Food Webs. March 16, Photosynthesis and Respiration on ecosystem scales
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1 Lecture 18 Productivity and Food Webs March 16, 2005 Photosynthesis and Respiration on ecosystem scales Analysis of global productivity Energy flow through trophic levels and ecosystems Three weeks in the life of a food web (DVD) Ecosystem World Net Primary Productivity (Rounded Estimates) NPP (g m -2 y -1 ) World NPP (x10 15 g y -1 ) (g m -2 ) World (x10 15 g ) Desert Grassland, etc Cultivated Land Moist Forest , Tropical Forest , LAND TOTAL Estuaries Continental Shelf Open Ocean MARINE TOTAL World NPP = NPP Area World = Area 1
2 Marine Food Web Shore Birds Sea Bass Barnacle Blue Crab Zooplankton Sea Worms Shore Shrimp Phytoplankton Detritus Photo Source: The Lloyd Center at UMass Flow of Carbon (Energy) Through a Trophic Level (or organism) Trophic Level n R n P n -1 I n A n P n P n-1 = Productivity of trophic level n-1 D n I n F n A n R n B n P n = Portion of P n-1 not consumed = Amount Ingested = Fecal matter produced = Amount assimilated and available = Respiration = in trophic level n = Productivity at trophic level n B n D n F Living n Dead Organic Matter To Detritus Food Web 2
3 Ecological Efficiencies Exploitation Efficiency (EE) EE = I n / P n P n -1 Trophic Level n I n A n R n P n Assimilation Efficiency (AE) AE = A n / I n 100 Production Efficiency (PE) PE = P n / A n 100 B n D n F Living n Dead Organic Matter To Detritus Food Web Ecological Efficiency = (EE)(AE)(PE) = P n / P n % to 20 % Marine Food Web Shore Birds Sea Bass Barnacle Blue Crab Zooplankton Sea Worms Shore Shrimp Phytoplankton Detritus Photo Source: The Lloyd Center at UMass 3
4 R A Grazing Food Web 2 nd Carnivore P gross P net I A P I A D D F F Heat Net Ecosystem Production = GPP - R A - Detritus POC = Particulate Organic Carbon DOC = Dissolved Organic Carbon DOC POC Etc. Etc. Microorganisms Microbial Food Web DOC = Dissolved Organic Carbon Refractory Carbon Detrivores Detrivore Food Web POC = Particulate Organic Carbon (grams/m 2 ) Pyramids of and Energy Grassland in green plants, accessible to herbivores Energy Flow (calories/m 2 /day) Forest tied up in wood & unavailable to herbivores Inverted Pyramid of Open Ocean Producers Herbivores Carnivores 4
5 Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Process: Photosynthesis Excretion and Death Digestion, assimilation, & growth Respiration Photosynthetic Organisms Detritivores The majority of energy is lost to respiration and is unavailable to other organisms Herbivores Primary Respiration Secondary Human Appropriation of Photosynthesis Direct Use (food, fuel, fiber, timber) Small% Diverted Productivity (crop waste, lumber waste, burning etc) largest% Productive capacity lost by land conversion & desertification or overuse (open land to cities, forests to cropland etc.) Medium% Detritivores Herbivores Between 10 and 55% has been appropriated (difficult to estimate) Primary Secondary Respiration 5
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