseudomonas Leaf Blight Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Selected References Spike Diseases Caused by Viruses Barley Stripe Mosaic Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Barley Yellow Dwarf Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Rice Hoja Blanca Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Selected References Foliar and Stem Diseases Foliar and Stem Diseases Alternaria Leaf Blight Downy Mildew Leaf Rust Phoma Leaf Spot Pink Snow Mold Powdery Mildew Septoria Diseases Selenophoma Leaf Spot Spot Blotch Stem Rust Tan Spot Yellow Rust Zonate Eyespot Selected References Root and Stem Rots Anthracnose Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control

12 xii Contents 7.2 Common Root Rot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Fusarium Root Rot and Crown Rot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Pythium Root Rot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Rhizoctonia Root Rot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Root Lesion Nematodes Symptoms Causal Organism Control Sclerotium Root and Crown Rot Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Take-All Symptoms Causal Organism and Epidemiology Control Selected References Physiological Diseases Physiological Diseases Selected References Disease Appraisal Scales Disease Appraisal Scales Selected References Index