Objective 1- The student will demonstrate an understanding of issues and events in U.S. history.

Transcription

1 8 th Grade TAKS Vocabulary Objective 1- The student will demonstrate an understanding of issues and events in U.S. history. 8.1A- identify the major eras in U.S. history through 1877 and describe their defining characteristics. 1. exploration 1. The investigation of unknown regions. 2. colonization 2. Establish of a new settlement or territory governed by a country in another land. 3. republic 3. A country governed by elected representatives. 4. revolution 4. An overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system. 5. constitution 5. A written plan that provides the basic framework of a government. 6. industrial revolution 6. The dramatic change in economies brought about by the use of machines to do work formally done by hand. 7. Civil War 7. A war fought between northern and southern states over states rights and slavery. 8. reconstruction 8. The period after the Civil War when the federal government ruled the southern states in order to rebuild them and allow them back into the Union. 8.1B- apply absolute and relative chronology through the sequencing of significant individuals, events, and time periods. 1. Captain James 1. Leader responsible for the survival of Jamestown. Smith 2. French and 2. The war in America in which France and its Indian allies opposed England : ended by Indian War Treaty of Paris in Declaration of 3. The public act by which the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declared the Independence Colonies to be free and independent of England. 4. Constitutional 4. The convention in Philadelphia (1787) of representatives from each of the former Colonies, Convention except Rhode Island, at which the Constitution of the United States was framed. 5. George 5. Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army and first President of the United States. Washington 6. Thomas 6. Author of Declaration Of Independence and third President of the United States. Jefferson 7. Benjamin 7. American statesman, diplomat, author, scientist, and inventor. Franklin 8. Jacksonian 8. A movement for more democracy in the American government in the 1830s. Led by President Democracy Andrew Jackson, this movement championed greater rights for the common man. 8.1C- explain the significance of the following dates: 1607, 1776, 1787, 1803, and The founding of Jamestown Virginia. First successful colony The Declaration of Independence declared the United States independence from Great Britain The United States Constitution is drafted as the supreme law of the land Louisiana Purchase a treaty signed with France in 1803 by which the U.S. purchased for $15,000,000 the land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, almost doubling the size of the United States The Civil War, a war fought between northern and southern states over states rights and slavery. 8.2B- compare political, economic, and social reasons for establishment of the 13 colonies. 1. Religious 1. The right to worship freely and practice the religion of choice. freedom 2. Democratic 2. Ruled by the people. In a democracy, citizens elect representatives to make and carry out laws. 3. Gold, God, 3. The reasons that motivated early exploration. Glory 4. Colonial 4. An example of representative government. Assemblies 5. Free Enterprise 5. Business without government intervention. 6. Republic 6. A country governed by elected representatives.

2 8.4A- analyze causes of the American Revolution, including mercantilism and British economic policies following the French and Indian War. 1. Mercantilism 1. The colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. 2. Taxation without 2. Colonists had no say in taxation. representation 3. Tyranny 3. The unjust use of governmental power. 4. boycott 4. To refuse to buy one or more goods from a certain source. 5. civil 5. The non-violent disobeying of laws. disobedience 8.4B- explain the roles played by significant individuals during the American Revolution, including Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, King George III, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and George Washington. 1. George 1. George Washington is best known for his role in the Revolutinary War as Commander of the Washington army and then as the 1st President of the US. His loyalty and patriotism gives him the high honor as "Father of our Country." 2. Samuel Adams 2. Leaders of the Sons of Liberty. 3. Benjamin 3. American statesman, diplomat, author, scientist, and inventor. Franklin 4. King George III 4. King George III was the ruler of Great Britain from Thomas 5. Author of Declaration Of Independence and third President of the United States. Jefferson 6. Thomas Paine 6. Noted author of revolutionary phamplets, The Crisis and Common Sense. 8.4C- explain the issues surrounding important events of the American Revolution, including declaring independence; writing the Articles of Confederation; fighting the battles of Lexington, Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown; and signing the Treaty of Paris. 1. Articles of Confederation 1. Weak central government for the United States during the Revolutionary War. 2. Lexington and Concord 2. First battle of the Revolutionary War. 3. Saratoga 3. Turning point of the Revolutionary War. France decides to join the United States. 4. Yorktown 4. Final battle of the Revolutionary War. The United States defeats Britain. 5. Treaty of Paris 5. Britain recognizes United States dependence. 8.4D- analyze the issues of the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, including major compromises and arguments for and against ratification. 1Great Compromise 1. Agreement to have Senate with 2 votes per state and House of Rep based on population. 2. 3/5 compromise 2. Agreement to count slaves as 3/5 person for representation in Congress and for taxes 3. Small states 3. States with relatively smaller populations. 4. Large states 4. States with relatively larger populations. 5. Federalists 5. Persons in favor of ratification of the Constitution. 6. Anti-Federalists 6. Persons against ratification of the Constitution. 7. Individual Rights 7. Rights to guarantee freedoms for individuals. 8.5C- explain the origin and development of American political parties. 1. Federalist Party 1. Loose interpretation of the Constitution. Rich, well-educated people to run the government 2. Democratic- 2. Party favoring strict interpretation of the Constitution. Educated common men could run the Republicans government. 8.5D- explain the issues surrounding important events of the War of Impressment 1. Forcing American sailors into the British Navy. 2. War Hawks 2. Government officials wanting to attack Britain and invade Canada 3. Tecumseh 3. Shawnee Indian chief who united tribes to fight the United States.

3 8.5E- explain the impact of Washington s Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine. 1. Neutrality 1. not taking part in or giving assistance in a dispute or war between other countries 2. Political 2. group of people with common beliefs attempting to gain power in government Parties 3. Foreign 3. outside of one s country 4. Isolationism 4. a national policy of staying out of political or economic relations with other countries 5. Monroe 5. an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers Doctrine 6. Foreign policy 6. a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations. 8.5F- explain the impact of the election of Andrew Jackson, including the beginning of the modern Democratic Party. 1. Democracy 1. government by the people 2. Spoils System 2. A system of employing and promoting people in government who are friends and supporters of the group in power. 3. Tariff 3. Tax on goods imported or exported. 4. Nullification 4. voiding a law 5. Secession 5. Formal withdrawal from an alliance or union. 6. Depression 6. Period in which business, employment and money decline and remain low for an extended period of time. 7. States Rights 7. Right of states to refuse federal law that they do not agree with. 8. Majority Rules 8. greater part or number of votes makes the decisions for the group 8.5G- analyze federal Indian policies and the removal and resettlement of Cherokee Indians during the Jacksonian era. 1. Reservation 1. public land set aside for native Americans when they were forced off of their land 2. Indian 2. law passed during Andrew Jackson s presidency to move all native Americans west of the Removal Act Mississippi 3. Trail of Tears 3. tragic journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory between where many died. 8.6A- explain how the Northwest Ordinance established principles and procedures for orderly expansion of the United States. 1. territory 1. any separate tract of land belonging to a state 2. Ordinance 2. rule or law 3. Northwest 3. Rule that allowed territories to become states setting up the orderly growth of US Ordinance 8.6B- explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny. 1. Expansion 1. to spread out 2. Manifest 2. the belief that US had the God given right to expand from Coast to Coast Destiny 3. Territory 3. any separate tract of land belonging to a state 4.cession 4. surrendering territory to another country 5. Speculator 5. a person who risks financial loss for considerable financial gain 6. Transportation 6. method of moving from one place to another

4 8.6C- analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation. 1. Annexation 1. to add a territory to a country 2. Treaty 2. formal agreement between two or more entities 3. Technology 3. anything that makes life easier 8.6D- explain the major issues [and events] of the Mexican War and their impact on the United States. 1. Cession 1. surrendering territory to another country 8.7A- analyze the impact of tariff policies on sections of the United States before the Civil War. 1. Tariff 1. Tax on goods imported or exported. 2. Import 2.goods coming into the country 3. Export 3. goods going out of the country 4. Sectionalism 4. excessive devotion to local interests and customs. 5. Nullification 5. voiding a law 8.7B- compare the effects of political, economic, and social factors on slaves and free blacks. 1. Sectionalism 1. excessive devotion to local interests and customs 2. Slavery 2. practice of holding a person in bondage for labor 3. Plantation 3. large farm that raises cash crops and usually has slaves 4. Slave Trade 4. act of exchanging raw materials, manufactured goods and slaves 5. Racism 5. the belief that race accounts for differenced in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. 6. Sharecropping 6. a system in which land owners gave farm workers land, seeds and tools in return for a part in the crops they raised. 7. Abolition 7. Movement to end slavery 8.7C- analyze the impact of slavery on different sections of the United States. 1. Sectionalism 1. excessive devotion to local interests and customs. 2. Slavery 2. practice of holding a person in bondage for labor 3. Plantation 3. large farm that raises cash crops and usually has slaves 4. Slave Trade 4. act of exchanging raw materials, manufactured goods and slaves 5. Controversy 5. a dispute between sides holding opposite views 6. Entitlement 6. belief that one has the right or claim to something 7. Diversity 7. differing one from another 8. Unity 8. coming together for a common cause 8.7D- compare the provisions and effects of congressional conflicts and compromises prior to the Civil War, including the roles of John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. 1. Compromise 1. a settlement of difference in which each side gives something up 2. Debate 2. a public discussion of opposing view points 3. Congress 3. law making body of the US 4. Cause 4. the reason or motive for something happening. 5. Effect 5. a result of something happening. 8.8A- explain the roles played by significant individuals during the Civil War, including Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Abraham Lincoln. 1. Commander 1. a person in charge of military forces 2. Confederate 2. Southern forces during the Civil War 3. Union 3. Northern forces during the Civil War 4. Surrender 4. to give up

5 8.8B- explain the issues surrounding significant events of the Civil War, including the firing on Fort Sumter, the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation, the assassination of Lincoln, and Lee s surrender at Appomattox Court House. 1. assassination 1. to kill for a political reason 2. bombard 2. to attack with bombs 3. blockade 3. to prevent from coming in or out 4. border state 4. those states along the Mason Dixon line that supported the South, but did not secede 5. Anaconda Plan 5. Northern strategy of surrounding the South to win the war 6. turning point 6. a significant win for one side that changed the course of the war 8.8C- analyze Abraham Lincoln s ideas about liberty, equality, union, and government as contained in his first and second inaugural addresses and the Gettysburg Address. 1. Emancipation 1. to free from bondage 2. malice 2. hatred 3. union 3. to join or combine 4. compromise 4. a settlement of difference in which each side gives something up 5. abolish 5. to end Objective 2- The student will demonstrate an understanding of geographic influences on historical issues and events. 8.6E- identify areas that were acquired to form the United States. 1. territory 1. any separate tract of land belonging to a state 2. Mexican 2. Land given to US as a result of the Mexican War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Cession 3. Oregon Territory 3. Land divided between US and Britain 4. Texas 4. The Republic of Texas joining the US as the 27 th state (1846) Annexation 5. Louisiana 5. (1803) Land purchased by T. Jefferson from France, doubling the size of US and starting Purchase Manifest Destiny 6. Gadsen 6. Last area of land acquired by US to complete the railroad and Manifest Destiny Purchase 7. Florida 7. Area acquired from Spain as result of Adams Onis Treaty 8. Original US colonies 8.10B- answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs, & charts. 1. Geography 1. Study of Land and its features 2. Population 2. people and their characteristics 3. Economy 3. Money 4. Distribution 4. arrangement or classification 5. Significance 5. importance 8.11A- locate places and regions of importance in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries. 1. region 1. areas of common geographic, economic, political and social influence 2. geography 2. study of land and its features 3. economy 3. money 4. industrial 4. having to do with business or trade 5. agricultural 5. having to do with farming or ranching 6. political 6. states, countries 8.11B- compare places and regions of the United States in terms of physical and human characteristics. 1. immigration 1. to enter or settle in a country or region in which one is not native 2. acquire 2. to become in possession of

6 8.11C- analyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major historical events in the United States. 1. barriers 1. anything preventing passage; obstacle. 8.12A- analyze how physical characteristics of the environment influenced population distribution, settlement patterns, and economic activities in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries. 1. Vocab word 1. Define 2. Vocab word 2. Define 3. Vocab word 3. Define 4. Vocab word 4. Define 5. Vocab word 5. Define 6. Vocab word 6. Define 7. Vocab word 7. Define 8. Vocab word 8. Define Objective 3- The student will demonstrate an understanding of economic and social influences on historical issues and events. 8.5B- summarize arguments regarding protective tariffs, taxation. 1.Tariff 1.tax on imported goods 2. Taxation 2. fee charged on an economic activity 3. National Bank 3. planned by Alexander Hamilton to centralize the nation s revenue 4. Debt 4. amount of money owed 5. Revenue 5. income a government collects to cover expenses 8.13A- identify economic differences among different regions of the United States. 1. Subsistence 1.Produce enough for yourself and a little extra to trade/sale Farming 2. Plantation 2. Self-sufficient large farms that raise cash crops System 3. Cash Crop 3. a crop grown to be sold rather than used by the farmer 4. Textile 4. manufacturing any cloth or good produced by weaving or knitting 5. Industry 5. economy based on factories rather than farming 6. Free-enterprise 6. an economic system that has few government restrictions system 7. Prominent 7. draws attention to 8.13B- explain reasons for the development of the plantation system, the growth of the slave trade, and the spread of slavery. 1. Plantation 1. Self-sufficient large farms that raise cash crops System 2. Middle Passage 2. Journey of captured Africans to the new world to be sold as slaves 3. Overseer 3. Person who managed the slave labor 4. Triangular 4. system of trade is which goods were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the New World Trade Colonies 5. Slavery 5. a person who was owned by another person in order to control their labor

7 8.14B- identify the economic factors that brought about rapid industrialization and urbanization. 1. Immigration 1. to enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native 2. Technology 2. The practical application of science to commerce or industry 3. Reaper 3. a machine for cutting/ harvesting grain 4. Interchangeable 4.a part that is exactly alike another part Parts 5. Factory System 5. goods could be produced from start to finish under one roof 6. Assembly Line 6. manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product to form a whole product 7. Urbanization 7. growth of cities 8. Industrialization 8. growth of factories 8.15A- explain why a free enterprise system of economics developed in the new nation. 1. mercantilism 1. colonies provide raw materials for a mother country in order to produce finished products to sell back to colonies for a profit; more exports than imports 2. Supply and 2. more a product is in demand the price will increase Demand 3. Free-enterprise 3. an economic system that has few government restrictions system 4. Salutary Neglect 4. English policy of not interfering in the English colonies 5. Depression 5. a severe economic slump 6. economy 6. the way society organizes and manufactures and exchange of things of value 7. Columbian 7. the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and Europe Exchange 8.24D- analyze the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups. 1. Diversity 1. a variety of people 2. Melting Pot 2. idea that American culture is a blend of many different cultures 3. Underground 3. series of escape routes for runaway slaves Railroad 4. Homesteading 4. a plot of land where pioneers could build a home farm or ranch 5. Mormons 5. a group of people who moved west to avoid religious persecution 6. Quakers 6. a person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups 7. Puritans 7. a member of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sought to reform practices of the Church of England 8. Great Awakening 8. religious revival E- identify the political, social, and economic contributions of women to American society. 1. Suffrage 1. right to vote 2. Seneca Falls women s rights meeting Convention th Amendment 3. women s right to vote 4. Domestic 4. belief that women s role should be within the home Sphere 5. Elizabeth Cady 5. led Seneca Falls Convention Stanton 6. Susan B. 6. leader in women s right movement Anthony

8 8.25A- describe the historical development of the abolitionist movement th Amendment 1. abolished slavery 2. Emancipation 2. freed slaves in the Confederate states Proclamation 3. Abolish 3. to end 4. Fugitive Slave 4. an 1850 law to help slaveholders recapture runaway salves Act 5. Underground 5. series of escape routes Railroad 6. Bleeding Kansas 6. Conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people in Kansas Missouri 7. series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free Compromise states 8. Dred Scott v. 8. Supreme Court Case in which a slave, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom because he had been Sanford taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal 9. Slave Codes 9. laws that regulated how slaves could be treated 8.25B- evaluate the impact of reform movements including public education, temperance, women s rights. 1. Temperance 1. people who thought that drinking alcohol was wrong and tried to get it abolished Movement 2. Tolerance 2. acceptance of diverse views and ideas 3. Pacifism 3. a commitment to peace and opposition to war 4. Reform 4. to change 5. Radical 5. extreme views 8.28A- explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin. 1. Factory System 1. goods could be produced from start to finish under one roof 2. Textile 2. manufacturing any cloth or good produced by weaving or knitting 3. Assembly Line 3. manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product to form a whole product 4. Mass Production 4. Large quantities of goods produced at a low cost in a short period of time 5. Loom 5. a machine or device for weaving thread into textiles/ cloth 6. Spinning Wheel 6. turns raw cotton into thread 7. Cotton Gin 7. Cleaning/ separating seeds from cotton faster 8. Interchangeable 8. a part that is exactly alike another part Parts 8.28B- analyze the impact of transportation systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United States. 1. Steam engine 1. An engine that uses high pressure steam to move parts or machinery 2. Paddle Wheel 2. A steam boat that moved goods up and down river at a faster rate Boat 3. Steam engine 3. A steam engine that moved a rail directed vehicle up and down the line. locomotive 4. National Road 4. The national gravel road that cut through the Appalachian Mountains, connecting the East to the West 5. Erie Canal 5. A shallow, hand dug canal that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie and moved goods faster between the two sections.

9 8.28C- analyze how technological innovations changed the way goods were manufactured and marketed, nationally. 1. Interchangeable 1. Eli Whitney s process of making multiple parts, and being able to change one part for the next. Parts 2. Cotton Engine 2. A machine takes and combs the cotton, freeing more slaves for work in the field. Eli Whitney (Gin) 3. Factory System 3. The process by which people and machines are used to mass produce items under one roof. 4. Sewing machine 4. A machine developed to speed up the process of sewing material. Elias Howe 5. Mechanical 5. A machine used to beat and separate the grains from stalks. Increases the amount of grain able Reaper to produce. Cyrus McCormick 6. Steel Plow 6. A steel plow, developed to take the abuse of plowing without further harm. John Deere 7. Telegraph/Morse 7. A system of communicating that involves the use of sounds to connect one station to another Code Station with the ability to pass it on to another, with the sound traveling through the wire. Samuel Morse also developed a sound code to separate letters that could move through the wire. 8.28D- explain how technological innovations led to rapid industrialization. 1. Vocab word 1. Define 2. Vocab word 2. Define 3. Vocab word 3. Define 4. Vocab word 4. Define 8.29C- identify examples of how industrialization changed life in the United States. 1. Urbanization Crime Wave 2. Objective 4- The student will demonstrate an understanding of political influences on historical issues and events. 8.3A- explain the reasons for the growth of representative government and institutions during the colonial period. 1. Salutary Neglect 1. Britain s policy toward its North American colonies between that basically ignored them allowing local colonial assemblies to govern themselves. 2. Natural Rights 2. John Locke s philosophy that government has the responsibility to protect the rights and property of the people that it is governing. And that the people have the right to form a new government when they feel these rights have been taken away. 3. Great Awakening 3. Religious revival that swept the colonies in the 1700 s which stressed the ideas that liberty and equality, through individual repentance, were needed in society. 4. Age of Enlightenment 4. An 18 th -century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to obtain knowledge. 8.3B- evaluate the importance of the Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses to the growth of representative government. 1. Mayflower 1. The first governing document of Plymouth colony establishing the idea of self-government in the Compact colonies. 2. Virginia House of 2. The first elective assembly in the new world, instituted in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. Burgesses 3. Representative 3. Government where representatives are elected to make decisions for the community. Government 4. Fundamental 4. This document was the first written constitution in the colonies. Was designed to help govern a Orders of series of towns in the colony of Connecticut. Connecticut

10 8.16A- identify the influence of ideas from historic documents including the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Federalist Papers on the U.S. system of government. 1. Magna Carta 1. This document, written in 1215, limited the power of the English monarchy by requiring the King to follow the law as well as not pass any new taxes with the consent of nobility (people). 2. English Bill of Rights 3. Mayflower Compact 4. Declaration of Independence 5. Federalist Papers 6. Constitutional Monarchy 2. An agreement signed by William and Mary to respect the rights of English citizens and of Parliament, including the right to free elections, jury trial, and consent of Parliament to pass any new taxes. 3. The first governing document of Plymouth colony establishing the idea of self-government in the colonies. 4. The document written, in 1776, in which the colonist declared independence from Britain. 5. A series of essays, by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, written to gain support for the newly written constitution and help get it ratified by the states. 6. A government in which a monarch shares powers with an elected governing body that follows a establish set of rules listed in a constitution. 8.16B- summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. 1. Articles of 1. A document, adopted by the Continental Congress in 177 and approved by the first states, which Confederation outlined the form of government to be run in the new United States. 2. Land Ordinance 2. A law that established a plan to survey and sell federally owned lands west of the Appalachian of 1785 Mountains. 3. Northwest 3. Described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed, and set the conditions for Ordinance 1787 settlement, government, and future application for statehood. 4. Northwest 4. Territory covered in the Land Ordinance of Included the lands of the future states of Ohio, Territory Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. 5. Shay s Rebellion 5. An armed rebellion of angry farmers led by Daniel Shays, against excessive taxes imposed by the state of Massachusetts. This act caused the early leaders of our country to see a need for a new type of government in which federal leaders could react to national issues and concerns without the consent of individual states. 6. Daniel Shays 6. Led a 1786 uprising against tax hikes in western Massachusetts. 8.16C- identify colonial grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and explain how those grievances were addressed in the U.S. Constitution. 1. Unalienable 1. God given rights given to all people which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Rights 2. Great 2. A agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention that create the American system of Compromise government. 3. New Jersey Plan 3. Small state plan which asked for a legislative branch based on equal representation. 4. Virginia Plan 4. Plan submitted by James Madison which called for 3 branches of government and a legislative branch using population as the bases of representation. 5. 3/5 Compromise 5. An agreement passed by the Constitutional Convention in which slaves were to be counted as 3/5 s for both population as well as taxation. 6. Electorial 6. A group of voters chosen by each state to elect the president and vice-president of the United College States. 7. Amending 7. The process of proposal and ratifying to change the U.S. Constitution Process

11 8.16D- analyze how the U.S. Constitution reflects the principles of limited government, republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights. 1. Popular 1. A government in which the people rule The preamble shows this with the phrase We the Sovereignty People 2. Republicanism 2. The people exercise their power by voting for their political representatives --- Found in Article 1 of the Constitution with the popular election of representatives. 3. Federalism 3. States and the National government share powers The 10 th amendment establishes this principal when it states powers reserved to the states. 4. Separation of 4. The division of government roles into 3 branches Located in Article 1, 2, 3 of the Constitution Powers with the establishment of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches 5. Checks and 5. Each branch has the power to exercise control over the other branches examples include the Balances Legislative power to impeach government officials, Executive power to pass or veto a law passes by congress, and the Judicial branches power to rule an act of government as unconstitutional. 6. Restrictions placed on the powers of government found in Article 1, Section 9 which deals with the powers denied Congress. 6. Limited Government 7. Individual Rights 7. The personal liberties and privileges granted to the citizens of the United States Stated in the Bill of Rights as well as other amendments added to the U.S. Constitution. 8.17A- summarize the purposes for and processes of changing the U.S. Constitution. 1. amendment 1. the process of changing the Constitution 2. ratify 2. to approve 3. amendment process 3. proposed by Congress with a two-thirds vote in both houses + ratified by the legislatures of threefourths of the states. 8.17B- describe the impact of the 19th-century amendments including the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments on life in the United States th Amendment 1. Abolished slavery in the United States th Amendment 2. Grants citizenship to African Americans th Amendment 3. Gave the African American male the right to vote 4. Reconstruction 4. The 13 th 14 th and 15 th Amendments are refered to as the Reconstruction Amendments Amendments 8.18A- analyze the arguments of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, including those of Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, & James Madison. 1. Federalists 1. Supporters of the Constitution 2. Anti-Federalists 2. Person who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Government 3. Oppose 3. To be against 4. Federalist 4. Series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution Papers 5. Bill of Rights 5. The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution 8.18B- describe historical conflicts arising over the issue of states rights, including the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War. 1. nullify 1. To reject 2. states rights 2. The idea that the power of the states should not be trampled on by the national government 3. sectionalism 3. Tension between North and South as each region placed their own interests above those of the country as a whole. 4. protective tariff 4. Tariffs put in place to encourage consumers to buy goods made in the U.S. rather than foreign countries. Protective tariffs helped the North and penalized the South. 5.Doctric of 5. Idea that states had the right to reject any law passed by Congress. Nullification 8.19A- summarize the issues, decisions, and significance of landmark Supreme Court cases including Marbury v. Madison. 1. Marbury v. 1. Supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review. Supreme Courts has the Madison power to abolish laws by declaring them unconstitutional. 2. judicial review 2. The idea that the Supreme Court has the right to review all laws made by Constitution

12 8.19B- evaluate the impact of selected landmark Supreme Court decisions including Dred Scott v. Sandford on life in the United States. 1. Dred Scott v. 1. Said that African Americans were not citizens of the U.S. and that the Missouri Compromise was Sanford unconstitutional; this increased sectionalism 8.20A- define and give examples of unalienable rights. 1. unalienable 1. Rights that cannot be taken away by the government without due process. rights 2. Life, liberty, and 2. Examples found in the Declaration of Independence the pursuit of happiness 8.20B- summarize rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights st 1. Freedom of religion, assembly, petition, press, and speech 2. 2 nd 2. Right to bear arms 3. 3 rd 3. Right not to quarter soldiers 4. 4 th 4. Search and seizure 5. 5 th 5. Rights of accused persons 6.6 th 6. Right to a speedy, public trial 7.7 th 7. Trial by jury in civil cases 8.8 th 8. No cruel or unusual punishment 8.22B- describe the importance of free speech and press in a democratic society. 1. free speech 1. The right to speak freely about the government 2. free press 2. The right to publish ideas 8.23B- describe the contributions of significant political & social leaders of the United States such as Frederick Douglass, James Monroe, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 1. reform 1. To change Objective 5- The student will use critical thinking skills to analyze social studies information. 8.30A- use primary and secondary sources to acquire information about the United States. 1. excerpt 1. a quote, passage, or selection 2. account 2. a story, report, or version 3. encyclopedia 3. index or book of facts 4. biography 4. life story or memoir written by a second or third party 5. autobiography 5. life story or memoir written by yourself 6. artifact 6. relic or ancient piece 8.30B- analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and drawing inferences and conclusions. 1. chronological 1. to place in order of occurrence 2. significance 2. importance or meaning 3. correlates 3. associates or connects with 4. categorize 4. classify or sort into groups 5. context 5. in a certain circumstance, situation, or environment 6. generalize 6. simplify

13 8.30C- interpret information from visuals including graphs, charts, timelines, and maps. 1. conclusion 1. an end or an effect for a cause 2. rural 2. countryside 3. urban 3. inner city 4. data 4. information, stats, or figures 5. interpret 5. an understanding or take on/of a certain subject 6. diagram 6. drawing, figure, or chart containing information 7. legend 7. a helpful box/key that helps describe pictures or symbols on maps, charts, etc 8. topography 8. physical or natural figures on a map or chart 9. exploration 9. journeying, voyaging, or discovery 8.30D- identify points of view from the historical context surrounding an event and the frame of reference which influenced the participants. 1. alliance 1. a grouping or an association 2. merchant 2. someone involved in commercial, trade, and/or business 3. borne 3. tolerate or bear 4. secede 4. separate, withdraw, or break away from 5. pacify 5. to appease 6. famine 6. a scarcity or lack of food 7. plague 7. an outbreak, disease, or infection 8.30F- identify bias in written and visual material. 1. bias 1. partiality or favoritism to one side over another 2. majority 2. the mass or greater part of a group 3. tendency 3. leaning or inclination toward 4. sectionalism 4. favor or bias toward a certain portion 5. preference 5. to favor or support 6. support 6. aid or back