Local actors and gender perspectives in dealing with Water, Food and Energy Trade-offs: a case from Jambi, Indonesia

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1 Local actors and gender perspectives in dealing with Water, Food and Energy Trade-offs: a case from Jambi, Indonesia Grace B. Villamor Senior Researcher Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn, Germany gracev@uni-bonn.de

2 Outline Introduction: Rapid land transformation Biofuel vs. Ecosystem Services Methodology: Agent-based modeling / role-playing games Preliminary results Ecosystem services trade-offs Take home messages

3 Why Indonesia? Between : 8.4 M ha = oil palm 1,9+ km2 per year Source: Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, 211 is the world s largest producer and exporter of crude oil palm

Why Indonesia? Top five natural rubber producers (211) Tonnes 1. Thailand 3.34 M 2. Indonesia 3.1M 3. Malaysia.99 M 4. India.89 M 5. Viet Nam.81 M Rubber producing provinces: 1. South Sumatra 2.

4 Why Indonesia? Top five natural rubber producers (211) Tonnes 1. Thailand 3.34 M 2. Indonesia 3.1M 3. Malaysia.99 M 4. India.89 M 5. Viet Nam.81 M Rubber producing provinces: 1. South Sumatra 2. North Sumatra 3. Riau 4. Jambi 5. West Kalimantan Source: FAO 211 is the 2nd largest producer and exporter of natural rubber Sources: Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries, Indonesian Rubber Association (Gapkindo), and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

5 What these transitions mean? Sumatra accounts for 67% of the Indonesia s total planted oil palm Tom Newman Source: mongabay.com

6 Land-use change analysis & carbon emissions Source: Villamor et al. 213 Ranks 2nd in carbon emissions from deforestation & degradation in the world

7 What about the local actors? Land-use change (& ES provision ) Landscape/ ecosystem services tradeoffs Land-use change (& ES provision) Multi-method approach: 6. Focus-group discussion 5. Agent-based modeling 4. Role-playing games 3. Participatory mapping 2. Survey 1. Land use intensity analysis Local (female) interaction Local (male) interaction

8 Case study site Cross-section of Sumatra Jambi province Indonesia characterizes the individual households identifies factors affecting land-use decisions N = 726 of which 3% are females

Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement Upland Lowland a) Females b) Males 2 18 m above sea level Elevation, 16 14 Lubuk Beringin, Laman Panjang, Upland villages Desa Buat 12 1 Jambi city 8

9 Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement Upland Lowland a) Females b) Males 2 18 m above sea level Elevation, Lubuk Beringin, Laman Panjang, Upland villages Desa Buat 12 1 Jambi city 8 Koto Jayo, Lowland Muara Kuamang, villages Padang Pelangeh 6 4 Padang 2 Coastal zone Mountain Foothill Lowland peneplain Coastal swamp Cross section of Sumatra land use types valuable for livelihood: rice field & rubber agroforest (Upland); rubber agroforest (lowland) pattern of land use change (e.g., fragmentation, clustering)

10 Land use and perceived ES/functionality Water supply Water supply Food production Food production

11 Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement Upland Lowland a) Females b) Males 2 18 m above sea level Elevation, Lubuk Beringin, Laman Panjang, Upland villages Desa Buat 12 1 Jambi city 8 Koto Jayo, Lowland Muara Kuamang, villages Padang Pelangeh 6 4 Padang 2 Coastal zone Mountain Foothill Lowland peneplain Cross section of Sumatra Coastal swamp

12 Predicted probability Gender and elevation interactions Female Male le Female Male ale Female Male Gender of respondents

13 Who is more dynamic and explorative? Women from both the upland and lowland villages who played the RPG approached land use change in a more dynamic way than men from the same villages, reacting more positively to external investors proposing logging or oil palm conversion. Villamor et al. 213, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

2 BAU PES Mg/ha/yr 1..8.6.4.2. 5/22/214 Female dominated Male dominated B.

14 Ecosystem goods & services 25 land use map 1.4 A. maledominated landscape Carbon emissions 1.2 BAU PES Mg/ha/yr /22/214 Female dominated Male dominated B. Femaledominated landscape 14

15 Ecosystem goods & services Females Males 8. kg/yr Agroforest Rice Rubber Mono Take home message: Business-as-usual scenario Gender matters in land-use decision making Gender differentiated roles may affect the ecosystem service delivery Gender differentiation should be considered in policies addressing 5/22/ tradeoffs.

Villamor, G.B., M. van Noordwijk, U. Djanibekov, M.E. Chiong-Javier and D. Catacutan. 214. Gender differences in land-use decisions: shaping multifunctional landscapes?

16 Villamor, G.B., M. van Noordwijk, U. Djanibekov, M.E. Chiong-Javier and D. Catacutan Gender differences in land-use decisions: shaping multifunctional landscapes?. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6: Villamor, G.B., Desianti, F., Akiefnawati, R., Amaruzaman, S. and M. van Noordwijk Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi, Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, DOI: 1.17/s Villamor, G.B., Leimona, B., and M. van Noordwijk RUPES role-playing game (RPG). In: van Noordwijk, M., Lusiana, B., Leimona, B., Dewi, S., and D. Wulandari (eds.): Negotiationsupport toolkit for learning landscapes. World Agroforestry Centre, Thank you for your attention 5/22/214 16

Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi, Indonesia

Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change (2014) 19:733 755 DOI 10.1007/s11027-013-9478-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi, Indonesia