Transforming Ireland Seminar Series 28 th October Dublin City Council Civic Offices. Dr. Ainhoa González

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1 Transforming Ireland Seminar Series 28 th October Dublin City Council Civic Offices Urban Sustainability Indicators Dr. Ainhoa González Centre for Environment Trinity College Dublin <agonzal@tcd.ie>

2 Urban Sustainability sustainability in urban planning entails current and future protection and improvement of urban environments, through the appropriate delivery and management of land, water, energy, transport, and waste, and safeguarding biodiversity, water and air quality; in addition to the promotion of economic prosperity, social equality and human well being...

3 Sustainability Indicators Setting the Context Pre requisite: requisite: defining clear and achievable sustainability objectives (goals) for the city or plan area Indicators formulated to: Measure progress towards established objectives Evaluate planning alternatives (sustainability performance) Monitor changes derived from plan/policy implementation Monitor fulfillment of set targets/thresholds (legislation or strategies) Inform plan and policy development and decision making Indicators can measure physical, biological, chemical, social and economic parameters Indicators can be quantitative or qualitative Available at EU and national level (e.g. European Environment Outlook EEA, 2005; Ireland s Environment EPA, 2008)

4 Sustainable Development Indicators in Ireland Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Indicators for Ireland (annually) Indicators for Transport and the Environment (2000) Rural Environmental Indicators (2001) Climate Change: Indicators for Ireland (2002) CSO Measuring Ireland's Progress (censal periods) National and Economic and Social Council National Progress Indicators for Sustainable Economic, Socialand and Environmental Development (2002) Comhar (Sustainable Development Council) Counting what Counts : recommendations on national indicators for SD (2007) Measuring Ireland's Sustainability : overview of Ireland s performance on SD Currently developing a comprehensive and integrated sustainable development indicator (SDI) set for Ireland At the local level, sustainability indicators commonly defined as part of SEA and EIA processes (used to monitor plan implementation) No official set of sustainability indicators adopted No universally applicable indicator set

5 Sample of Common Urban Sustainability Indicators Indicators Specifications ENVIRONMENTAL Concentration of primary Concentration (µg/m 3 ) of particulate matter less than 10 µm (PM 10 ). particulate matter PM 10 Population exposed to Percentage of the urban population potentially exposed to ambient pollutant concentrations air concentrations (µg/m 3 ) of SO 2, NO 2 & PM 10 in excess of the EU above target tvalues SOCIAL Density of development limit it or target t value set for the protection ti of human health. Number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. Availability of local Percentageofpeople living within 300 metres of a public open area public open areas greater than 5,000 m 2 ECONOMIC Cost of proposed Investment ( ) development Effects of the proposed Number of new employment opportunities created and revenue development on local ( /m 2 ). economy (revenue)

6 What will indicators be used for? Hierarchy of the plan? Scale of urban intervention? Assessment aims? Availability of data? Measurements versus modelling Who will use the indicators? Technical experts and science advisors? Policy makers, plan makers, decision makers? General public and media?

7 Common Methods to Select Indicators Legislative requirements Set thresholds / targets Agreements and common pursuits Expert judgment Specialist input Citi Critical considerations Public consultation Participation and ownership Public concerns

8 Applying Indicators Sets Need to define comparable units Commonly achieved through normalisation (e.g.scale1 to 10) Several mathematical agregation methods Final output: value, graph, map, score or index

9 Presenting Indicators PM 10 concentration [µg/m 3 ] = 28 PM 10 concentration [µg/m 3 ] limit = 50 January July December Alternative A = 2 versus Alternative B = 7 (on a scale of 10) Individual indicator value (max, min, average ) Indicator trend graph (temporal/seasonal variation) Indicator map (spatial variation) Spider diagram (comparable indicators) Score or Index (constrasted performance)

10 Interpreting Indicators Value compared against EU set targets/thresholds Current value compared against baseline value Alternative 1 value compared against Alternative 2 value Values compared over time and space (e.g. different cities) PM10 concentration [µg.m 3 ] PM10 concentration [µg.m 3 ] road excluded 15 General rule: increase/decrease of value from baseline shows improving/worsening condition 10 5

11 FP7 Project BRIDGE Case Studies Varied cultural and planning contexts, geographical scale, issues & scope of assessment

12 Simplified Structure of the BRIDGE Approach Objectives Spatial Data Collation CoP Me eeting/s Indicators Case Study (Plan & Alternatives) DSS Modelling Outputs Sustainability of Planning Proposals (Water, Air, Energy) Impact Assessment of Alternatives

13 Community of Practice in the Development of Objectives and Indicators Stage 1 Gathering perceptions: urban sustainability, planning gp priorities; drivers and pressures Introduction to the method for the development of indicators. Stage 2 Consensus on core sustainability objectives. Review of a preliminary set of targets & indicators. CoP Kick off meeting Second CoP meeting Athens Firenze Gliwice Helsinki London Stage 3 Indicators Workshop Consensus on a final set of common and cityspecific indicators. Indicators Workshop b ll Umbrella CoP (representatives from all case study cities) Set of objectives, criteria and indicators for assessing urban sustainability

14 CoP Results Sustainability Objectives AIR ENERGY WATER OTHERS ATHENS Improve Air Quality Reduce CO 2 Emissions Improve Energy Efficiency Reduce Thermal Discomfort Improve the Built Fabric Increase Green Space Areas Increase Mobility FIRENZE Improve Air Quality Improve Energy Efficiency Improve Mobility Increase and Improve Green Space Areas GLIWICE Improve Air Quality Optimise Energy Efficiency Improve Water Management Improve Mobility Promote Controlled Expansion ofurban Areas HELSINKI Improve Air Quality Optimize Energy Consumption Protect the Water Balance Enhance human wellbeing in the city LONDON Improve Air Quality Reduce CO 2 Emissions Decrease Heat Island Effect Reduce Flooding Promote Integrated Decision making Increase Canopy Cover

15 CoP Results Sustainability Indicators AIR ENERGY WATER OTHERS ATHENS FIRENZE GLIWICE HELSINKI LONDON Concentration of pollutants (NOx, SOx, PM10, PM2.5). Number of days above established air quality thresholds Energy consumption per capita. % of energy from renewable sources. % of population using public transport. Number of new carparking spaces. Concentration ti of Kw (or %) produced dfrom Car ownership. pollutants (PM10, CO2, renewable sources. Public transport use (%). NOx, SOx, CO, etc.). % of energy consumed (and saved) per capita. Concentration ti of Energy E loses (GJ/MW Wt Water use by % of surface covered by pollutants (PM10, CO2, tonnes/m3/y/). sector. land use plans. NOx, SOx, CO, etc.). Number (%) or % of population Daily travel time to/back Contribution of low modernized/insulated old connected to waste from the city centre. emissions to thetotaltotal buildings. water treatment. emissions. Concentration of pollutants (O3, NOx, SOx, PM10, PM2.5). GHG and CO2 emissions per capita and sectoral split. Energy ratings and heating in buildings. % of energy from renewable sources. Water balance: precipitation, surface run off, evapotranspiration, filtration, and flooding Density of developments (persons/m2). Populationexposure to air pollutants. CO2 concentration. Average outdoor Flood events. Public participationand and % of emissions from temperature (surface and air). effectiveness. anthropogenic sources. Quantitativeness of SEA/EIA/HIA reports.

16 CoP Results Main Findings Participative approach: addressing stakeholder concerns Lack of consensus: different cities different issues Divergences in sustainability bl objectives Legal requirements prioritised (e.g. EU Directives targets/thresholds) Common versus city specific indicators (need for adaptation) Indicators highly constrained by availability of data (certain environmental indicators omitted and limitations for socio economic indicators) Reuse existing indicators to facilitate monitoring Limitations for the assessment

17 European Green City Index (2009) EU urban indicator measurement projects in Ireland Indicators for environmental performance 30 cities from 30 countries; 30 indicators grouped into 8 categories

18 European Green City Index 1 = Good performance: Brussels, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Stockholm = Bad performance: Bucharest, Instanbul, Sofia, Prague Dublin: 21 (along with ihathens)

19 MOLAND Monitoring Land Use/Cover Dynamics EU urban indicator measurement projects in Ireland Spatially referenced indicators for urban sustainability Land cover changes based on land use evolution and future scenario modelling (demographic, economic, climatic, etc.) Ouputs: Cartography, tables, statistics Spatial planning and policy recommendations Green edge Habitat suitability MID/END 50's END 60'S - BEGINNING 70'S MID 80'S END 90'S Km Bilbao Bratislava Brussels Dublin Helsinki Iraklion Copenhagen Lyon Milan Munich Nicosia Oporto Palermo Prague Setubal Sunderland Tallinn Vienna

20 Final remarks Play an important role in sustainability assessment Monitor progress towards established goals/targets Commonly used in SEA and EIA Need to be (S)SMART: (Spatial) Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Timely Applicability commonly tied in to indicator ability to address context specific t issues (consultation) ti Understandable to the audience Could derive into policy recommendations Inform decision making

21 Thank you

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