german unification.notebook October 29, 2009 okt 20 09:38

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4 In what ways, and with what results between 1862 and 1871, was Germany unified under Prussia? 1) In what ways unified under Prussia between ? okt 20 10:35 4

5 It has been claimed that Germany was united more by coal and iron than by blood and iron. How far do you agree that economic power contributed more to the unification of Germany than did the military victories of the 1860s? Introduction; Explaining the topic focus on the comparative element. Background; timespan Economic development Military victories The Polish campaign 1864 war against Danemark 1866 austro Prussian war The franco prussian war okt 20 10:38 5

6 PRUSSIAN ECONOMY 1) Prussia had a tradition of economic reform which an unchanged system in Austria held back encouraged private enterprises. 2) The Congress of Vienna gave Prussia the coaland iron producing areas of the Rhineland in compensation for the Polish provinces (Ruhr, Saar) Prussia became one of the richest states concerning mineral deposits (coal, iron) in Central and Western Europe. okt 21 20:42 6

7 3) The largest step in the direction of German unification in these early years was the creation of the Prussian dominated customs union, the ZOLLVEREIN, from which Austria was excluded. From 1834 onwards Prussia was able to extend her influence over fellow German states by this CUSTOMS UNION. The middle class liberals began to think in terms of political unity with Prussia as a means of preserving a larger market and developing Germany as a more powerful economic entity. During the 1850s the Prussian economy took off (Industrial Revolution); a. The railway network increased (quadrupled in 20 years), b. The coal production trippled in 10 years, c. The Steel industry increased and modernized (Weapons), d. The chemical Industry became the leading Worldwide, e. Prussia became a precursor (föregångare) in electrifying its industry. Prussia's economic growth pulled the rest of Germany behind it. okt 21 20:45 7

8 4) In the same time Austria s economy weakened. The commercial isolation resulted in Austrian attempts to transform the Zollverein into a wider customs Union but Prussia managed to avoid taking up this issue. okt 21 20:46 8

9 The effects of the 1848 revolution in Prussia on the eventual unification of Germany in 1871 okt 20 10:39 9

10 How far is it true to say that Austria lost control of Germany rather than Prussia gained it? Austrian decline; 1815 Austria had vast non German possessions peopled by numerous different nationalities. Until 1848 Austria dominated the German confederation. Metternich controlled Europe by suppressing liberalism/nationalism. Left outside the customs union Austria defeated Prussia's dominance in the Erfurt Union with the treaty at Olmutz. The Crimean War Austrian defeat by Pedmont and France 1859 weakened its credibility and the German states lookedd more to Prussian defence against the French threat. Internal weakness of the state disperate nationalities inefficient bureaucracy, army Italy Grossdeutschland idea including non germans Prussian expansion; The Zollverein resource advantages communications by river Growth of heavy industry Growth of railway network Kleindeutschland Armyreforms von Roon okt 20 10:41 10

11 Compare and contrast Bismarck's policies towards Austria and France between Differences and similarities! okt 26 08:14 11

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