High Performance Design Strategies for K-12 Schools

Transcription

1 High Performance Design Strategies for K-12 Schools Eera Babtiwale, LEED AP BD+C Associate / Environmental Analyst HMC Architects Tova Corman, M.A. Senior Facilities Planner Santa Ana Unified School District Orange County Department of Education February 13, 2013

2 Agenda Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 WHY? The purpose and intent of High Performance Design HOW? High Performance Design strategies WHAT + WHERE? Case studies in High Performance Design

3 High Performance Design WHY?

4 24.6% of the population in California is under age 18. Which would you prefer? Today U.S. Schools spend $6 billion on energy, more than on computers and textbooks combined USEPA estimates 30% of energy use in schools is used inefficiently or ineffectively 43% of public school principals report indoor environmental factors interfere with classroom instruction The Alternative Most schools could save 25% of these high costs by being smart about energy Energy improvements have the potential to save our nation s schools $1.5 billion each year and, at the same time, create better learning environments Green schools increase student performance by 20% and teacher retention by 5%

5 Why Net Zero Schools are important in the K-12 arena 1,043 School Districts 9,898 Schools California cut nearly $20 Billion from the Public School Budget statewide in the last 3 years. Energy efficiency improvements for public schools will reduce long-term energy costs and the savings can be directed to the classroom.

6 The Causal Chain Design/Building Factors - Condition - Design - Utilization Proximal Mechanisms - Teachers - Relationships - Student attitudes Academic Outcomes & Facility Excellence

7 The Greening Top 10 Save Energy, Save Money Reduce Carbon Emissions Reduce Water Usage Improve Teacher Retention Improve Daily Attendance Provide A Unique Educational Opportunity Create Green Jobs Improve Equity Improve Health And the number one reason for greening your school is Increase Student Performance (this is why we re here, remember!?)

8 Financial Strategies for Greening Your Schools Modernization Grants High Performance Incentive Grants Portable replacement programs Overcrowding Relief Grant Critically Overcrowded Schools Modernization California Solar Initiative Incentives Proposition 39 Grant

9 Proposition 39 $550 million of an estimated $1.1 billion for five years Estimated at $400.5 million for K-12 to be allocated on a per ADA basis (i.e. no project applications) CDE would administer the program and may consult with the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the California Public Utilities Commission Implementation procedures of Proposition 39 are being developed Legislature have introduced two primary bills: AB 39 (Skinner) Would provide both efficiency and generation funds through the CEC SB 39 (De Leon) Would provide efficiency grants through the OPSC

10 Proposition 39 Who: What: The SAB would award energy efficiency upgrade grants to the most disadvantaged schools in need of modernization "Energy efficiency upgrade project" Reduces energy consumption Reduces operational costs Efficiency upgrade types: Ventilation Lighting and other system controls Air infiltration Water use Windows and doors Heating and cooling Electrical system Insulation Renewables??

11 High Performance Schools

12 High Performance Design HOW?

13 HOW do we use energy reduction targets to achieve the bigger goal % reduction in carbon emissions by % less energy than an average school building

14 Student Success

15 The first step is to UNDERSTAND the natural forces around us

16 and then to use these forces to REDUCE emissions from construction, transportation, energy, water, and waste

17 It also means we need to collaborate EARLY.

18 High Performance Design Process Pre-Design / Eco-Charrette Preliminary Design Schematic and Design Development Construction Documents Construction Administration Building Operation Building Location & Adjacencies Energy Insolation Shading Climate Analysis Daylight Water Daylight/Glare Acoustics Verify Performance As Specified Energy Audits Solar & Wind Massing Studies Air Quality Wind Air Flow Final Energy Model Sustainable Building Systems Simple Design Guidelines Thermal Comfort Carbon Footprint Passive Active LCCA Renewable Adapt to Changes to Maintain Sustainability Criteria Post Occupancy Evaluation Informs Other Projects

19 Eco- Charrettes

20 Sustainability Visioning & Goal Setting

21 High Performance Design Chart

22 Climate Analysis

23 LACCD Middle College High School Energy Efficiency Strategies

24 Hierarchy of High Performance Strategies Renewables Active Systems Passive Systems Energy + Power Management of Existing Systems

25 Making simple but effective changes in how we think and operate, can help save between 20-30% in energy costs

26 Hierarchy of High Performance Strategies

27 Energy Efficiency Strategies

28 High Performance Strategy #1: Metering Metering Electricity, Water, Gas, Lighting Informs you of your current status Allows you to set realistic targets for the future Empowers you to track your progress

29 High Performance Strategy #2: Power Management Sleep Mode and Auto Shut Off Computer energy accounts for ~66% of plug load; Plug load accounts for 20% of total consumption (source: CEC) The average laptop draws only about 25 watts while turned on and 2 watts in standby and while turned off. And because laptops often have more aggressive powermanagement settings built in, they will often cost less than $10 per year in electricity to operate.

30 High Performance Strategy #2: Power Management Smart Power Strips Includes features such as: Occupancy sensors Timers Monitors Bundled together or add-on power strips Calculating Simple Payback: Example: Incremental cost = $20 / 150 Watts plugged into strip $20 (0.15 kw x $0.10/kWh) = 1,333 hours Simple payback ~ 10 weeks, assuming equipment would otherwise be left on 24 hours a day.

31 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope Building Insulation Upgrades Create a consistent thermal break Additional 1-2 of exterior insulation (R4.6 per inch) can increase overall building performance by as much as 15% Finish materials can be applied on top of polyiso or EIFS layers Overall R value of a metal wall assembly can be increased by

32 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope Cool Roof Upgrades Reduce heat island effect by reflecting up to 80% of sunlight from the roof surface Can increase performance by 10%

33 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope Glazing Upgrades Can increase performance by 20% Current products allow you to maintain 63% visible transmittance while achieving a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.27 (Solarban 70XL Starphire IGU)

34 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope Shading Devices Prevents glare while allowing for diffuse daylight Can be retrofitted onto existing structures Provides an update to building aesthetics

35 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope

36 High Performance Strategy #3: Building Envelope SUN SHADE STUDY (east elevation) SUN SHADE STUDY (south elevation)

37 High Performance Strategy #4A: Daylighting Daylighting Skylights Solatubes

38 High Performance Strategy #4A: Daylighting Daylighting Fiber optic daylight harvesting systems

39 High Performance Strategy #4A: Daylighting Daylighting Light shelves reflect sunlight deep into rooms, thereby reducing reliance on electrical lighting

40 High Performance Strategy #4B: Occupancy + Photosensors Photosensors & Occupancy Sensors Prevents inefficient use of lighting during adequate daylit hours or unoccupied hours $25-$50 per sensor Return on investment: 2-3 years

41 High Performance Strategy #5: Lighting (T8 and T5) Electric Lighting T8 and T5 lighting upgrades Low mercury available (1.5 mg) Potential savings of $20/year per 3 tube ballast

42 High Performance Strategy #5: Lighting (T8 and T5) Electric Lighting Provides visual comfort and control Improves flexibility for setting light levels for general teaching and audio-visual (A/V) presentations Perceived reduction in eye strain and glare and improved quality of light by teachers

43 High Performance Strategy #6: Economizers Economizers Saves energy by using cool outside air When the air outside is cooler than the return air and sufficiently dry, economizers cool buildings by bringing in outside air, thereby reducing the load on the compressor Payback of 3-7 years (half the time of a conventional system)

44 High Performance Strategy #6: CO 2 controls CO 2 sensors Saves energy by telling the HVAC system when to turn on to mitigate high CO 2 levels Measures and records carbon dioxide in parts per million (ppm) in occupied building spaces About $230/sensor Payback: 2-3 years

45 High Performance Strategy #7: Variable Speed Drives Variable Speed Frequency Drives According to the U.S. Department of Energy, motor-driven equipment accounts for 64% of the electricity consumed by U.S. industry. VFDs reduce electrical energy consumption by adjusting a motor s speed to match the required load. Payback between 5-10 years

46 High Performance Strategy #8: HVAC Upgrades HVAC upgrades- High Efficiency 17 EER rooftop units Assuming a year old unit, new equipment is available that is nearly twice as efficient. Paying a 20% premium on high efficient equipment would cut the electric bills associated with the HVAC equipment by almost half when compared to the equipment installed.

47 High Performance Strategy #8: HVAC Upgrades HVAC upgrades- Fanwall Air Handling Units Composed of an array of small fans Redundancy allow the unit to function even if one fan is not working Reduces the number of time M+O needs to make repairs Superior acoustically- slow fans= less vibration Can be retrofitted Return on investment: 3-5 years

48 High Performance Strategy #8: HVAC Upgrades HVAC upgrades- Water Source Heat Pump Replacement Water source heat pump (WSHP) systems share the ability to move energy from where it is not needed to where it is needed with other sophisticated HVAC systems. The energy is moved in water, which is very effective and requires minimal transport (pump) work Return on investment: 5-10 years

49 High Performance Strategy #8: HVAC Upgrades HVAC upgrades- Condensate Recovery HVAC cooling coils inherently produce condensate. This gray water is discharged into the sanitary sewer system instead of being kept on campus for use Existing buildings will have condensate recovery vessels installed adjacent to the buildings in the local landscape area Return on investment: 10 years

50 High Performance Strategy #9: Renewables Photovoltaics Still one of the most common means of providing renewable energy Average panel: 13 W/sf more advanced panels are coming onto the market everyday BIPV and thin film still is not as efficient as monocrystalline or polycrystalline Average payback is still between years with rebates PPAs or owner owned and installed

51 Photovoltaics

52 High Performance Strategy #9: Renewables Solar Hot Water Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Uses a panel made of evacuated black tubes to absorb heat from the sun and then transfer the heat to water Return on investment: 5-10 years

53 High Performance Strategy #9: Renewables Wind Turbines Vertical axis wind turbines are one of the most effective at catching wind; Up to 7,500 kwh at 15 miles/hour; 25 year life Street, parking and walkway lighting could be replaced with wind and solar-powered LED lighting fixtures. Installing these new fixtures will eliminate the entire annual power usage of the site lighting

54 High Performance Strategy #9: Renewables Fuel Cells Generate electrical power by using natural gas and water Only by-products are steam and water Handles base load of campus for most of the year Having a 500 kw fuel cell will occupy approximately 1,800 square feet on campus and will offset approximately 2,000,000 kwh per year Still a developing technology

55 Indoor Environmental Quality

56 Indoor Environmental Quality Great research is being done on ventilation rates (CO 2 levels and learning impacts) Higher ventilation rates are better for learning High Performance Acoustics But how do we manage energy consumption? Health literature provides strong support for good IEQ s positive impacts on learning

57 Indoor Environmental Quality Strategy #1: Thermal Comfort Temperature Setpoints Recommended setpoints: - 74 degrees for cooling - 68 degrees for heating These settings will maintain a high level of comfort in the buildings while saving energy. The only added cost associated with this measure is for facilities personnel to manually change the thermostat setpoints throughout the campus.

58 Indoor Environmental Quality Strategy #1: Thermal Comfort HVAC upgrades: Natural Ventilation + Interlocks HVAC interlocks shut the cooling/heating off when a window or door is propped open Ideal combination with natural ventilation In one recent study, at an upfront cost of roughly $ per classroom, savings per year was projected to be paid back in approximately eight months while saving around $690 per classroom, a savings of 36%

59 Indoor Environmental Quality Strategy #1: Thermal Comfort Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

60 Indoor Environmental Quality Strategy #2: Daylight and Views HVAC upgrades - View windows with solar controls Maximize natural daylight to maximize student and teacher comfort and performance

61 Indoor Environmental Quality Strategy #3: Acoustics Acoustical Treatments Upgrade ceiling panels with NRC of 0.70 Tandus PowerBond Carpeting Tectum wall panels

62 High Performance Design WHAT + WHERE? Case Studies in HPD

63 SAUSD: A Case Study P2P Building 13 Modernized classrooms: 825 Artificial Turf 3 Portables removed: 440 Windows Restroom Upgrades New classrooms: projects and counting Plumbing Upgrades 15 PA System 9 Lighting Upgrade 18 Layout 11 HVAC Upgrades 11 Fire Alarm 24 Electrical Upgrade 22 Carpeting

64 SAUSD Lighting Upgrades 30,221 Total fixtures retrofitted 57,872 new lamps 3,692 new ballasts 716 Occupancy sensors Included LED lighting in gyms Approx. $300 savings per gym per month Total kw Total kwh Total Avoided Cost (Installation Labor & Materials) Total Estimated Annual Energy Savings* 1, ,047,394.8 $1,818, $518, *Based on estimated utility rate of $0.17/kWh

65 May 31 June 01 June 02 June 03 June 04 June 05 June 06 June 07 June 08 June 09 June 10 June 11 June 12 June 13 SAUSD Computer Energy Management Savings 40% computer energy savings Estimated $500,000 per year savings 100% 75% 50% Off Sleep On 25% Active User 0%

66 SAUSD Renewable Project Saddleback HS Renewable Solar Energy 809 kw System Produces 75% of the school s energy needs Solar incentive rebate to date: $605,283 Total savings to date: $238,071

67 Upcoming SAUSD Renewable Project Over $45M in energy savings over 30 years Cumulative savings of $15.5M Site System Size (kw) System Type Carr Intermediate Parking and Shade Century High School Parking Heninger Elementary School Parking MacArthur Fundamental Intermediate Parking McFadden Intermediate Parking and Shade Santa Ana High School Parking Segerstrom High School Parking Taft Elementary School Parking and Shade Thorpe Fundamental Elementary School Parking Valley High School Rooftop TOTAL 3,

68 Southwest Middle College High School T24 Performance: 30% + rooftop PV LEED for Schools: GOLD target HPI Funding: 47 points $265,081

69 Southwest Middle College High School

70 High Performance Design Looking to the Future

71 Trends in Education THE LINKED LEARNING APPROACH When students see a connection between what they re learning today and what they re earning tomorrow, they re more successful in the classroom, in college, and ultimately, in the workplace Tom Torlakson, CA superintendent of public instruction 71

72 Looking Toward the Future: Tracking Monitoring Progress Measuring and tracking energy usage is not only good for public awareness, it can help you identify when bills are incorrect and save money on inconsistencies. Post Occupancy Evaluations

73 kbtu/sf/yr Looking Toward the Future: Carbon Footprinting Energy Use Comparison Grossmont 2011 Carbon Footprint (IncludesTransporationData) Less than0% 1% 83% 17% Electricity and Fuel Transportation Water Waste

74 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

75 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

76 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

77 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

78 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

79 Looking Toward the Future: Building as a Learning Tool

80 T24 Performance: 25% LEED for Schools Gold Target HPI Funding: 37 points $897,088 LAUSD Taylor Yards High School #13

81 T24 Performance: 27% HPI Funding: 40 points $174,399 Banning High School Classroom Addition

82 T24 Performance: 30% HPI Funding: 32 points $426,277 Hoover High School Classroom Addition

83 T24 Performance: 32% + PV Farm Offset LEED for Schools: Gold Target HPI Funding: Targeted: 45 points $833,127 Camarillo High School

84 T24 Performance Target: 30% HPI Funding: Minimum points- 27 Minimum eligible funding: $897,359 Irvine High School #5

85 Montebello Unified Renovation

86 Montebello Unified Renovation

87 Montebello Unified Renovation

88 Montebello Unified Renovation

89 Montebello Unified Renovation

90 Montebello Unified Renovation