Air Pollution at Street Level in European Cities with Emphasis on PM 10 and PM 2.5

Transcription

1 Air Pollution at Street Level in European Cities with Emphasis on PM 10 and PM 2.5 Professor Nicolas Moussiopoulos Aristotle University Thessaloniki Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering

2 Introduction Contents Air quality in cities: Current status and scale interactions Hotspot analysis: the SEC approach Innovative non-technical measures for the reduction of PM & NO x : PICADA project ETC/ACC modelling network initiative

3 Introduction EU Member states must comply with air quality limit values for the protection of human health and the environment, as set out in the EU Air Quality legislation Relatively high ambient concentration levels are monitored in urban areas as a consequence of high emission densities.

4 Concentration range at measurement stations in rural sites, urban background and hotspots µg/m Annual average mean - 10th - 90th percentile NO 2 PM 10 Ozone µg/m NO 2 max19 Short-term LV/TV mean - 10th - 90th percentile PM 10 max36 Ozone max rural urban traffic rural urban traffic rural urban traffic 0 rural urban traffic rural urban traffic rural urban traffic 2001 rural urban background hotspots

5 Interannual PM 10 annual mean variations ( 97-03) 03) at rural sites, urban background and hotspots 60 PM10 1d annual mean Street = 42 stations Urban = 85 stations Rural = 33 stations Consentration (ug/m3) Street Urban Rural

6 Scale interactions Mesoscale effects

7 Local air quality The air quality problem is especially intense in urban hotspots (namely street canyons), due to the high accumulation of pollution. Concentration (ug/m3) < Urban Area > < Regional background Streets en Urban background Indoor National contribution Transboundary/global background

8 Multi-scale approach Local concentrations influenced by regional scale processes. Urban air quality affected by mesoscale wind circulations. Regional-to-urban coupling needed Circulations created by the city itself affect pollutant dispersion. Hotspot concentrations depend on street canyon scale effects. Urban-to-local coupling needed Source: Lutgens et al. leeward side Roof level wind Background pollution Air exchange direct plume recirculating air windward side Source: Britter

9 The SEC* approach Quantification of the influence of urban and local emissions on hotspot concentrations as a basis for measures for attaining compliance Development of a simplified and generalised approach for studying local traffic emission reductions and their effect on local air quality * SEC: Street Emissions Ceilings

10 SEC activities Analysis of excess concentrations at selected traffic air monitoring stations and comparison with emission estimates ( Data analysis subtask ) Air quality modelling and inter-comparison exercise ( Modelling subtask ) Future air quality projections, in support of the CAFE programme (EEA Technical report No 1/2006)

11 Future air quality Two alternative scenarios were studied for 2030: (or Current Legislation) scenario includes all known policies that have been implemented until the end of 2003 (or are in the pipeline). (or Maximum Feasible Reductions) scenario assumes full implementation of the presently available most advanced technical emission control measures, although excluding premature retirement of existing equipment before the end of its technical life time. Especially important is the introduction of Euro 5 and Euro VI vehicles.

12 Annual mean PM PM calculated at urban scale (OFIS) and local scale (OSPM) for cities across Europe in the - Above the 2010 indicative limit value both at urban and local scale reference year (2000) and the and scenarios : Above the 2010 indicative limit value both at urban and local scale (2030) : Below the 2005 limit value at urban and local scale in almost all cities Limit value for 2005 Indicative limit value for ANTW ATHE BARC BERL BRUS BUDA COPE GDAN GRAZ HELS KATO LISB LOND MARS MILA PARI PRAG ROME STUT THES Urban Natural Local

13 Annual mean PM 2.5 calculated at urban scale (OFIS) and the local scale (OSPM) for cities across Europe in the reference year (2000) and the and scenarios (2030) Target value for Concentration (µg/m 3 ) ANTW ATHE BARC BERL BRUS BUDA COPE GDAN GRAZ HELS KATO LISB LOND MARS MILA PARI PRAG ROME STUT THES Urban Local

14 Annual mean mean NO NO 2 calculated at urban scale (OFIS) and 2 : the local Within AQ scale standards (OSPM) at urban for scale, cities exceedances across Europe at local scale in the reference : Below year the (2000) limit value and at urban the and local and scale in almost scenarios all cities (2030) Limit value for Concentration (µg/m 3 ) ANTW ATHE BARC BERL BRUS BUDA COPE GDAN GRAZ HELS KATO LISB LOND MARS MILA PARI PRAG ROME STUT THES Urban Local

15 SEC ( ( 2006) project conclusions The approach presented provides a framework for including the urban and local scale in the European Integrated Assessment (IA) modelling framework using a set of reliable tools Emission estimates produced by the TRENDS/TREMOVE/COPERT models Air quality calculations with the multi-scale model cascade EMEP/OFIS/OSPM Questions arise concerning the attainability of the limit values

16 SEC project in 2007 Air quality projections for 2020, comparison against the and scenarios for 2030 Use of updated estimates of the ΝΟ 2 /ΝO x fraction, based on the various vehicle technologies considered in and

17 Changing NO 2 /NO x ratio Impact of diesel cars use and the introduction of new (Euro) technology vehicles focusing on the reduction of PM emissions (Data supplied by AEA Energy & Environment, February 2007) Estimated fraction of Vehicle technology NO x that is NO 2 Petrol vehicles 3% GDI cars 10% early diesel cars (pre Euro, Euro I & Euro II) 11% Euro 3 diesel cars, low speed 25% Euro 3 diesel cars, medium speed 30% Euro 3 diesel cars, high speed 40% Euro III diesel with DPF 23% Euro 4 diesel cars 55% HGVs (average pre Euro III) 14% Euro III HGVs, low speeds 18% Euro III HGVs, medium speeds 14% Euro III HGVs, high speeds 10% buses without traps 14% buses with traps 35%

18 SEC project in 2007 Air quality projections for 2020, comparison against the and scenarios for 2030 Use of updated estimates of the ΝΟ 2 /ΝO x fraction, based on the various vehicle technologies considered in and Two alternative scenarios: A for PM scenario, according to which measures for the reduction of the emitted PM are taken into account without considering the NO 2 /NO x fraction. A for NO x scenario, depending on the different measures for the reduction of NO x.

19 Alternative non-technical measures to reduce PM & NO x : PICADA project Innovative Photocatalytic Coverings The addition of TiO 2 into the façade coverings results into increased pollutant absorption: NO x VOC s PM Ο 3 PICADA aimed at assessing the effectiveness of such coverings in reducing NO x

20 Numerical simulations Wind tunnel Horizontal plane, Z = 0.5H z x

21 Field campaign (Guerville( Guerville,, France) Reference canyon 5.18 m TiO 2 treated canyon 2.44 m 18 m

22 Main findings from the PICADA project The photocatalytic surface is an effective trap for air pollutants. The use of the specific sample led to a pollution reduction by %. Numerical simulation and wind tunnel results agree very well with the field measurements

23 Application examples (1/2) Sir John Cass School, London wind dir.

24 Application examples (2/2) Road Tunnel in Rome entrance exit tunnel centre

25 New EEA & ETC/ACC modelling network initiative (1/2) A network will be established in 2007, for the exchange of experience and results from air quality modelling, in the context of the new Air Quality Directive Will involve both experts and non-experts, i.e. model users (e.g. city authorities required to check compliance against limit values) and model developers

26 New EEA & ETC/ACC modelling network initiative (2/2) Aims to improve modelling capabilities related to Air Quality assessment by: promoting model validation refining modelling tools establishing common infrastructures (MDS, mapping tools, archive of model applications, validation meta-database etc.) Those interested should sent an to