Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are divisions of the Biosphere Workbook page 6

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1 Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are divisions of the Biosphere Workbook page BIOMES Read Pages 8 27 Biosphere: The Biosphere is made up of different Biomes. Biomes are regions _ Biotic Components are: Ex. Abiotic Components are: Ex FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BIOMES FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 1. 1

2 The earth is divided into sections based on the latitude North and South North and South North and South CLIMATE CLIMATOGRAPHS Questions: 1. What is the temp and precipitation in April? 2. Which was the wettest month? 3. Which was the coldest month? 2

3 Analyzing Climatographs Textbook page Part 1: Analyze a Climatograph 1. What information is represented on the left-had vertical y-axis? 2. What information is represented by the letters along the horizontal axis? 3. What are the units for precipitation? 4. What are the units for temperature? 5. What is the total amount of precipitation in July? 6. What is the average temperature in December? Part 2: Graph a Climatograph Follow the information on page 31 to complete the graph below. 3

4 Part 3: Compare Climatographs Compare the climatograph from the (textbook page 30) to the one you drew. How do the monthly precipitation patterns in the two climatographs compare? How do the monthly temperature patterns in each climatograph compare? Which biome is represented by Climatograph A. Which biome is represented by Climatograph B. Part 4: Analyze How would you describe the climate represented by Climatograph A? How would you describe the climate represented by Climatograph B? If temperatures above 5 C are required for plant growth, which biome has the longer growing season? A or B. Explain. One of the climatographs is the climate of a city in British Columbia and one represents a city from another province in Canada? Which cities do you think are represented by these climatographs? Climatograph A is Climatograph B is Some scientists predict that due to global warming the Earth s average monthly temperatures will rise by 4 C by What effect might this have on the growing season in these two cities? Climatograph A Climatograph B 4

5 Practice with Climatographs 1. The region has an average annual precipitation of about 175 cm and an average annual temperature of 5 C. 2. The region ranges in temperature between 0 C and 20 C and receives about 100 cm of rain. 3. The region has low average annual precipitation and an average annual temperature that ranges between 18 C and -8 C. 4. The region has high average annual precipitation and an average annual temperature of 15 C. Adaptations Adaptations are: Types of Adaptations 1. Structural: 2. Physiological: 3. Behavioural: 5

6 Assignment: 1. Describe 4 adaptations for the leopard and the polar bear, OR draw your own organisms and list 4 adaptations for them. 2. Explain what the adaptation is and why it is necessary. Organism Organism

7 BIOMES ARE PART OF THE AN ECOSYSTEM IS IN A A HABITAT HAS A... A COMMUNITY IS IN AN Ecosystems Textbook Pages Workbook page 10 and 11 ORGANISM BIOSPHERE AN ORGANISM LIVES IN A ORGANISMS ARE PART OF A HABITAT NICHE SPECIES BIOME ECOSYSTEM Healthy ecosystems have BIODIVERSITY. This means they have a POPULATION COMMUNITY POPULATIONS ARE PART OF A 7

8 INTERACTIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM Workbook page 12 and 13 Abiotic and Biotic Factors interact: BIOTIC INTERACTIONS: Biotic organisms need abiotic components to survive. Plants and animals need water, oxygen, nutrients, minerals, etc Living things have relationships. This is an interaction between There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships: Identify the type of symbiotic relationship and explain. 8

9 Other Biotic Biotic interactions: 1. Competition 2. Predator - Prey The graph shows the relationships between the numbers of predator vs prey over time. What do you notice? What happens to the number of fox after the number of rabbits increases? Why does this happen? Why does the rabbit population decrease after this? Why does the fox population decrease after this? 9

10 Hare and Lynx Population Populations are always changing. Even when humans do not interfere, populations shift naturally up and down. This occurs with the Canada Lynx and its primary prey, the snowshoe hare. The Hudson Bay Company kept detailed records listing the number of snowshoe hare pelts and the number of lynx pelts collected by hunters and trappers every year since the 1700 s. A small data of the data is represented in the table. Year Hares (x 1000) Lynx (x 1000) On the graph paper provided, use one colour to graph the number of hares trapped and another colour for the lynx trapped. 1. Do the peaks in the lynx graph line up exactly with the peaks in the hare graph? 2. When the hare population increase, what happens to the lynx population? Why? 3. Look at 1903 and What is happening to the hares at this time? Is the presence of more lynx helping or hurting them? Why? 4. In general, are there more lynx or more hares? Why? 10

11 Number of pelts in thousands Lynx and Hare Populations Year

12 BIOME WORKSHEET BIOME Tundra World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Temperate Deciduous Forest World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Temperate Rainforest World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: 12

13 BIOME Boreal Forest World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Grassland World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Tropical Rainforest World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: 13

14 BIOME Cold Desert World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Hot Desert World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: BIOME Permanent Ice World Location: Plants: Plant Adaptations: Animals: Animal Adaptations: Winter temperature: Winter precipitation: Summer temperature: Summer precipitation: 14

15 All energy comes from the sun The first biotic organism that uses the sun to create their energy are called..... Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrients 2.1 Cycles Support Life in Ecosystems Definition Illustration The second biotic organism that utilizes the energy of the sun are... CONSUMERS ARE DIVIDED INTO CATEGORIES BASED ON WHAT THEY EAT! Types of Consumer Illustration 15

16 Models That Show Energy Flow Textbook pages Workbook page 17 and 19 Organisms interact with the ecosystem by: Food Chain What is a trophic level? Food Web 16

17 Food Pyramid Types of Food Pyramids: 1. Pyramid of Biomass 2. Pyramid of Numbers 3. Pyramid of Energy 17

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19 8. Show 3 different food chains. Label each food chain with the words: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore. 9. Draw an ecological pyramid for the food chain from phytoplankton to fish. Once again label each food chain with the words: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore. Also, label each trophic level. 19

20 Vocabulary Review Word Bank: Hawk Robin Caterpillar Grass First trophic level Secondary consumer Carnivore Primary Producer Fourth trophic level Primary consumer Second trophic level Omnivore Tertiary consumer Third trophic level Herbivore Label the energy Pyramid as indicated. Indicate the trophic level on the left side of the pyramid. Ex. Where should first trophic level be placed? Place the organism in the pyramid. Ex. Where should caterpillar be placed? Place: producer, consumer, etc. on the right side of the pyramid. 20

21 Food Webs and Food Chains Identify the: 1. Producers 2. Primary Consumers 3. Secondary Consumers 4. Tertiary Consumers 5. Herbivores 6. Carnivores 7. Omnivores 8. What elements are missing from this food web? 9. Show all the food chains in the food web. There should be at least 9 food chains in total! 21

22 2.3 Effects of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems Textbook: page Workbook Page 33, 36, 37 Bioaccumulation The build up of in an organism. Examples:,,. Producers pollutant, animal eats and the moves up the. Biomagnification Pollutant and becomes more up the food chain. Keystone species An organism that greatly affects the of an ecosystem. Many are keystone species. Why are these organisms considered keystone species? Types of Contaminants (POPs). POP s contain, like all organic compounds, and remain in the and for many years. Chemical pollutants can be reduced by bioremediation 22

23 Examples of POP s 1. PCB s Polychlorinated biphenyl Chemical used to make and PCB s get stored in the When food is low the fat breaks down and the PCB s enter the Orca s bloodstream. PCB s interfere with the, and makes them more susceptible to 2. DDT: dichlor diphenyl trichlorethane Used as a to control Mosquitoes carry the disease. A major cause of death in 3 rd world countries. is harmful (parts per million) Can damage, and Makes shells of certain Heavy Metals Complete the chart using pages 97 and 98 of your textbook. Metal Environmental Sources Effects LEAD CADMIUM MERCURY 23

24 Nutrient Cycles Textbook Page 68 Workbook Page 26 Nutrients: Nutrient Cycles: 5 elements needed for life are: Stores and Sinks: The Effect of Human Activities on Nutrient Cycles (page 70) The Carbon Cycle (page 71) Carbon dioxide is a How is CO 2 Released? How is CO 2 Stored? 24

25 Carbon Cycle Questions Use the carbon cycle from the Science 10 data booklet 1. What is the unit for Carbon used on the Carbon Cycle Graph? 2. What do the up and down arrows indicate? 3. What is a CARBON STORE? 4. How much Carbon is stored in the atmosphere? 5. Where is most Carbon stored? How much is stored? 6. How many gigatonnes of C are emitted by fossil fuel combustion? 7. What is responsible for gigatonnes of Carbon? 8. Terrestrial vegetation is responsible for - gigatonnes of Carbon. 9. What is responsible for 1600 gigatonnes of stored carbon? 25

26 The Nitrogen Cycle (page 78) Workbook Page 27 Nitrogen is stored: Human Activity: Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Denitrifying Bacteria Nitrification Nitrifying Bacteria 26

27 Nitrogen Cycle Questions Use the Nitrogen Cycle from the provincial exam data booklet! If you don t have one on you get it at: 1. What gases are found in the atmosphere? 2. What gases does industry contribute to the atmosphere? 3. What is the process called when N 2 is changed to NH 4 +? 4. What chemicals does fertilizer application add to the soil? 5. What gas do volcanoes add to the atmosphere? 6. What does atmospheric fixation do? 7. What acid falls to the ground as precipitation? 8. List 2 decomposers found? 9. Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found? 10. What is the process called when dissolved NH 4 + and NO 3 - settle at the bottom of a lake? 27

28 The Phosphorus Cycle Workbook Page 28 Phosphorus is not in the. In animals it is in the molecule that carries Trapped in substances called (PO 4-3, HPO 4-2,H 2 PO 4 - ) in rocks and sediments on the. Phosphorus is released from rocks by then and release the trapped phosphorus Chemical weathering: processes release the trapped phosphates from the rocks into the water system. Physical weathering:,, release phosphates into water system. The phosphates are able to enter plants through the and then animals eat the plants to get phosphorus into their bodies. In plants phosphorus promotes root, stem, and seed. Excess Phosphates enter the atmosphere by:,, forests (ash). Workbook Page 24, 25, 29 28

29 Textbook: Chapter 2 Review pages # How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems (page 106) Workbook: Page 40, 41,43 Natural selection Adaptive Radiation How Ecosystems Change Over Time (page 111) Natural Events Affect Ecosystems Ecological Succession: Two Types of Ecological Succession: 1. Primary Succession: Pioneer Species: Climax Community: Time: 29

30 2. Secondary Succession: Section 3.2 How Humans Influence Ecosystems (page 122) Workbook: Page 46, 47, 48, 49 Understanding Sustainability (page 125) What is sustainability? The Effects of Land and Resource Use (page 126) Land use: Resource use : Habitat Loss: What is Habitat Fragmentation? Beside the land use supply a sustainable approach for it. Land Use Sustainable Approach Urbanization Clear cutting Grassland use by towns cities and agriculture 30

31 The Effects of Deforestation Forests are logged and cleared and not replanted. The Effects of Agriculture Effects of Resource Exploitation Overexploitation of a resource until it is depleted. dying out of a species. Overexploitation effects. Resource Management and Traditional Ecological Knowledge Using the understanding of plants, animals and natural occurrences to better manage the forest. 31

32 Section 3.3 How Introduced Species Affect Ecosystems (page 138) Workbook Page 52, 53, 54, 55 Native Species and that naturally inhabit an area. Native Species in BC include: Introduced Species or Foreign Species New introduced into a that did not previously live there. Introduced or Foreign Species in BC: Invasive Species that take over a. Invasive species in BC include: GOERT stands for the 32

33 Chapter 1 Review 1. Explain the relationship between the biosphere, a biome, and an ecosystem. 2. Name three factors that influence the characteristics of biomes. 3. What two factors are the most important for determining a region s climate? 4. What is a climatograph? 5. Explain the term adaptation. 6. Use examples to explain the difference between a structural adaptation and a behavioural adaptation. 7. Explain why the temperate rainforest biome is usually found along the coasts of continents. 8. Explain why there are few trees in the grassland biome. 9. What effect does elevation have on the characteristics of a biome? 10. What type of biome might you find at the top of a mountain? Explain. 11. Identify 3 abiotic components of an ecosystem and relate how they are important to the plant and animal life in an ecosystem. 12. What is meant by the term ecological hierarchy? 13. Explain the difference between commensalisms and mutualism. 14. How is parasitism different from predation? 15. List 3 adaptations of prey animals. 16. Predict what would happen to a plant if it were moved from a wetland to a desert. Explain. 17. Identify the biomes found on the map in your textbook page 53. Give a short description of each biome. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 33

34 Unit 1 Review Using Key Terms 2. In your notebook, state whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. (a) A biome is the largest division of the biosphere. (b) A population refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem. (c) In commensalism, one species is harmed and the other species benefits. (d) The top carnivores in a food chain have the most energy because the amount of energy available to organisms increases from trophic level to trophic level. (e) The amount of available energy decreases at each higher trophic level. (f) Nutrients and energy can be recycled in an ecosystem. (g) Plants make their own food mainly from a gas. (h) Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. (i) Phosphorus cycles between the atmosphere, the land, and the biotic components in ecosystems. (j) Decomposers release some energy that is cycled back to plants. (k) In an ecosystem, a mature community naturally changes over time. Checking Concepts 3. Identify the biome described in each statement below. (a) This biome has permafrost, a short growing season, and no trees. (b) This biome has a dry climate, and its daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate greatly. (c) This biome is generally found in the interiors of continents. (d) The dominant vegetation in this biome includes lichens, mosses, and small shrubs. (e) This biome has the least seasonal variation in climate. (f) The main vegetation in this biome is coniferous trees. 34

35 4. Give an example of a structural adaptation, a behavioural adaptation, and a physiological adaptation for animals that live in the tundra biome. 5. Match the following terms to the descriptions in parts (a) to (e). (i) community (ii) species (iii) organism (iv) ecosystem (v) population (b) groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area (c) a single living thing (d) different populations that interact within an ecosystem (e) a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can mate and produce offspring that can reproduce. 6. Arrange the terms listed in question 5 in order from the smallest component to the largest component. 7. Identify each of the following biotic interactions. (a) An ant species feeds on the sweet-tasting chemicals produced by a caterpillar species. The ants vigorously protect the caterpillars and carry them to their nests at night for safety. (b) An agouti (a type of rodent) feeds on the seed pods of the Brazil nut tree by prying the grapefruit-sized pods open with its extremely strong teeth. The agouti also buries some seeds far away from the parent tree, which then germinate and form the next generation of trees. (c) A whip worm lives in the large intestine of a dog and causes the dog to lose mass. (d) A salamander uses its sticky tongue to capture an insect. (e) A fungus provides moisture from the soil to a tree s root system, which prevents the roots from drying out. The tree provides sugars and starches to the fungus, which the fungus uses for food. 8. Use an example to explain how energy flows through an ecosystem. 35

36 9. Using an example of each, compare and contrast the diets of detrivores, omnivores, and herbivores. 10. Explain why a plant requires each of the following nutrients. (a) carbon (b) nitrogen (c) phosphorus 11. How do some marine organisms contribute to carbon stores? 12. Describe how a carbon atom moves through the carbon cycle. In your answer, use the following terms: atmosphere, producers, calcium carbonate, cellular respiration, decomposers, dissolved organic matter, consumers, bacteria, green plants, marine sediments, sedimentary rock. 13. Explain the role of bacteria in the following processes. (a) nitrogen fixation (b) nitrification (c) uptake of nutrients (d) denitrification 14. How do persistent organic pollutants such as DDT affect living organisms? 15. Using the example of an aquatic food chain, explain how PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify. 16. Describe the harmful effects on humans of bioaccumulations of the following. (a) lead (b) cadmium (c) mercury 17. Identify the process that makes change in living things possible. 18. List two abiotic factors that influence ecological succession. 19. Explain how primary succession differs from secondary succession. 36

37 20. The retreat of a glacier leaves barren rock and little soil. Describe the changes that might occur over a long period of time following the retreat of the glacier. Include the following in your description: physical and chemical changes, changes in plant life, and changes in animal life. 21. Explain why ecologists now think that climax communities are continually changing. 22. How do natural disturbances such as forest fires affect mature communities? 23. Describe the ways in which introduced invasive species alter habitats and change the biodiversity in an ecosystem. Understanding Key Ideas 24. Explain why each of the following statements is true. (a) The temperate rainforest biome is wetter and cooler than the temperate deciduous biome. (b) The tropical rainforest biome is much wetter and warmer than the boreal forest biome. (c) The permanent ice biome is much drier and colder than the temperate grassland biome. 25. Give two examples of how animal species can avoid predators or defend themselves against attacks. 26. Using the example of a squirrel, explain the difference between a habitat and a niche 27. Make a flowchart to show how food energy is produced and used by organisms in a terrestrial food chain. Use the following terms in your chart: animals, plants, decomposers, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers. 28. Explain how herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes. Use the term available energy in your answer. 29. Explain how each of the following processes cycles carbon through an ecosystem. (a) photosynthesis (b) respiration (c) decomposition (d) ocean mixing 30. How does carbon return to the environment when fossil fuels are burned? 37

38 31. Although growing soybeans and peas replenishes nutrients in the soil, growing large, single crops of these plants could have a negative effect on an ecosystem. Explain how this might happen. 32. How might increased river temperatures affect bear populations? 33. What would be more concentrated in an organism: 1 ppm (part per million) or 1 pp(part per billion) of a chemical? Explain. 34. DDT is toxic at 5 ppm. Study the diagram below showing how DDT biomagnifies. From the data given in this diagram, determine at which trophic level DDT is toxic. 35. A woodpecker s feet, tail, beak, and tongue allow the bird to catch insects under the bark of trees. Explain how the process you identified in question 17 may have resulted in these adaptations. 36. Explain why it might be easier to walk through a mature old-growth forest than through a young forest undergoing succession. 37. How can water contamination from human activities such as mining affect biodiversity? Thinking Critically 38. The diagram below shows a food web in the Antarctic Ocean. (a) Explain why a decline in the population of baleen whales might lead to an increase in the populations of seals, penguins, and krill-eating fish. (b) What might happen to the other species if the population of baleen whales increased but the population of krill stayed the same? Explain. 39. Some plants have adaptations that protect them from predation by herbivores. Give an example that would best illustrate such an adaptation. 40. What happens to the energy in top carnivores when they die? 41. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct than smaller organisms. What factors make this statement true? Use examples in your answer. 42. The impact of human activities on nutrient cycles is detrimental to biotic communities. Explain. 43. How would an ecosystem be affected if lethal levels of a heavy metal bioaccumulated in a keystone species? Use the following data to construct a climatograph, then answer the questions that follow. (a) In what biome would you find this location? Explain. (b) In what zone is this biome located? 38

39 45. Plants, such as tomatoes, require adequate amounts of phosphorus for energy transfer between their cells and for healthy plant development. If the amount of phosphorus in the soil is limited, the growth of tomato plants can be reduced. Design an experiment to determine the minimum amount of phosphorus required for optimum tomato plant growth. (a) What would be your hypothesis? (b) What would be your independent variable? (c) What type of data would you collect? (d) List at least five abiotic factors you would control in your experiment. (e) What biotic factors would you control in your experiment? Applying Your Understanding 46. There is a relationship between a soil fungus called mycorrhiza (plural: mycorrhizae) and the roots of plants. The fungus obtains sugars from the plant and absorbs minerals and water from the soil, which then enter plant roots. If the mycorrhizae are removed from the plant s roots, the plant s rate of growth and reproduction is reduced. What is this relationship an example of? A. parasitism B. mutualism C. commensalism D. predation 47. High school students conducting an ecological study of a pond in a public park were surprised to discover dead fish floating on the water. The park was located next to a public golf course. The students noted that Canada geese were residents of the park. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the dead fish? A. The dead fish were the result of biotic and abiotic factors. B. The pond was experiencing eutrophication. C. The Canada geese were upsetting the nitrogen balance in the pond. D. All of the above are factors. Month Average Average Precipitation (mm) Temperature (ºC) J F M A M J5 11 J2 12 A6 14 S O N D

40 On the island of Oahu, Hawaii, lives a group of tree snails found nowhere else in the world. These small snails once covered the lowlands and the volcanic ridges of the island but are now confined to the mountaintops. Forty-two species had evolved from one original species, but only seven or eight species remain today. The rosy wolf snail was brought to Oahu to kill the giant East African snail, which was becoming a road hazard and destroying gardens, but the rosy wolf snail preferred to eat the tree snail. Rats and habitat loss in the lowland areas are also threatening the survival of the remaining tree snail species. Forty-two species of snail arose on what was once a barren volcanic island. What is this an example of? A. succession B. pioneer species C. adaptive radiation D. biomagnification 49. Which of the following is true of the rosy wolf snail described in question 48? A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV 50. A previously unidentified survival mechanism has been found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Roundworm eggs are eaten by black ants as the ants feed on bird feces. The yellowish roundworms cause the abdomens of the black ants to change from black to amber. When sunlight shines on the ants abdomens, they appear red. The infected ants change their behaviour, now holding their swollen bellies higher in the air. To a bird, the ants look like juicy red berries ready to be picked. Normally, birds would avoid the bad-tasting black ants, but now they become lunch. The roundworm has what type of relationship to the ant? A. parasitic B. predatory C. mutualistic D. commensal 51. Which organism benefits from the relationship identified in question 50? A. the roundworm because it infects the ant B. the roundworm because it is carriedaway by birds C. the roundworm because the ants changecolour D. the bird because it now eats the ants 52. A long prairie drought has killed the wasps, robber flies, and other predators that normally feed on grasshopper eggs. A moist winter protected the eggs from drying out, and a warm spring produced plenty of vegetation. The result was a dramatic increase in the number of grasshoppers, which destroyed most of the plant life in the area. What would be the effect of the grasshopper infestation on this ecosystem? A. Only the antelopes would die of starvation. B. The wolves and coyotes would die of starvation. C. The antelopes, wolves, and coyotes would die of starvation. D. Only the grass species would be affected. 40

41 53. The shipworm is a type of marine clam that destroys the wood of ships and marine piers. Scientists were recently surprised to discover that bacteria found on these clams gills can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which the clams can use to make protein. Why would scientists be surprised by this discovery? A. Bacteria are not known to change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. B. Only plants are known to fix nitrogen through symbiosis. C. Scientists believed that clams changed atmospheric nitrogen. D. Clams were not known to make protein. 54. What is the process in the nitrogen cycle described in question 53 called? A. nitrification B. denitrification C. decomposition D. nitrogen fixation 55. A common species of phytoplankton known as Phaeocystis globosa is able to chemically sense which type of predator is in the neighbourhood and change its shape accordingly. If the predator is a herbivore such as a paramecium, which eats a more refined, small-particle diet, the algae will form a dense colony. If the grazers are smallcrustaceans such as copepods, which eat a chunkier diet, the algae will detach from the colony into single cells. What is the adaptation shown by this phytoplankton best described as? A. a structural adaptation B. a physiological adaptation C. a behavioural adaptation D. a survival strategy 56. Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms play a key role in the carbon cycles of cold oceans and sometimes account for as much as 85 percent of an ocean s carbon producers. Fecal waste from the copepods that eat the phytoplankton falls to the deep ocean floor. An increase in ocean temperature due to global climate change could affect these phytoplankton and ocean carbon stores. How could climate change affect the Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms and the carbon cycle? I Less phytoplankton may be produced. II Less carbon would be held in deep ocean sediment. III Atmospheric carbon would be increased. IV Atmospheric carbon would be decreased. A. I and II only B. I, II, and III only C. I, II, and IV only D. II and IV only 57. Several years ago, toxaphene, an agricultural pesticide, was found in trout and their predators osprey in Bow Lake high in the mountains of Banff National Park. This chemical was also found in freshly fallen snow. What is the most logical explanation for these findings? A. I and II only B. II and IV only 41

42 C. III and IV only D. II, III, and IV only 58. Some scientists think that Earth is currently experiencing the sixth great period of mass extinction. Geological records show that, during the past five mass extinctions, 50 to 90 percent of species estimated to exist during those times became extinct. Although the previous mass extinctions had natural causes, the current steep rise in species extinction is the result of human activities. Which of the following activities is responsible for this extinction? A. I and II only B. I, II, and II only C. I, III, and V only D. I, II, III, IV, and V The End! 42