Calculus in Real-World Biopharmaceutical Development

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Calculus in Real-World Biopharmaceutical Development"

Cori Benson
5 years ago
Views:

1 Calculus in Real-World Biopharmaceutical Development Chetan T. Goudar, Ph.D., P.E. Cell Culture Development, Global Biological Development Bayer HealthCare, 800 Dwight Way Berkeley, CA 94710

2 Presentation Overview I. Bleeding disorder, rfviii and the Bayer Perfusion Process II. Biopharmaceuticals overview and drug development III. Calculus examples (Differentiation and Integration) IV. What does all of this mean to you? November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 2

3 PART I Bleeding disorder, rfviii and the Bayer Perfusion Process November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 3

4 Hemophilia: A Disease that Destroyed an Empire Rasputin Tsar Nicolas Queen Alexandra Tsarevich Alexis Queen Alexandria was the carrier of the disease. Her grandmother, queen Victoria of England passed on the gene to her November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 4

5 Bleeding Disorder and Factor VIII Hemophilia A (FVIII deficiency) is a hereditary disorder Blood clotting is impaired Incidence rate is 1 in 5,000 10,000 live male births (300,000 people worldwide) Treatment of Hemophilia A First generation: from donor plasma Current: Recombinant FVIII made from mammalian cells November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 5

6 The Bayer Berkeley Site November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 6

7 The Bayer Perfusion Cell Culture Process November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 7

Peer Recognition 2003 Industrial Bioprocess Award of the American Chemical Society The most prestigious award in the Biotechnology community Awarded to Bayer HealthCare in 2003 for the perfusion

8 Peer Recognition 2003 Industrial Bioprocess Award of the American Chemical Society The most prestigious award in the Biotechnology community Awarded to Bayer HealthCare in 2003 for the perfusion process used to manufacture r-fviii "The entire team at Bayer is extremely honored to receive this award. We work every day to enhance the manufacturing process for our Kogenate products, and this recognition for our continuous perfusion technology is both an honor and a strong motivator to continue our efforts in this area" Konstantin Konstantinov, VP of R&D, Bayer HealthCare November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 8

9 PART II Biopharmaceuticals Overview and Drug Development November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 9

10 Modern Biotechnology Recombinant DNA technology has given rise to modern biotechnology Gave us the ability to modify cellular DNA to produce the desired product South San Francisco is the Birthplace of Biotechnology Genentech, the first Biotech company was formed in 1976 There has been an explosive growth worldwide since US continues to be the leader Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden are major players November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 10

11 The San Francisco Bay Area >800 Companies November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 11

12 Biopharmaceuticals Overview What is a biopharmaceutical? Therapeutic product made using recombinant DNA It has to treat a medical condition, e.g., cancer History of Biopharmaceuticals Genentech s human growth harmone: 1979 Insulin: : 84 new drugs (4.5 drugs/year) : 60 new drugs (20 drugs/year) Financial Perspective 2003 Global Market: ~$30 billion 2007 Global Market: At least 2 times more than in 2003 It will only keep increasing in the near future November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 12

The Drug Development Process Takes ~10 years and $1 billion 10,000 initial targets 1 successful product Typically, only large established companies

13 The Drug Development Process Takes ~10 years and $1 billion 10,000 initial targets 1 successful product Typically, only large established companies can do this all by themselves Smaller companies do a part of it and enter into collaboration with larger companies November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 13

14 PART III Calculus Example 1 DIFFERENTIATION: Modeling Data from Cell Culture Bioreactors* *Goudar, C.T., Joeris, K., Konstantinov, K. and Piret, J.M. (2005) Logistic Equations Effectively Model Mammalian Cell Batch and Fed-batch Kinetics by Logically Constraining the Fit. Biotechnology Progress, 21, November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 14

15 Mammalian Cell Bioreactor During protein production, the following things happen Cell growth Nutrient Consumption (Glucose, glutamine ) Protein (and waste material) production Viable Cell Density (10 6 cells/ml) Glucose (mm) Time (days) Time (days) November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 15

16 Mathematical Description of a Reactor Description of a Batch System Cells Viable Cells dxv = ( µ kd ) X dt Dead Cells dx D = kd XV dt Total Cells dx T = µ XV dt V Nutrients Glucose dg G dt = q X V Glutamine dgln = qgln X dt k Gln V Metabolites /Product Lactate dlac = qlac XV dt Ammonia dnh 3 = q X NH3 dt + k Gln Product dp q P X dt = V V Batch Systems are Transient Current Modeling Approaches Unstructured Kinetic Modeling Polynomial/Spline Approximations Functional Approximation Need accurate derivative (d/dt) estimation (not very easy!) November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 16

17 Limitations of Current Methods It is difficult to get reliable cell-specific rate estimates from the existing approaches November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 17

18 Logistic Modeling Homework November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 18

19 Application of Logistic Modeling Viable Cell Density (10 6 Cells/mL) Viable Cell Density (10 6 Cells/mL) (1x) µ' Time (days) (1.5x) µ' Time (days) µ' (1/d) µ' (1/d) Glucose (mm) Glutamine (mm) qgln qglc Time (days) Time (days) (a) (c) qglc (pm/cell/d) qgln (pm/cell/d) Lactate (mm) Ammonia (mm) qlac Time (days) qnh4+ Time (days) (b) Works well for cell density, nutrients and metabolites (d) qlac (pm/cell/d) qnh4+ (pm/cell/d) November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 19

20 So what if it works? November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 20

21 PART III Calculus Example 2 INTEGRATION: Explicit Solution of the Michaelis-Menten Equation* * Goudar, C. T., Sonnad, J. R. and Duggleby, R. G. (1999) Parameter estimation using a direct solution of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1429, November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 21

22 INTEGRATION: The Michaelis-Menten Equation The most fundamental equation in enzyme kinetics Was proposed by Michaelis and Menten in 1913 Integral Form ds VmS = dt K + S m S + = S 0 S0 S Km ln Vmt Did not have an explicit closed form solution until 1999 (86 years!) Homework S S V t 0 0 m S = KmW exp K m K m November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 22

23 PART IV What does all of this mean to you? November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 23

24 Why Mathematics Matters? Mathematics is the language of science The ability to quantify observations enhances our understanding of the underlying process We can use this understanding to design better, faster, cheaper products It will have an impact on job search and career advancement Pay attention in your calculus class! November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 24

25 Thank You! Questions? November 20, 2009 Calculus Lecture 25