Using Multiple Tools to Analyze Resource Exchange in China

Transcription

1 Sustaablty 205, 7, ; do:0.3390/su Artcle OPEN ACCESS sustaablty ISSN Usg Multple Tools to Aalyze Resource Exchage Cha Na L, Tazhu Zhag 2, *, Jachua Q 3 ad Yuay Huag 4 School of Iformato Maagemet, Bejg Iformato Scece & Techology Uversty, Bejg 0092, Cha; E-Mal: la@bstu.edu.c 2 School of Evromet, State Key Jot Laboratory of Evromet Smulato ad Polluto Cotrol, Tsghua Uversty, Bejg 00084, Cha 3 College of Archtecture ad Evromet, Schua Uversty, Chegdu 60065, Cha; E-Mal: qjc@stu.scu.edu.c 4 Cvl ad Evrometal Egeerg School, Uversty of Scece ad Techology Bejg, Bejg 00083, Cha; E-Mal: b @xs.ustb.edu.c * Author to whom correspodece should be addressed; E-Mal: zhagtz@tsghua.edu.c; Tel.: Academc Edtor: Fausto Cavallaro Receved: 9 Jue 205 / Accepted: 2 August 205 / Publshed: 0 September 205 Abstract: Wth the rapd developmet of globalzato, the fucto of teratoal physcal resource exchage s becomg creasgly mportat ecoomc growth through resource optmzato. However, most exstg ecologcal ecoomy studes use physcal trade balace (PTB) drectly or use physcal mports ad exports dvdually to aalyze atoal materal metabolzato. Nether the dvdual aalyss of physcal mports ad exports or the drect aalyss of PTB s capable of portrayg the comprehesve cotrbutos of a certa product to total physcal trade. Ths study troduced a dcator,.e., the physcal cotrbuto to the trade balace (PCB), whch evolved from the tradtoal dex of cotrbuto to the trade balace (CB). I addto, trade balace (TB), PTB, CB, ad PCB were systematcally related ad combed. A aalyss was coducted usg the four tools to obta overall trade treds Cha. Ths study dscovered that both physcal trade value ad quatty exhbted dfferet characterstcs whe Cha joed the World Trade Orgazato 2002 ad expereced the global ecoomc crss Fally, the advatages of a supportg polcy decso by applyg multple aalytcal tools to physcal trade were dscussed. Keywords: ecoomy-wde materal flow aalyss; trade balace; physcal trade balace; dex of cotrbuto to the trade balace; dex of physcal cotrbuto to the trade balace

2 Sustaablty 205, Itroducto Wth the rapd developmet of globalzato, the fucto of teratoal resource exchage or physcal trade has become creasgly mportat ecoomc growth through resource optmzato. Most coutres are becomg creasgly depedet o the mports of certa resources to mata atoal producto ad cosumpto, as well as o supplyg certa types of resources to the rest of the world [,2]. Therefore, physcal trade has draw creasg atteto atoal-, ecologcal-, soco-poltcal-, ad ecoomc-related studes [3,4]. Such studes are commoly based o the framework of ecoomy-wde materal flow aalyss (EW-MFA) [,5]. EW-MFA defes the total domestc materal put (DMI) of a ato as domestc extracto (DE) plus mports; meawhle, domestc materal cosumpto (DMC) s defed as DMI mus exports [6]. For example, the teratoal physcal trade of the Europea Uo-27 creased sgfcatly from 2000 to 2007, wth mports creasg by 2% ad exports creasg by 8%. Durg ths perod, DE these coutres oly creased by 5%. I addto, the rato of physcal trade balace (PTB) to DE rose from 5% to 20% [7]. Moreover, coutres Asa, such as Malaysa, Thalad, Japa, ad Cha [8], expereced a crease physcal trade [9]. I addto, resource productvty derved from EW-MFA s wdely recogzed as the gross domestc product (GDP) output per ut of DMC, whch ca also be calculated as DE plus PTB [0]. Therefore, creasg atteto has bee pad to physcal trade because of the growg fluece of ths cocept o overall materal metabolsm recet years [5,]. However, the drect trade flows do ot clude the up- ad dow-stream raw materal equvalets related to the teratoal trades wthout mpled evrometal burde. I addto, research o correspodg drect flows ad emboded emssos, whch ca provde a comprehesve perspectve o the effects of teratoal trade o the global evromet, s cotuously coducted [2]. For example, most studes have focused o ar emssos emboded teratoal trade, partcularly carbo doxde [2]. Other hot spots clude emboded resources (raw materal equvalets), emboded water flow [2,3], ad drect ecologcal effects [4,5]. However, all exstg studes use physcal mports ad exports dvdually through put output tables or structural decomposto aalyss. I fact, most coutres mport ad export the same types of goods smultaeously, whch s kow as tra-dustry trade (IIT). The most wdely accepted explaato for ths pheomeo s Krugma s ew trade theory [6] because trade s specalzed to take advatage of creasg returs rather tha followg dffereces regoal resource edowmets. Therefore, ether the dvdual aalyss of physcal mports ad exports or the drect aalyss of PTB ca portray comprehesve cotrbutos to total physcal trade of a certa product. I the preset study, we use a dex of physcal cotrbuto to the trade balace (PCB) as a expaso method of aalyzg physcal mports ad exports. Moreover, we systematcally relate the PCB results to the tradtoal dex of cotrbuto to the trade balace (CB) ad the PTB results. Ths relato provdes a aalytcal framework that coects the ecoomy ad EW-MFA research o physcal mports ad exports. Cha durg the frst decade of the ew cetury ( ) was chose as the study subject based o the followg reasos. () The ecoomy of Cha has bee experecg a rapd growth stage, wth a average aual GDP crease of 0.5%; (2) the accesso of Cha to the World Trade Orgazato (WTO) November 2002 has brought uprecedeted opportutes ad challeges to ts teratoal

3 Sustaablty 205, trade [7]; (3) the global facal crss that started the autum of 2008 s covered the target tme frame. The dramatc chage teratoal trade expereced by Cha the last decade provdes dverse samples to compare dfferet alteratves to trade aalyss methods [8]. The preset study uses four approaches,.e., trade balace (TB), PTB, CB, ad PCB, to aalyze Chese teratoal trade from 2000 to Asde from physcal trade, value quatty s also aalyzed to explore the patters behd teratoal materal exchage, whch may provde the coutry wth a comprehesve uderstadg of teratoal materal flows ad support further poltcal decsos. 2. Methodology ad Data 2.. Methodology The EW-MFA troduces two physcal trade flows: physcal teratoal mports (PIM) ad physcal teratoal exports (PEX) [9]. The derved dcators of PTB ca be expressed as follows (Equato ()): PTB = PIM PEX () where PIM ad PEX represet physcal mports ad exports, respectvely. The moetary trade balace s defed as exports (EX) mus mports (IM) value quatty, as show Equato (2): TB = EX IM (2) Robso [20], Balassa [2], ad Grubel [22] frst troduced IIT as a measurg patter of trade goods. IIT refers to the exchage of product groups belogg to the same dustry, whch the same types of goods are smultaeously mported ad exported. IIT has varous dces, cludg the Grubel Lloyd (G&L) dex, the Balassa dex, the Aquo dex, the CB dex, ad so o. We chose CB [23], whch Lafay frst proposed to orgally measure revealed comparatve advatage (RCA), as the prototype of the PCB model (Equato (3)). The combed effects betwee resource edowmet ad techology fluece RCA amog coutres [24]. CB x m x = m = ( x + = m ) ( x + = m ) = = x + m ( x + m ) where x s the export of product, m s the mport of product, ad represets all product categores. CB, as the dcator of the cotrbuto of a product to the trade balace of a coutry, may also be wrtte as follows: CB x + m = ( x + m ) = ts where the trade specalzato dex (ts), whch dcates the dstrbuto of ormalzed trade balaces a coutry amog ts varous products, ca be defed as the dfferece betwee the ormalzed trade balace a product (z) ad the total balace (Z), as follows: (3) (4) ts = z Z (5)

4 Sustaablty 205, where z s defed as the rato of the trade balace to the total value of trade (exports plus mports), that s, x m z = (6) x + m Total balace (Z) ca be expressed as follows: Z x = = = = ( x + m ) CB depeds o the testy of specalzato (ts) ad o the relatve scale of trade flow. The cotrbuto of a product to trade balace may decrease, despte a crease the testy of specalzato, f the relatve scale cotues to decle. To aalyze physcal trade actvty, we adjusted the CB dex to the PCB dex as follows: PCB px pm px = pm = ( px + = + pm ) ( px = pm ) = = m px + pm ( px + pm ) where px s the physcal exports of product ad pm s the physcal mports of product. PCB ca be used to aalyze ether a sgle type of product or certa groups of products accordg to varous research demads. For example, products may be grouped based o ether dustral or materal categores. Smlarly, the deftos of the ormalzed physcal trade balace a product (pz) ad total physcal balace (pz) are as follows: 2.2. Data Source pz pz px + pm (7) (8) = px pm (9) px = = = = pm ( px + pm ) All trade data o the physcal ad value quattes Cha are collected from the UN Comtrade Database [25]. I the atoal moetary put output table (MIOT), all trade commodtes are classfed to certa sectors accordg to ther Stadard Iteratoal Trade Classfcato (SITC) code. The allocato betwee commodty SITC ad materal producto sectors s cted from publcatos of the Natoal Bureau of Statstcs of Cha [26,27]. Although the MIOT of Cha has 42 sectors [26], the frst 22 sectors are the materal producto sectors because they are the oly sectors that mport ad export physcal commodtes. Ulke the aual trade data value quatty wth exhaustve offcal statstcs, physcal trade statstcs comprse all ucertates ths study. Iheret ucertates are evtable because all physcal trade data were collected from the UN Comtrade Database. Meawhle, ot all mass data were collected from Chese Custom Reports [28] because Comtrade estmates part of these data. The oly other source of physcal Chese mport ad export data,.e., the Ports-of-Etry Yearbook of Cha from the Cha Assocato of Port-of-Etry [29], does ot clude detaled categorzed data. (0)

5 Sustaablty 205, Ths yearbook oly couts the total weght of Chese port throughputs. Although the weghts of mport ad export products are also estmated ths yearbook, the estmato methods are ot clearly metoed. The total weght provded the yearbook s geerally 3% 6% hgher tha that of the UN Comtrade every year. Estmato s possbly based o the stadard load of the cotaers port-of-etry stes. Wth regard to the sharp crease physcal exports 2002 (UN Comtrade Database), the physcal exports preseted the yearbook were early trpled. Cosequetly, we cosder the UN Comtrade Database to be more relable ad approprate for teratoal comparatve studes because t exhbts ufed global physcal trade data processg. 3. Result 3.. Iteratoal Trade of 22 Materal Producto Sectors Value ad Physcal Quatty As show Table, all trade commodtes were classfed to 22 materal producto sectors accordg to Table S the commodty allocato of SITC ad materal producto sectors the supplemetary fle. Overall, the value ad physcal quatty of teratoal trade were sgfcatly dfferet. The followg aspects ca reflect these results. Table. Materal ad omateral producto sectors. ID Materal Producto Sectors 0 Agrculture, Forestry, Amal Husbadry & Fshery 02 Mg ad Washg of Coal 03 Extracto of Petroleum ad Natural Gas 04 Mg of Metal Ores 05 Mg ad Processg of Nometal Ores ad Other Ores 06 Maufacture of Foods ad Tobacco 07 Maufacture of Textle 08 Maufacture of Textle Wearg Apparel, Footwear, Caps, Leather, Fur, Feather(Dow) ad Its products 09 Processg of Tmbers ad Maufacture of Furture 0 Papermakg, Prtg ad Maufacture of Artcles for Culture, Educato ad Sports Actvtes Processg of Petroleum, Cokg, Processg of Nuclear Fuel 2 Chemcal Idustry 3 Maufacture of Nometallc Meral Products 4 Smeltg ad Rollg of Metals 5 Maufacture of Metal Products 6 Maufacture of Geeral Purpose ad Specal Purpose Machery 7 Maufacture of Trasport Equpmet 8 Maufacture of Electrcal Machery ad Equpmet 9 Maufacture of Commucato Equpmet, Computer ad Other Electroc Equpmet 20 Maufacture of Measurg Istrumet ad Machery for Cultural Actvty & Offce Work 2 Maufacture of Artwork, Other Maufacture 22 Scrap ad Waste ID No-Materal Producto Sectors 23 Supply of Electrc Power ad Heat Power 24 Dstrbuto of Gas 25 Producto ad Dstrbuto of Water

6 Sustaablty 205, Table. Cot. ID No-Materal Producto Sectors 26 Costructo 27 Traffc, Trasport ad Storage 28 Post 29 Iformato Trasmsso, Computer Servces ad Software 30 Wholesale ad Retal Trades 3 Hotels ad Caterg Servces 32 Facal Itermedato 33 Real Estate 34 Leasg ad Busess Servces 35 Research ad Expermetal Developmet 36 Comprehesve Techcal Servces 37 Maagemet of Water Coservacy, Evromet ad Publc Facltes 38 Servces to Households ad Other Servces 39 Educato 40 Health, Socal Securty ad Socal Welfare 4 Culture, Sports ad Etertamet 42 Publc Maagemet ad Socal Orgazato Note: The 22 materal producto sectors are the frst 22 categores Table Total Imports ad Exports No lear relato was observed betwee value ad physcal trade ether mports or exports. For example, the value of exports creased oly by 26% 2002, whereas physcal quatty creased by as hgh as 306%. Moreover, mported physcal quatty sgfcatly creased stead of decreased 2009 whe mport value fell Import ad Export Compoets The values ad physcal quattes of dfferet dustres are sgfcatly dfferet. The prces of products wth equal weghts vary due to the ature of commodtes. Meawhle, the rato of product value to physcal quatty wth the same dustry has bee costatly chagg over the last decade. Two reasos may expla ths pheomeo. (a) The chage trade structure of the same dustry. For example, both the values ad physcal quattes of bomass export products have massvely creased sce The value ( mllo USD) creased from 29 (2000) ad 32 (200) to 528 (2002), ad the physcal quatty ( mllo tos) rose to 803 (2002) from 3.86 (2000) ad 3.94 (200). These evets were strogly coected to the accesso of Cha to WTO 2002, whch removed the exstg tarff barrer ad allowed Chese bomass products wth low added values to crease ther compettveess. The prces of these products were also sgfcatly lower tha those other sectors, ad total gross became a mportat compoet of physcal exports (Sector 6) after Although the export values of bomass products have creased substatally sce 2002, ther overall proporto remas below 2.5%, whch s too slm to be recogzed Fgure b. However, export physcal quattes have rse from 2% to above 60%.

7 Sustaablty 205, Fgure. Iteratoal trade of 22 materal producto sectors accordg to (a) mport value; (b) export value; (c) mport weght; (d) export weght; (e) TB, ad (f) PTB. Note: all the detal data used Fgure s lsted Tables S3 S8 of the Supplemetary Fle.

8 Sustaablty 205, (b) The chage ut mass prce all dustres. I the last decade, the product prces of all dustres were costatly chagg. The added values of products most dustres creased. A specal stuato occurred durg the global ecoomc crss The physcal quatty of SITC 32 coal, SITC 322. sold fuels maufactured from coal, SITC 345 coal gas, ad SITC 325 coke ad sem-coke of coal (Sector 2), as well as of SITC ro pyrtes ad SITC 28 ro ore ad cocetrates (Sector 4), creased sgfcatly the mport compoet whle the correspodg total mport value decreased compared wth that prevous years. Ths stuato occurred because the effect of the global ecoomc crss o Cha was relatvely small, whch should be attrbuted to ts dfferet ecoomc system mechasm. The specal stuato of the raw product groups these two sectors caused the aforemetoed dfferece value ad physcal quatty Trade Balace Cha has bee a favorable balace of trade (value) the last decade. Before 2007, surplus was costatly creasg. The growth of surplus was faster from 2005 to 2007 ad slghtly decled 2008 ad By cotrast, PTB exhbted a fluctuato tedecy. Imported physcal quatty was larger tha exported physcal quatty 2000, 200, ad Meawhle, exported physcal quatty was larger tha mported physcal quatty other years. I addto, o correlato betwee value ad physcal quatty was observed. Accordg to the detaled trade data, early all products are beg mported ad exported smultaeously. A smple dvdual aalyss of mports ad exports, ad trade balace ad PTB of the value as well as physcal quatty ca hardly expla the cotrbuto of each sector or sector combatos to the etre teratoal trade ad materal flow. Cosequetly, CB ad PCB are chose as aalytcal approaches CB ad PCB Accordg to EW-MFA Materal Categores EW-MFA dvdes physcal trade to fve ma categores [6]: bomass ad bomass products (bomass), metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals (metal), prmary ad processed ometallc merals (ometallc merals), petroleum resources (fossl), ad other products (others). Other products refer to fshed products that are dffcult to categorze because they may clude dfferet categores of materals. The detals for allocatg goods ca be foud Table S2 s commodty allocato of materal producto sectors, the EW-MFA mport categores the supplemetary fle, ad Table 2. The metal category decreased gradually from 0.2 to 0.24, whch dcates that the metal category brought a creasgly serous egatve effect to total physcal trade compettveess. The fossl category also decreased from postve to egatve 2002 ad cotued declg sce the. The ometallc meral category has always bee low (.e., below 0.04 after 2002) because of ts low value ad small export volume, although the total mass creased. The PCB of other products was always below 0.02 because the mass was small ad the dfferece betwee mport ad export was sgfcat. These umbers cotrbuted mmally to total physcal trade. The PCB of bomass

9 Sustaablty 205, substatally creased from early 0 (2002) to 0.34 (2009). Cosequetly, we ca coclude that oly bomass cotrbutes to the reducto DMC both mports ad exports. Table 2. Allocato of dustral ad materal classfcato materal producto sectors. ID Materal Producto Sectors Idustral Classfcato Materal Classfcato 0 Agrculture, Forestry, Amal Husbadry & Fshery Labor-tesve 02 Mg ad Washg of Coal Captal-tesve 03 Extracto of Petroleum ad Natural Gas Captal-tesve 04 Mg of Metal Ores Captal-tesve Bomass ad bomass products Petroleum resources (fossl eergy carrers) Petroleum resources (fossl eergy carrers) Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals Mg ad Processg of Nometal Ores ad Nometallc merals prmary 05 Captal-tesve Other Ores ad processed 06 Maufacture of Foods ad Tobacco Labor-tesve Bomass ad bomass products 07 Maufacture of Textle Labor-tesve Other Maufacture of Textle Wearg Apparel, Footwear, Caps, Leather, Fur, Feather (Dow) ad Its products Processg of Tmbers ad Maufacture of Furture Papermakg, Prtg ad Maufacture of Artcles for Culture, Educato ad Sports Actvtes Labor-tesve Labor-tesve Labor-tesve Other Bomass ad bomass products Processg of Petroleum, Cokg, Petroleum resources Captal-tesve Processg of Nuclear Fuel (fossl eergy carrers) 2 Chemcal Idustry Captal/Techology-tesve Other 3 Maufacture of Nometallc Meral Products Captal-tesve 4 Smeltg ad Rollg of Metals Captal-tesve 5 Maufacture of Metal Products Captal-tesve 6 Maufacture of Geeral Purpose ad Specal Purpose Machery Captal-tesve 7 Maufacture of Trasport Equpmet Captal/Techology-tesve 8 Maufacture of Electrcal Machery ad Equpmet Captal/Techology-tesve Other Nometallc merals prmary ad processed Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals Metal ores ad cocetrates, processed metals

10 Sustaablty 205, Table 2. Cot. ID Materal Producto Sectors Idustral Classfcato Materal Classfcato 9 Maufacture of Commucato Equpmet, Computer ad Other Electroc Equpmet Captal/Techology-tesve Other 20 Maufacture of Measurg Istrumet ad Machery for Cultural Actvty & Offce Work Captal/Techology-tesve Other 2 Maufacture of Artwork, Other Maufacture Other Other 22 Scrap ad Waste Other Other 3.3. CB ad PCB Accordg to Covetoal Idustry Classfcato Accordg to the domat factor of the producto process, dustres ca be categorzed to labor-tesve dustry, captal-tesve dustry, ad others (Fgure 2c,d). The techology-tesve dustry was extracted from the captal-tesve dustry based o three categores (Fgure 2e,f) because of some overlaps betwee the captal-tesve dustry ad the techology-tesve dustry. The allocato of dustres s based o Table 2. As show Fgure 2c,d, the CB ad PCB treds of the labor-tesve dustry ad the captal-tesve dustry were poles apart, whereas that of other dustres was bascally flat. I the last decade, the CB of the labor-tesve dustry was costatly decreasg, though t remaed postve. The correspodg PCB slghtly creased ad remaed postvely hgh sce The PCB of the captal-tesve dustry kept declg, whch demostrated that captal-tesve products gradually occuped creasg et mport from the perspectve of mass. However, the correspodg CB was geerally creasg, whch suggests that the cotrbuto of captal-tesve products to mport (value) decreased. After extractg the techology-tesve dustry from the captal-tesve dustry, as show Fgure 2e,f, the overall treds of the labor-tesve dustry, captal-tesve dustry, ad others are cosstet wth those show Fgure 2c,d. The PCB of the techology-tesve dustry remaed as low as 0.003, whereas ts CB creased from 0.03 to Ths result s attrbuted to the crease export value of techology-tesve products, whch s hgh whe mass s small. Fgure 2. Cot.

11 Sustaablty 205, Fgure 2. Cotrbuto to the trade balace (CB) ad physcal cotrbuto to the trade balace (PCB) accordg to (a,b) bomass, metal, ometallc merals, petroleum resources, ad other products; (c,d) accordg to labor-tesve dustry, captal-tesve dustry, ad others; (e,f) accordg to labor-tesve dustry, captal-tesve dustry, techology-tesve dustry, ad others. 4. Dscusso From the perspectve of trade value, the dustry structure of Cha, whch s represeted by the tesveess of factors, expereced o substatal chage durg the frst decade of the ew cetury. The labor-tesve dustry acheves a comparatve advatage. The techology-tesve dustry follows, wth a weaker comparatve advatage. Meawhle, the captal-tesve dustry obtas a comparatve dsadvatage. Ths structure s attrbuted to the curret factor edowmet of Cha. The labor force of the coutry s large, wth a huge umber of lowly sklled workers. Meawhle, captal s scarce as a result of the effects of a complete opeg of captal accouts ad the mperfectos of the facal market. The comparatve advatage of the techology-tesve dustry was weak before 2008 because Cha was stll the early stage of dustralzato ad the teratoal compettveess of the hgh-tech dustry was stll lmted. The CB of the labor-tesve dustry of Cha cotued declg from 2000 to 2008, whereas that of the techology-tesve ad captal-tesve dustres cotued creasg. These treds dcate the drecto of the dustral structure adjustmet durg the moderzato of Cha; however, a substatal chage the dustral structure s stll far from realzato. The treds have bee reversed sce 2008, whe the CB of the techology-tesve dustry sgfcatly decreased, whereas those of the labor-tesve ad captal-tesve dustres creased. These evets have resulted from the effect of the global ecoomc crss o the export structure of Cha. The tred chaged because the update rate of electroc products has slowed dow, whle lower-cost ad rapdly

12 Sustaablty 205, cosumed products are demaded overseas markets. Although ths effect s regarded as temporary, further observato s requred. The gap betwee the PCBs of the labor-tesve dustry ad the techology-tesve dustry s obvous. The propertes of products cause ths gap, so that techology-tesve products obta large values. I 2002, the PCBs of the labor-tesve ad captal-tesve dustres trastoed because of the accesso of Cha to WTO. Ths evet resulted a tremedous dfferece the comparatve advatage of the labor-tesve dustry terms of physcal quatty; however, the dfferece was ot obvous terms of value. Ths stuato suggests that the ut weght value of exported labor-tesve products decreased. That s, cheaper products from the labor-tesve dustry have bee exported sce the accesso of Cha to WTO. The aalyss of the detaled categorzed dustry shows that the PCBs of exported products from the food maufacturg ad tobacco processg dustres have sgfcatly creased sce The removal of the tarff barrer allowed Cha to export more labor-tesve products wth low added values. To portray the resource cosumpto paorama of a ecoomc system s tra-dustry trade, drect resource exchage data ad dcators are the prmary bass. Idrect flows ad dcators, lke raw materal equvalet ad coceptual drect PCB, are able to represet evrometal burdes. The latter calculato s based o the former ad a set of cradle-to-product coeffcets [2]. Ths study s the frst step for mprovg data ad dex about drect physcal tra-dustry trade. Future research would be focused o the physcal tra-dustry trade tegrato of the System of Natoal Accouts (SNA), lfe cycle assessmet (LCA), ad evrometally-exteded put-output (EIO) models [30]. 5. Coclusos Ths study adopted TB, PTB, CB, ad PCB to exame physcal trade Cha from 2000 to The creasg treds of mports, both value ad physcal quatty, were bascally stable, except for the physcal quatty of coals ad metal ores, whch creased sgfcatly 2009 as the total mport value decreased (the prce factor was attrbuted to the global ecoomc crss). However, exports exhbted cosderable fluctuatos. The total physcal export 2002 was approxmately three tmes hgher tha that of the prevous year. The PCBs of bomass (EW-MFA) ad the labor-tesve dustry have otably creased sce 2002, whereas CB creased gradually (commodty composto chaged because of the accesso of Cha to WTO). Applyg multple tools to aalyze teratoal trade may expla how chages teratoal crcumstaces or domestc polces lead to dfferet flueces o the value ad physcal quatty of trade. The method of combg PCB ad CB, whch measures the trade specalzato ad relatve scale of varous products, ca reveal the teral coecto betwee the values ad physcal quattes of both mports ad exports. Further studes should focus o flows emboded physcal trade based o PCB to sythetcally aalyze uderlyg evrometal pressures o mports ad exports. Ackowledgmets Ths research was supported by the Natoal Key Techology R&D Program of Cha (No. 202BAC03B0).

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14 Sustaablty 205, Krugma, P. Icreasg returs ad ecoomc geography. J. Poltcal Eco. 99, 99, Veemo, H.; Aua, K.; He, J.; Hu, T.; L, S.; Rypdal, K. Evrometal mpacts of Cha s wto-accesso. Ecol. Eco. 2008, 64, Lemoe, F. Past successes ad ew challeges: Cha s foreg trade at a turg pot. Cha World Eco. 200, 8, Fscher-Kowalsk, M.; Krausma, F.; Gljum, S.; Lutter, S.; Mayer, A.; Brgezu, S.; Morguch, Y.; Schütz, H.; Schadl, H.; Wesz, H. Methodology ad dcators of ecoomy-wde materal flow accoutg. J. Id. Ecol. 20, 5, Robso, E.A.G. Ecoomc Cosequeces of the Sze of Natos: Proceedgs of a Coferece Held by the Iteratoal Ecoomcs Assocato; Macmlla: Lodo, UK, Balassa, B.A. Ecoomc Developmet ad Itegrato; Cetro de Estudos Moetaros Latoamercaos: Mexco Cty, Mexco, Grubel, H.G. Itra-dustry specalzato ad the patter of trade. Ca. J. Eco. Poltcal Sc. 967, 33, Lafay, G. The Measuremet of Revealed Comparatve Advatages; Chapma & Hll: Lodo, UK, Krugma, P.R.; Obstfeld, M.; Meltz, M. Iteratoal Ecoomcs Theory ad Polcy; Pretce Hall: Bosto, MA, USA, Uted Natos Statstcs Dvso (UNSD). Uted Natos Commodty Trade Statstcs Database. Avalable ole: (accessed o 8 July 205). 26. Natoal Bureau of Statstcs of Cha (NBSC) Iput-Output Tables of Cha; Cha Statstcs Press: Bejg, Cha, Natoal Bureau of Statstcs of Cha (NBSC). Cha Statstcal Yearbook 20; Cha Statstcs Press: Bejg, Cha, Cha Customs (CC). Cha Customs Statstcs Yearbook ; Cha Customs Press: Bejg, Cha, Cha Assocato of Ports-of-Etry (CAOP). Cha s Ports-of-Etry Yearbook ; Cha Customs Press: Bejg, Cha, Lag, S.; Ja, X.-P.; Zhag, T.-Z. Three-dmesoal hybrd eterprse put-output model for materal metabolsm aalyss: A case study of coal mes Cha. Clea Techol. Evro. Polcy 20, 3, by the authors; lcesee MDPI, Basel, Swtzerlad. Ths artcle s a ope access artcle dstrbuted uder the terms ad codtos of the Creatve Commos Attrbuto lcese (